Midad Al-Adab Refereed Journal

This research seeks to uncover "the linguistic opinions of Yahya bin Al-Qasim bin Amr bin Ali bin Khalid Al-Alawi, Imad al-Din Al-Yamani Al-San'ani, known as Al-Fadl Al-Yamani and Al-Fadl Al-Alawi (680 - after 750 AH = 1281 - after 1349 CE)". These opinions were scattered by Al-Fadl Al-Yamani in various sources and interpretations. The importance of this research lies in its examination of a linguistic scholar who held numerous grammatical, linguistic, and interpretive opinions. Furthermore, it aims to reveal an unknown Yemeni linguistic world. The research aims to introduce Al-Fadl Al-Yamani, his upbringing, and his scholarly life, as well as collect some of his grammatical and linguistic opinions. It reconstructs these opinions in an independent study, highlighting the grammatical and linguistic value of Al-Fadl Al-Yamani's annotations on Al-Zamakhshari's work. The research concludes that Al-Fadl Al-Yamani holds great academic prestige due to his extensive knowledge, strong arguments, and abundant and diverse works. It also finds that he relied on a range of interpretations in many of his opinions, including Tabari's Jami' Al-Bayan (d. 310 AH), Al-Zamakhshari's Al-Kashaf (d. 538 AH), and various grammatical sources, quoting them directly, such as Al-Khalil bin Ahmad's Al-Jumal (170 AH), Al-Farra's Ma'ani Al-Quran (207 AH), and Al-Zajjaj's Ma'ani Al-Quran wa I'rabihi (d. 311 AH).

This research included a definition of sound in language and terminology, and a statement of the scientists' statements in the definition of sound, with three demands: The first is in (assimilation ), the second is in (reversal or substitution), and the third is in: The curriculum used in this research was "descriptive method", by means of the words of Siboh, may Allah rest his mercy, and hence the responses of the footnotes to Siboh's statements of consent, dissent, or weighting. The most important findings of the research are:
1- Most of the authors of the footnotes were in favor of his father.
2- The authors of the footnotes most contrary to his identity are the radiator, as evidenced by the fact that Ahmed Ben Walad was more than the victor of the radiator in victory.

This research aims to show the effort of Imam Ibn Daqeeq Al-Eid in his employment or use of language in explaining the hadith of the Prophet. In most of his explanations he cited or inferred something linguistic or explained some words that needed clarification linguistically. I found in the book a lot of linguistic topics. Among those topics is (grammatical interpretation), which the imam mentioned in his book without declaring the term interpretation. He merely indicated that. That is, what he mentioned, the thought often goes only to this term. In this research, I will mention its concept, types, and how the imam mentioned it in his book.

This research aims to explain the important role played by a scholar of hadith in employing the language at all levels to serve the honorable hadith of the Prophet and the effects of the Companions in the book of footnotes on the Sunnah of Ibn Majah for the grandson of Ibn al-Ajami, and this was represented in the sounds, in the morphological structure, in the grammatical structure, and in the lexical significance And the statement that the language of the hadeeth is a broad language that includes under it all the dialects of the Arabs. This includes directing words and controlling their meaning and purposes as for the grammatical issues, they were employed in explaining the aspects of syntax that appear in the grammatical structures through the load on the meaning or through the difference of the language contained in the utterance. It has a role in the richness and breadth of the language

Abstract
Praise be to God, Lord of the worlds, and prayers and peace be upon the master of all creatures, and up on his pure, chosen and pure God, and after: My study focused in this research, which is taken from the book Ghaya (Al- Nahjah Al-Radiyya fi Hal-al-ufaz nihayah al- Bahha al- Nahwiyyah) on the conjunctions, what they are, their meanings, and their applied uses until "AND"or and''Why'' and''no' and'rather'’and "But" and through my studies I concluded that sheikh Abdul Jalil conjunctions as awhole that share between two in the origin of the ratio, although some of the drawbacks were taken from him in (Um the Waw, or), as stated in al Kafiyyah, denotes the
Letter (WAW), (THEN), and (FA), for the absolute plural, and even),aletter for mental arrangement, and from this we conclude that fodder is not limited to being a grammatical phenomenon only, but rather it carries aesthetics through the diversity of the semantics and meanings of the letters

