Iraqi Journal Of Political Science

The past decade has witnessed successive events and developments at all political, scientific, technological, economic and social levels that directly affected the national security principles of countries, and their repercussions and effects have gone beyond the traditional threats to countries in the field of national security. However, the beginning was with the events of September 2001 in the United States of America, which had a significant impact on the visions of politicians, the military, and strategists in their assessment of the dimensions related to national security and the threats and security risks associated with it

Iran emerges as a dilemma for the USA, but it cannot ignore the importance that Iran enjoys as a state and political system .Its geographical location and importation routes, along with the huge oil reserves make it important in the American strategy. The relationship between the two countries has gone through many stages, the most important of which is after the Islamic revolution in 1979.Many issues have emerged, such as the nuclear program, terrorism and regional hegemony.

The study of the vital field of the state is related to the foundations on which the decision-maker and national security strategy planners understand the limits of action and influence in the external environment. The intellectual foundations of the Iranian vital field are one of the most important sources of building and formulating action in the strategic performance towards the outside, as well as one of the elements of dealing with threats in accordance with the values that the decision maker seeks to maintain. Studying the limits of action and influence in the Iranian strategy according to the philosophy of the vital field helps in understanding and explaining Iran's foreign political behavior and its performance on issues related to Iranian national security.

Modern technological developments have contributed to the emergence of social media and its wide spread, and it has become a means of attracting many groups of society of different ages and interests, and social media has also brought about a revolution in communication between peoples of various cultural and intellectual orientations, bypassing political and geographical boundaries, and despite the advantages of these means. , because it was not without negatives, as a result of its bad use, as it is a double-edged sword that works and spoils in the hands of its user, Social media has played an important role in the political aspect that cannot be overlooked, as it contributed to increasing political awareness among its users, and also contributing to drawing up public policies and imposing control over them, encouraging participation in political and electoral activities, effectively mobilizing individuals around a common cause, and changing perceptions of Struggle and protest, the globalization of issues of local political activity, the spread of electronic political satire, the emergence of the so-called virtual or digital democracy, virtual or digital citizenship, and digital or electronic diplomacy .

In light of a changing international environment and a tense regional environment, Iraq seeks to build and formulate a regional role that is believed to possess the strategic components that allow it to do so. The strategic opportunity) starting with the war on terrorism, passing through the Gu lf, Yemeni and Syrian crises, ending with the Saudi-Turkish geopolitical interaction, and Iraq’s success in dealing with these issues and positions based on a set of premises and determinants based on (the Iraqi interest).

Western Political thought in particular is based on the dialectic of theory and practice and on the various historical stages, and infers multiple and increasing contradictions, this dialectic in the midst of these contradictions, as the research problem seeks to provoke this difference and contradiction between theory and practice. The research assumed that these contradictions are increasing in the humanities and political sciences in particular, and the research was based on selected models that represented different historical eras.
The research was based on two approaches: historical and comparative, and divided into four demands: definition of theory and practice, the second: theory and practice in ancient political thought and the Renaissance, and the third demand talked about thought and practice in modern political thought, and the fourth demand: thought and practice in contemporary political thought.

The developments of the Mauritanian political scene rapidly followed the Mauritanian coup of 2005, against former President Maaouya Ould Sidi Ahmed Taya during his visit to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, as it constituted an important event in Mauritanian political history because it opened the way for the development of democratic practice in Mauritania on the one hand. And the beginning of a phase On the other hand, a new struggle for power between the government and the opposition in Mauritania. Because of many factors that interfere in the political process.

The relationship between elections and democracy is a strong one, and it is not possible to imagine a solid democracy in a country without elections that express the popular will to choose its leaders and representatives. The electoral process in place in this or that country, and the political system’s resort to elections does not necessarily mean that it is moving towards democratic transformation, unless it is proven that these elections have features that must be present in order to talk about results that often lead to moving towards democracy.
If elections are a necessary necessity for democracy, however, not all elections mean that they lead to democracy, because democracy also needs many requirements, including elections. Therefore, we note that there is a great tendency for many political systems since the nineties of the last century to conduct electoral processes at the level of the presidency and parliament. Even the local councils, however, many of those regimes were unable to achieve democracy due to the lack of the elements of democracy in them.

The women’s movement in Iraq is one of the movements that has historical roots that extend back to before the establishment of the Iraqi state, and women were able to actively participate in demanding their role on the social, political and educational levels. The feminist movement was able to achieve a great impact by including the feminist quota in the legislative authority and local governments. However, the role of the feminist movement in Iraq and its effectiveness still suffer from challenges that require great efforts to promote the reality of women and the challenges they face.

This study focuses on researching the strategic response adopted by the United States towards China’s growing power in the Indo-Pacific region, as the importance of the region in the American strategic doctrine has increased with the arrival of former President Donald Trump to power, and the framework that made the process of the United States’ involvement in strategic interactions in This region is a top priority for his foreign administration, as the Trump administration, as well as the administration of current President Joe Biden, saw that the United States is in the midst of a strategic competition with China in this region, and that failure to take this competition into consideration could have a strategic impact on the interests of the United States. And its allies in the region, specifically Japan, India and Australia, after China carried out military modernization operations and commercial partnerships, as well as striking economic policies, and in a way that makes the strategic benefits obtained from these operations, contributes to reshaping it to serve its global ambitions, which forced the United States to develop The network of its military alliances and its security and economic arrangements, with the aim of making the policy of containing Chinese threats successful, and of resolving foreign competition strategy and reshaping the region to serve its geopolitical interests.

The study aims to research the phenomenon of illegal immigration, which has become a concern of the international community in terms of its economic, security and social repercussions on the countries of the European Union. And the European Union, in view of several social, economic and political factors, has become an area to attract immigrants, whether legal or illegal, which prompted the Union to reconsider by taking mechanisms that would limit the phenomenon because of its negative effects on those countries.

