JOURNAL OF ADMINISTRATION AND ECONOMICS

The two researchers aim in this research to find out the impact of the employee’s voice in the Directorate of National Card Affairs , Through the main axes of (participation, containment), and the extent of their contribution to achieving simplification of administrative procedures, The research problem that was reached was represented by the preliminary exploratory study that was conducted in the surveyed directorate . There is a weakness in simplifying the approved procedures, and the Directorate of National Card Affairs has been selected
The Directorate of Civil Status, Passports and Residence in the Ministry of Interior gathered for the research, and the research sample was selected of the employees working in the surveyed directorate, their number reached (216) employees, It was tested with a set of statistical tools suitable for the study represented by (weighted mean, relative importance, rank correlation coefficient (Spearman), coefficient of determination (R²), factor analysis, and standard deviation) , and to achieve hypotheses testing, The researchers used the descriptive analytical method, and the questionnaire was relied on as a tool for data collection about visits, field coexistence, direct observation, and the collection of a lot of data through realistic diagnosis in order to achieve this, a main hypothesis was classified, from which (2) sub-hypothesis were categorized.
The researchers reached a set of results, perhaps the most prominent of which is the existence of an influence relationship between the employee's voice in simplifying the administrative procedures, and that the current procedures need to be simplified more in a way that suits the aspirations the future of the researched directorate, and this was confirmed in the practical aspect.

The study aims to predict whether small and medium-sized companies can develop their business if their managers have a digital passion, or how managers do not have a digital passion affect the development of the small and medium businesses. The methodological framework was built from two main variables represented digital passion as an independent variable and the development of the business of small and medium companies as a dependent variable. This study was tested in 105 small and medium companies, and a questionnaire was used to collect data from the managers of these companies. The study concluded that digital passion positively affects the development of companies' businesses.

This study aimed to test the role of entrepreneurial leadership in enhancing the dimensions of the smart organization by application in Al-Kafeel Specialized Hospital - Karbala Governorate. To achieve this, the dimensions of entrepreneurial leadership were adopted (strategic dimension, communicative dimension, motivational dimension, and personal and organizational dimension) based on (Fontana & Musa, 2017), while the dimensions of the smart organization represented by (strategic vision, merit culture, and incentives) were adopted. and rewards) according to (Schafer, 2009). Al-Kafeel Specialized Hospital - Karbala Governorate was chosen to test this study using a questionnaire prepared for this purpose, as it included (269) individuals from the directors and heads of its departments, divisions, and administrative, medical and technical units. A set of appropriate statistical processing methods were used in the analysis of the data, as the confirmatory factor analysis test and a set of descriptive statistics were used, as well as (Pearson) correlation analysis and regression analysis using structural equation modeling and path analysis. Among the most important findings of the study, there is a positive and moral impact of entrepreneurial leadership in enhancing the dimensions of the smart organization, and this is what calls Al-Kafeel Specialized Hospital - Karbala Governorate under study, to make more efforts towards using and supporting the dimensions of entrepreneurial leadership, because it would work on consolidating its position as an intelligent organization.

The concept of emotional commitment is one of the topics that have attracted the attention of researchers in the field of management because of its great impact on the performance of human resources in organizations. The problem of the current research stemmed from the case of the general administration’s neglect of the role of emotional commitment in the work environment and the extent of its impact on the performance of workers. The aim of the research is to identify the level of embodiment of emotional commitment among employees working in the organization, As well as knowing the extent of the impact of emotional commitment on the performance of employees working in the organization in question . The General Administration in the Medical City of Baghdad was chosen as a research community, as a sample of (213) employees of the aforementioned organization was selected. The questionnaire was adopted as a data collection tool. The ( SPSS v23) program was used to extract the results by adopting a set of statistical methods, including the arithmetic mean, standard deviation ,correlation coefficient, and regression coefficient. The research reached a set of conclusions, the most prominent of which is the existence of a close relationship between affective commitment and employee performance, as well as the clear role of affective commitment through influencing the determination of the level of performance.