Abstract
This research, titled "The Meaning and its Impact on Ibn Uthaymeen's Grammatical Choices" in his explanation of the book of monotheism by Sheikh Muhammad bin Abdul Wahhab, which is titled "The Beneficial Word in Explaining the Book of Monotheism". This book includes a large number of grammatical, morphological, and linguistic issues that Sheikh Ibn Uthaymeen, may Allah have mercy on him, commented on and handled in a simple grammatical manner, demonstrating his grammatical approach based on simplicity and ease. His main reliance was on the meaning, therefore, I preferred to study these grammatical issues and clarify the Sheikh's approach in his choices and preferences among the grammatical opinions based on the disagreement between the Basrians and Kufans and which one he favors. This research came in two topics and a conclusion:
The first topic: The Meaning, which came in two demands:
The first theme: The origin of the meaning and its reality
The second theme: The impact of the meaning in interpreting linguistic phenomena
The second topic: The grammatical issues in the book "Explanation of Monotheism".
The issues came arranged according to what was mentioned in the book. This book is not dedicated to grammar and the grammatical issues came up incidentally.
Conclusion: It dealt with the most important results of the research that I reached, including:
1. How knowledgeable the Sheikh, may Allah have mercy on him, was in grammar and his skill in it, as he was skilled in many other sciences.
2. The Sheikh's keenness to simplify grammar for those who are not students of grammar, by providing an easy presentation to non-specialists.
3. The Sheikh's avoidance of affectation and arbitrariness in his grammatical choices, and his knowledge of the principles of grammar facilitated that.
4. The Sheikh is not committed to any school of thought, but he chooses from the schools what appears to him.

Abstract
This research aims to capture the method of Ibn Salam Al-Jumahi in his book “Classes of Poetry Stallions” and to know the foundations he adopted for selecting poets from one class. We have limited the scope of research to the seventh Islamic class, as a model for the book, and we have selected verses for various purposes from the collections of poets of the class, and applied the criteria to them. The criticism identified by Ibn Salam, in addition to his rhetorical criticism, and then we balanced the poets’ verses that shared purpose and meaning

Intertextuality is one of the apparent artistic techniques that give the poem strength and influence. Its concept and theory were formulated in the Western critical arena in the second half of the last century, to raise the importance of realizing intertextuality in ancient times by poets. Intertextuality means the overlap and mixing between a previous text that the poet heard or read and a poetic text he wanted to compose.
The ancient Arab poets dealt with intertextuality, and it was recognized by the ancient Arab poet, and was praised by the recipients, especially if the previous text was a Quranic text or a hadith about the Prophet Muhammad, may God bless him and grant him peace, or an evocation of influential religious or historical figures, the promise of its birth with the definition of its concept in the modern era by Western critics, the aim was to explore the existence and importance The phenomenon of intertextuality in ancient Arabic poetry in the late Islamic period, and making sure that the idea was revolving in the mind of the poet and the recipient, although it was not defined in a specific framework, and the choice of one of the poets of the Abbasid era (Shams al-Din al-Kufi) who witnessed the fall of Baghdad by army.
One of the most important findings of the research was that the poet and his time constituted a fertile field for investigating the extent to which ancient Arab poets and their recipients knew the importance of intertextuality and that they were aware of the idea before it was defined and put into its theoretical framework in the twentieth century