The state of Libya is still suffering from political and security instability since the fall of Muammar Gaddafi’s regime in February 2011, as an armed struggle for power that took place and arms spread outside the authority and two governments appeared on the ground, one in Tripoli in the west and the other in Benghazi in the east, which led to a political, administrative and social division And then a deterioration in the economic reality of the Libyan citizen, and the displacement of hundreds of thousands of Libyans from their areas, which was reflected in its negative effects on the Libyan national security in general.
The study aims to make a link between Libyan national security and the issue of sustainable development, by looking at the issue of development in a comprehensive view that takes into account all political, economic and social dimensions. Development is no longer limited to economic dimensions, but rather to all other dimensions that achieve security for the citizen and society. The updated vision of the subject of security has taken link between security and human security, which is known as human security, which studies all the political, economic, social, cultural and economic threats that surround a person within society, threatening his existence and preventing him from interacting with his society and his state. The political conflict in Libya has affected the implementation of the sustainable development goals, and prompted the complete disruption of the concept of human security, and that any attempt to restore the security of the Libyan citizen lies in achieving a measure of political stability, in which people in Libya enjoy freedom of expression and will and all human rights Which were mentioned by international and local conventions, and mentioned by the sustainable development goals announced by the United Nations in 2015. Achieving political stability in Libya has become a necessary condition for state and society institutions to be able to interact positively for a achieving sustainable development goals and to serve the security of the individual, society and the Libyan state.

The concept of good governance is based on several foundations, including the rule of law, political participation, accountability and transparency. There must be mechanisms for its embodiment and its implementation on the ground. In Iraq after 2003, achieving good governance requires the presence of political parties that believe in thought and practice its principles and take it as a basis in their practice of political action. The Iraqi Islamic Party was chosen as one of the ancient parties its history and political struggle before 2003 and for its participation in the political process after 2003 to identify the components and obstacles to good governance in Iraq in its literature and statements of its leaders and party members.

The research focused on studying the variables affecting the political behavior of the decision-maker in the international political units. These variables are varied between subjectivity (personality) that was associated on the one hand with the social upbringing and psychological construction of the decision maker, and on the other hand with the political dynamism under which the decision maker lived (minorities, parties, media, and public opinion), and other objective variables such as the general intellectual pattern prevailing in the political unit It includes philosophical and ideological beliefs, an understanding of history and political will on the one hand, and perceptual variables such as values and perception, which determine the general framework of the decision-maker’s vision of the surrounding environment, which often differs from the reality of that environment on the other hand.

The wave of democratization, which emerged especially after the Cold War, contributed a lot to the role of the United Nations in strengthening its practice of post-conflict peacebuilding, as it followed plans and strategies in the peacebuilding process and included various countries of the world, especially those that were suffering from instability, for example The example of Iraq is what it witnessed at the beginning of the millennium of the occupation of Iraq by the United States of America and the chaos and civil war that followed that reflected on all economic, political, social and cultural aspects, not to mention that any conflict in any country, according to the course of history, had to develop a strategy and implementation plans for the purpose of building peace beyond The conflict, and here it was necessary to address the subject with a theoretical and conceptual framework for peacebuilding, as well as the United Nations strategy and plans required in implementation for peacebuilding. After that, we discussed the experience of the United Nations in Iraq to build peace after 2003.

Thinking about violence falls within the framework of political philosophy, and the questions and embarrassments it raises regarding the practice in this framework confirms to us the meaning of violence according to Hannah Arendt, and the crucial roles it played in the history of humanity. Hannah Arendt was not interested in policing an abstract concept or constructing a coherent theory of violence, but rather focusing on specific models that embody the reality of violent practice, its history as with the Nazi experience. From Hannah Arendt's point of view, violence is a problem, because "the history of condemnation of violence has not prevented its occurrence throughout history. It is strange that no one supports violence, yet violence prevails in the world. Focusing on some violent models expresses in Hannah Arendt a Marxist who is On the other hand, we find that Hannah Arendt's thinking responds to the issue of violence in repelling the oppression of the Jews who were persecuted by violent regimes, and that the most dangerous type of violence is political violence practiced by tyrannical regimes, due to the multiplicity of its victims and then The ideological justification that accompanies it, as it is considered one of the types of terrorism practiced by the state consciously.The importance of thinking about violence to know its complex reality, and to transcend hasty judgments about it and not be satisfied with condemning it. The values of peace, coexistence and dialogue.

The deep state is one of the modern concepts that emerged during the last two decades, especially after the political changes that appeared in the Middle East countries after 2011, following the social movement that brought down some political regimes and undermined the legitimacy of others. Societies and the institutions of the political system have become an obstacle to achieving the transformation towards the consolidation of democracy, especially as it shows its effects on the trends of the political system with a democratic dimension, and the research reached the conclusion that the deep state uses legitimate and illegal means to achieve its goals, and these means are represented by using the capabilities of the security institutions, the bureaucratic apparatus and the army to incite violence in order to interfere in political life, through which it follows the policies of eliminating hostile parties The state and society, according to her belief.

Regional and international variables affecting the oil variable of Iraqi-Chinese relations between 2003- 2021
There are a large number of variables that affect the Iraqi-Chinese relations, and as long as oil is one of the most important issues of the Iraqi-Chinese relations, then these variables affect the oil relations between the two countries.
Regional variables are related to the environment surrounding Iraq, as it is a conflict environment and an environment that exports oil, which results in competition with Iraq, and makes Iraq's ability to increase production and export limited.
The international environment, represented by the United States, is putting pressure on Iraq, so that its policies do not intersect with the American policies.
Oil relations between Iraq and China are affected by regional and international conditions.