Working individuals need different styles of leadership in order to activate the organization’s work in the correct and proper manner, as administrative leaders face different types of pressures as a result of the intensification of competition and fluctuation of work movement and the different experiences and skills possessed by working individuals, which may hinder the development of the organization, so this attempt came Research paper to demonstrate the role of comprehensive leadership in enhancing types of organizational flexibility / a survey study of a number of workers at the Northern Technical University in order to address the failures faced by the organization in the field of choosing a leadership style that is commensurate with the nature of organizational work and the environment in which it operates and to identify the most prominent solutions that may contribute In activating the organizational flexibility represented in the correct form and making it a pioneer in its work compared to its counterparts from other organizations working with it in the same field

Finance is an essential economic activity in developing countries and improving their competitiveness. Which seeks to attract financial resources from a variety of sources to ensure the success of economic development and achieve prosperity for society and future generations in what is known as sustainable development. Islamic finance represents one of the main sources of financing economic projects within the framework of compatibility with the principles of Islamic Sharia, and an alternative financial model to traditional financing by focusing on serving people and society and developing the economy. The research aims to assess the role of Islamic finance in Iraq for economic projects in general, which are related to sustainable development projects in particular, as they are compatible with the objectives of Islamic finance in developing society and improving its living conditions. To achieve the objectives of the research, a sample of Islamic banks in Iraq was selected as they preside over Islamic finance activity in Iraq. Because of the control of traditional finance, especially by government banks, on the financing activity in Iraq, and the desire of Islamic banks to avoid the risks associated with financing, especially long-term financing, and to focus on specific types of financing, which are characterized by their short terms and relatively guaranteed profits, in addition to the absence of many common Islamic financing methods such as Islamic Sukuk and speculation, which requires motivating Islamic banks to shift towards long-term financing models that are based on participation, through which they can contribute to a greater extent in financing sustainable development projects that are characterized by their long terms.

This research seeks to employ lean manufacturing by using the value stream map, which is one of its most important tools in re-designing the service in the work environment, The research aims to assess the reality of work and the possibility of building a map of the future value stream of the clinic, and to provide procedures and solutions that reduce waiting and reduce losses, The research problem is represented in the presence of activities, works and losses that do not add value with long waiting times for customers, weakness in the distribution of tasks and the internal rearrangement of departments and activities. that helped in building a future value stream map, The research reached a set of conclusions, including the lack of interest in the dispensary management in applying scientific tools that treat the sagging that occurs in some departments and activities, with large waiting times for customers, totaling up to (4878) minutes per day for all departments. By applying scientific tools that contribute to reducing waiting times, waste and losses, redistributing tasks, re-arranging internals, and providing the necessary resources for departments.

The research aims to demonstrate the impact and relationship of the empowerment strategy with all its requirements and stages to raise production efficiency, as teamwork in the factory is a feature that distinguishes it from other factories, by making workers share the top management’s views, especially those who have distinctive skills and capabilities, through holding programs Also, the senior management has a clear understanding of the process of sharing information with factory workers. The research was applied in the field in the iron pipe factory by adopting the questionnaire as the main tool for collecting information. A random sample was selected from the research community in the researched factory, which numbered (50). The data was analyzed using some statistical means and programs, most notably the (SPSS) program to reach results that benefit the research and achieve its objectives. The research reached a set of conclusions, the most prominent of which is that there is an increasing emphasis on the part of the management and departments in the factory to support and adhere to the process of the empowerment strategy due to its important role in developing and raising production efficiency and taking the appropriate and necessary measures to implement the activities, achieve the planned goals, and provide solutions for the future in the light of plans The strategy prepared in advance to achieve meaningful achievements for the benefit of the factory.

This research is concerned with the methodology of economic complexity and product space، as it provides a new vision alternative to the traditional theories concerned with the subject of economic development and structural transformation. And emphasizing the importance of the role of the manufacturing industry in development and structural transformation، and emphasizing the need to diversify exports through paying attention to exports related to the global product space.
The research adopted the deductive approach، which required a reference to structural theories and the theory of economic complexity.
The research recommended the need to move towards the production of new، more advanced products by obtaining new productive knowledge that can be accessed by building on the productive knowledge currently in the Iraqi industries and exploiting it to improve the structure of the Iraqi economy، and to move towards the production and export of new advanced products that are close to the current productive knowledge