Researchers realized the possibility of pictorial language in judging not only the eloquence of the imaginary linguistic structure, but also on the text as an integrated image, so our research came with the aim of showing the methods of the allegorical image in the poetry of both Haidar Al-Hilli and Ahmed Al-Waeli, and linking these methods to the topics that portrayed the family of the house, peace be upon them, in addition to exploring the artistic aesthetic that these methods gave to the studied texts, with A study of the similarity and difference in artistic aesthetics between the images of Aal al-Bayt according to the poet Haider Al-Hilli and the poet Ahmed Al-Waeli. The importance of this study comes through the observation of the image in the poetry of the two poets as an imaginary linguistic object integrated dimensions, and not just imagination or imaginary structure that reflects a specific intellectual intentional structure, as well as a statement of the aesthetic image of the metaphorical image depicted by the poets Aal al-Bayt peace be upon them in their various topics We relied in this study on the descriptive - analytical approach with its analysis tool that helps us to analyzeAnd extract its values, by entering into the textual structure of it, and explore its aesthetics, and link it to the studied topic, and the research will also use the comparative approach in comparing the two poets in the topics studied, to reach points of agreement and difference between them, as we concluded a set of results, including that the two poets followed in the formation of their metaphorical images the method of diagnosis and embodiment in the service of their poetic purposes, whether it is praise um lamentation, and the two poets in both cases were referring in their praise to the family of the house, peace be upon them, to what they had of the qualities that are among the characteristics of the prophets, as well as in lamentation they were referring to the characteristics of the family of the house that lead to their preference over other creatures, as the metaphorical artistic image in general in the poetry of the poets in the section of praise of the family of the house, peace be upon them and their lamentations, aimed to show the advantages of Ahl al-Bayt peace be upon them and their virtues and virtue over others to show that they are the most deserving of people to take over the matter Muslims after the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him).

Sicilian poetry enjoyed an abundance of literary content, including the praise poem, which carried the most beautiful types of poetry with its folds, as it had a beautiful impact in their collections and poems, which expresses what their feelings and feelings towards their praisers are full of. The Sicilian praise poetry went through several stages, some of which were purely gainful, and some of them were purely emotional, so that in some of them we find emotional and artistic sincerity, and some of them are far from it.

The Holy Qur’an spoke about the prophets and messengers, and presented to us their stories, their lives, their positions with their people, their call to them, and what happened to them in terms of events between them, and how the matter ended with the victory of the prophets and messengers, and the end of the matter with the destruction of God for the unbelievers, and among the ideological constants that every Muslim is certain of is that the hadith The Qur’an is about them, it is an honest hadith, because the word of God is impeccable, and falsehood does not come to it from before it or from behind it.

The research in the manuscript heritage reflects the heritage of our
Ancestors، which in turn reflects to us the mentalities and ideas of our scholars and the extent of their knowledge and the abundance of their knowledge. The works and the ideas and directions they contain can be benefited from in our present time، and contribute to the increase in Islamic libraries with books from the Islamic heritage. Among those valuable manuscripts is (Nour al-Anwar and Misbah al-Asrar) by Muhammad bin Muhammad Taqi al-Husayni al-Shirazi (d. 1112 AH)

Abstract
The Holy Qur’an is the book of guidance for human happiness, which includes the laws that he needs in his life. It is God’s message to His servants, and it is the eternal miracle of Islam .
All the sciences that are related to the Holy Qur’an are among the most honorable, noble, best, and most useful of all, because they clarify its meanings and reveal its facts. Among these sciences is the science of interpretation, which is the origin of sciences. Scientists have made great efforts in this science, and they have compiled many and varied classifications in it .
And among those scholars who served the book of God Almighty is Mr. Radhi Al-Din, may God have mercy on him, who interpreted the Holy Quran in an easy, arbitrary manner .
This study aims to verify a part of interpretation (The light of lights and the lamp of secrets) and to clarify the name of its author, lineage, sheikhs, and students

Addressing the topic (Al-Zawj and its concept), and its importance in a Quranic study, in light of global openness, and the intellectual invasion of all directions and audio-visual means, is no longer within a limited scope, but rather extends to the marital bed, to demolish the most important veil and fortress of this nation, which is the fortress of the family, especially its two pillars (husband and wife), and to create reasons for the destruction of a coarse covenant that God stressed to preserve, and warned the most severely against tearing it, and that the basis for its construction is affection and mercy. And intimacy and love accordingly, and that it is a great work of God that the universe is built on matrimony in all, to indicate the oneness of God Almighty, and that the whole universe is built on matrimony, so that the traces of God and His verses remain in everything that warns of the oneness of God Almighty, and from here came the importance of studying and choosing the topic because it is one of the great verses to alert and remind of the oneness of God, and for man to know that he is not one individual, but rather he is part of this vast universe based on matrimony to accept the other and hear from him as he loves to hear from others, and not to be overwhelmed He was satisfied with arrogance, selfishness, and destructive envy, for which Iblis was cursed and expelled from Paradise.