Financial risks are one of the important topics that companies are required to take into consideration, especially at present, after recent developments that accompanied the trends of international companies and investment competition at the local and global levels. Therefore, many studies focused on the subject of financial risks and their impact on the performance of financial companies and gave clear importance to how to deal with those risks through risk management. One of the commonly used measures in analyzing companies and measuring their performance is earnings per share and return on the share, especially in the stock market. Securities, the necessity of disclosure and its importance for companies listed in those markets, as the International Accounting Standards Board singled out a special standard for disclosing earnings per share, which is International Accounting Standard 33 Earnings per share. Therefore, the research aims to show the impact of the application of Standard 33 on irregular financial risks, as the research community selected a group of joint stock companies listed in the Iraqi Stock Exchange (the banking sector) as one of the most active sectors in the market, and a sample of this sector was also selected by (7) Banks that meet the requirements of applying the accounting standard, earnings per share 33, in terms of trading their shares and not stopping their shares during the research period. The researchers adopted several hypotheses, which were formulated based on the research problem. A set of conclusions and recommendations were reached, the most important of which is that the application of the international accounting standard, earnings per share 33, has an impact on reducing irregular financial risks.

Most of the money markets, local and international exchange rates, and even economic variables such as inflation and stock prices are characterized by volatility and sudden changes that may be out of the ordinary. Therefore, the system switching framework was introduced into the ARCH and GARCH models to form a model that fits the fluctuations and sudden changes represented by a model that follows a random error in which the threshold model for the autoregressive process is conditional on heterogeneity. There are two ways to represent this model: (TGARCH) and (GJR-GARCH).
The research aims to compare the two models (TGARCH (1,1) and (GJR-GARCH (1,1)), especially when the random error process follows the skewed and non-skewed (student's-t) distribution using the simulation method because these two models are more affected by this type of distributions. The priority of the model (TGARCH) was shown because it gave the lowest values of the criteria (RMSE, AIC, MPE, MAPE) for the stage of future predictions of fluctuations, for the total of the different samples and the used distributions, as well as for the totals of default values.

The homogeneity of the variance of the limits of the random error of the regression model is one of the basic assumptions for obtaining estimates of least squares of the model coefficients, which are characterized as the best unbiased linear estimate, but this assumption may be unfulfilled in some practical applications, which calls for the use of alternative methods that provide us with relevant estimates. Efficient characteristics. Among those methods are the two immune estimation methods S and MPV, as these two methods were used to estimate the coefficients of the simple linear regression model in the presence of the problem of heterogeneity of variance of random errors, and based on real data representing consumer spending and the average per capita national income, a comparison was made between the estimates of the two methods. The results indicated that the (MPV) method was better than the (S) estimation method, based on the mean of squared error (MSE) criterion.

The research deals with the use of one of the epidemic models, which is the (SIRD) model (exposed to infection S - infected I - recovered R - deceased D), which consists of a system of multiple differential equations (ODE) to cover the data on the spread of the Corona epidemic in Iraq for the period from the date of the first case of infection On (24/2/2020) until (22/2/2020), the model parameters are estimated according to the nonlinear least squares method for the reported data as well as predicting the development of the epidemic outbreak, and an important parameter was identified in the epidemiological models is the basic reproduction number) (R_0 is The expected number of secondary cases produced by the infected person early in the epidemic, and the results showed a decline in the spread of the epidemic as a result of taking vaccinations and increasing the preventive measures taken.

In this paper, we will estimate the parameters of the Poisson exponential distribution with two parameters (θ, λ) by several estimation methods which are (the MLE method, ME moments estimators method, LSE least squares method, PCE method, CME method) Cramér–von Mises And the Anderson-Darling method (ADE).
Real data related to anemia in children were used with a sample size of (60). To compare these methods, the mean of squared error (MSE) was used, and the results showed that the best method is Anderson Darling's method.

Citrus is one of the important and necessary foods in the Iraqi consumer basket because of its many benefits on human health, but its production at the present time does not meet the needs of the Iraqi market, where this shortage in citrus productivity is compensated by importing from neighboring countries, so we will focus in this research on A study of the prevalence of citrus productivity and its concentration in the Iraqi provinces known for citrus cultivation, including (Diyala, Baghdad, Babylon, Karbala, Salah al-Din, Wasit, Najaf, and Qadisiyah) and according to five citrus varieties (orange, sour lemon, sweet lemon, lalanki, bitter orange). Using Correspondence Analysis.
It was concluded that the governorates that contribute the most to citrus production in Iraq are Baghdad and Salah al-Din, followed by the Wasit governorate. The most productive varieties in Iraq are oranges and bitter oranges, followed by lemons, then lalanki.

The time series analysis method is one of the important statistical methods in studying a phenomenon over a certain period. Through this analysis, the pattern of the series is identified and used to predict the future values of the phenomenon, which helps in making the appropriate decision and developing sound plans for the future. The research aims to choose the best model to predict the number of participants for the Continuing Education Center at the Central Technical University, using Jenkins Box models, and to choose the best model by comparing models by using differentiation criteria, as the models developed by the two scientists were relied upon, (Jenkins & Box Jenkins) and it is during the development of a methodology in the study and analysis of autoregressive models - moving media for time series starting from the process of checking the stability through the autocorrelation and partial autocorrelation integrated ARIMA, the instability of the series appeared and stabilized after taking the first difference, and to ensure the significance of the stability, the ADF test was relied on. Determining the best model based on the used accuracy criterion (AIC). The greatest possibility function was used in estimating the model parameters, where the ARIMA model (1,1, 0) was chosen as the best model from the Box Jenkins models, and the significance of the chosen model was tested for the studied phenomenon to ensure the suitability of the model from During the confidence interval test for the residuals, which indicates that the error series of the model is random, as well as the plot of the original series And the estimated series of the estimated model ARIMA(1,1,0), a semi-match was observed between the curves of the original series and the estimated, and this gives us an idea of the importance and accuracy of the estimated model (ARIMA(1,1,0). One of the most important conclusions is that the original series was unstable When the Dickey-Fuller test was conducted, it became stable when the first difference was taken, and one of the most important recommendations is to take advantage of the results of the research to develop appropriate plans and policies in developing the work of the Continuing Education Center, preparing the training rooms and equipping them with modern technologies, developing and diversifying training curricula and improving other services in the center. In the center in terms of training and engaging them in training and development courses in the field of (computer and administrative development) to improve their performance to meet the changes in the number of participants. The statistical program Eviews was used.

The objective of this research is to test the relationship and effect of adopting the overlapping waves strategy as an independent variable in achieving sustainable tourism development as a response variable, in the Department of Tourism, and then try to come up with a set of recommendations that contribute to achieving sustainable tourism development for the surveyed organizations. Based on the importance of the topic of research in tourism organizations, and the importance of the researched organizations to society, the descriptive analytical approach was adopted in the completion of this research, and the research included managers and their assistants, heads of departments, and people in the Tourism Authority Department, and data was collected from (100) respondents who represent the research sample exclusively and comprehensively. By adopting a questionnaire and using personal interviews and field observations as aids in collecting them, the research adopted the program (Amos V.23, SPSS V.23) with the adoption of descriptive statistics methods (normal distribution test, confirmatory factor analysis, building models of variables, arithmetic mean, and percentages). , standard deviation, relative importance, coefficient of variation, Pearson correlation coefficient, and simple regression coefficient) to test its hypotheses. As for the most prominent conclusions of the research that showed the validity of the hypotheses, it is clear that the adoption of the overlapping waves strategy in the Department of Tourism directly affects and indirectly increases this effect in achieving sustainable development.

This paper has tried to study the impact of some monetary policy tools on the net flows of foreign direct investment in Iraq from the period 2003 to 2019, so it required us to address the different definitions of monetary policy and its objectives and tools used in influencing economic activity in general and then addressing for a descriptive analysis of the impact of some and the most important of these tools on the development of foreign direct investment flows, followed by a standard study in which we relied on the multiple linear regression model, which included a set of variables, which were represented in, money supply, exchange rate, interest rate and, inflation rate, and Through which it was concluded that there is a statistically significant negative relationship between Wide Money Supply with The Net Foreign direct investment, and that means the effectiveness of the tools in influencing The Net Foreign direct investment. Additionally, The Interest rate (R), which is among the instruments of monetary policy, is insignificant. This explains that there are other factors affecting FDI in addition to monetary policies.

The emergence of cloud computing has been one of the biggest developments in the history of computing in recent years. However, for cloud computing to reach its full potential, many studies are needed to address the challenges of cloud computing. In this study, we examine the benefits, problems, opportunities, and challenges of cloud computing in Iraq. We also investigate whether external auditors use cloud computing services in Iraq or not. The results of this study show that the majority of the respondents agree with the adoption of cloud computing by external auditors. So, this shows that cloud computing plays an essential role in the audit process in Iraq.