In this research, Imam Qutb Al-Din Al-Shirazi - may God have mercy on him - mentioned eleven etiquettes for a happy marital life. He detailed the saying in the provisions of the feast, the rights of the man on his wife, the rights of the woman on her husband, and the statement of what the spouses should be in terms of simplicity, kindness, good manners, and giving all the reasons for love between them, as he spoke about a number of legal etiquettes such as the etiquette of intercourse, childbirth, alimony, and divorce, extensively with the evidence of the Holy Book and the Sunnah, and the sayings of Interpreters, Jurists, Writers and Wise men.

What is meant by theology is the sciences related to God in the Islamic belief, for the Creator, the Almighty, is one, not like the Ones, and does not enter into the number, and is not perceived from the point of view of the mind or from the point of view of the soul. Each of the world’s comprehends it according to the effects that appear in its art, so it characterizes it and describes it according to the degree that is specific to it from its art. Existences in the spiritual world have been singled out for special effects of spirituality, so they describe them in terms of those effects, and those in the physical world have been singled out for special effects of physical, so they describe them in terms of those effects.

The science of interpretation is of great importance, because the Qur’an was revealed by God for people to ponder and understand, and with understanding the souls find comfort in working with it and applying what is in it. And God the Most High indicated the importance of interpretation when He called for contemplating the Qur’an, so there was found in every century and in every generation a multitude of commentators interpreting the Noble Qur’an, and among these commentators: “Sheikh Muhammad Abu Zahra” from one of the contemporary scholars and commentators in Egypt, and he was a great scholar and jurist Who compiled his interpretation called "Zahrat al-Tafseer", an exegetical encyclopedia that combines jurisprudence and its origins, hadith and its sciences, speech and charity. It also deals with social issues and contemporary legal issues that solve Muslim issues in their societies. This is the best way to get to know through the personality of Imam Muhammad Abu Zahra the most important elements.

The Islamic Sharia has paid great attention to the issue of management, and it has taken a comprehensive account of its legislative and ethical foundations, as management is an economic concept par excellence and is considered part of the Islamic economy that combines material and moral components and establishes a balance between collective and individual interests. In his scientific life, he used a management behavior based on organization, coordination and planning in a spontaneous and unconscious way, hence the importance of the study in that management is an innate matter that the individual needs at all times, as Sharia stands with the permanence of human survival for the reconstruction and repair of the earth.

This research addresses the topic of food extracted from insects and its rulings in Islamic Jurisprudence. The study begins with defining food and its rulings, as well as defining insects and highlighting their significance in Islamic law. It also explores the types of food extracted from insects, including insect protein. The research examines the rulings on hunting insects and consuming them, with the aim of clarifying the legal regulations and guidelines for food manufactured from insects as contemporary jurisprudential topics. It seeks to raise awareness among people and provide them with a clear understanding of the rulings. Additionally, the research explores the rulings on insect protein, considering it a modern food that is widely spread worldwide. It also addresses the Islamic jurisprudential stance on the consumption and trading of insects, from which additives for food are derived. The significance of this research lies in addressing a contemporary and emerging jurisprudential issue, in order to avoid errors in consuming imported food from different countries and to find appropriate legal solutions. Furthermore, it contributes to the jurisprudential grounding of various developments related to insect protein and its implications.

The enemies of God try to challenge Islam and try to turn people away from it. They did this in several ways، including challenging the Prophet’s Sunnah and spreading doubts about it through the Encyclopedia، which they classified to introduce Islam. Therefore، I prepared a research entitled “Appeals to the Prophet’s Sunnah” in the Encyclopedia from Volume 12 to Volume 14، and responding to it. The research included an introduction and two sections، the first topic: introducing Orientalism and its circle. Knowledge and the second topic: Appeals to the Prophet’s Sunnah in the Encyclopedia and Responses to it. The research was concluded with a brief conclusion in which I summarized the most important findings that I reached during the research، including that one of the methodological mistakes that Orientalists made in their study of Islam was ignoring authentic Islamic sources. All appeals directed at the Sunnah of the Prophet are weak and far from credibility and scientific methodology.

Abstract
The need to study the science of jurisprudence and delve into the research with its issues is of importance to everyone who addresses the discovery of legal rulings. The researcher differs in this science that the fundamentalist thought has evolved in an uneven way, up and down, and noticeable over the ages, which is a natural matter, and the development that occurred for this science is a development in its tools, methods, and means in obtaining subsidiary legal rulings from their detailed evidence that is commensurate with the development of the science of jurisprudence and the abundance of renewable facts and development occurring in daily life.
In this research, we dealt with the statement of development and growth that took place in the scientific thought of the front-line fundamentalist schools and the organization of their curricula from their inception and the need for them, by extrapolating the fundamentalist output of most of the scholars of the fundamentalist schools independently, as well as the fundamentalist studies and investigations of a group of researchers, which were written and express the level of thought The divergent fundamentalists in the later eras, and the results and studies that focused on this aspect and became a point of view for scholars of the science of jurisprudence, showing the highlights of the points of agreement and disagreement, and explaining the methods of inference and the methods used and different for them.

The research dealt with the most important contemporary intellectual issues, including globalization, democracy, the rapprochement of civilizations, the position of religious discourse on them, and methods of responding to them. The research presented the ability of Islam and its theories to be an alternative to contemporary philosophical ideas and systems. The research dealt with three topics, the first began by talking about globalization and explaining the trends of religious discourse and its position. Among them, then the second is about the position on democracy, and in conclusion the third section came, explaining the religious discourse and its vision towards the thesis of the acquaintance of civilizations and its importance, and from God Almighty he derived help and success.

Abstract
This research focuses on studying the description of the narrator as " hlu Wa'ahlaa " in the book of aljurh w altaedil by Ibn Abi Hatim. The aim is to understand the meaning of the term "sweet and most beautiful" as applied to certain narrators, identify the narrators who were described with this term in the book of aljurh w altaedil, and analyze their status in terms of aljurh w altaedil.
This research includes studying the case of each narrator who was described by Ibn Abi Hatim with these two descriptions, and comparing the opinions of critics. The aim is to clarify the intended meaning behind Ibn Abi Hatim's description of hlu Wa'ahlaa "sweet and most beautiful."
In this research, I followed the inductive approach by collecting the narrators who were mentioned with this description in the book of aljurh w altaedil. Then, I used the analytical and critical approach by analyzing the opinions of critics regarding the narrator and comparing them. This led me to make a judgment on the status of the narrator. The research yielded several important findings, including:
• The term "sweet of narration" does not indicate the reliability of the narrator, but it can be applied to both reliable and unreliable narrators.
• Ibn Abi Hatim mentioned the term "most beautiful" in eight instances, mostly when comparing between two narrators, and in two instances without comparison.
• Abu Hatim's opinion regarding the comparison and evaluation of narrators using the term "most beautiful" aligns with the opinions of other critics.
• Abu Hatim uses the term "most beautiful" when comparing two individuals for the purpose of preference.

It was witnessed in the second century of migration. The eighth century AD, a large-scale movement in the field of historical writing and the emergence of a number of Akhbaris and hadith narrators. Abu Ismail Muhammad bin Abdullah Al-Azdi Al-Basri (100-175 AH / 718-791 AD) is considered. The most prominent of the thousand in that period. However, due to the loss, damage, and loss of many sources in this era, only some books have reached us. Among them is the book "Futuh al-Sham" by al-Azdi. Therefore, it can be said that this book is the only one that deals with the conquests of the Levant in detail and some of the cities of Iraq. which is in our hands. Which contains in its pages many historical novels about the conquests of the Levant and Iraq. It is a historical and valuable book.

The personality of Imam Al-Hassan (PBUH) and the events surrounding his life make the researcher stand in front of it contemplatively, especially since his life was full of political events and turmoil that afflicted the nation, as he took over the caliphate and assumed its burdens in conditions that the society was torn apart since the time of the caliphate of his father, the Commander of the Faithful, Imam Ali. (PBUH), who did not lose hope in his loyal companions despite their lack of leadership in the caliphate of the Ummah, those disturbances that led to the assassination of Imam Ali (PBUH) in his sanctuary, and the transfer of the caliphate to his son, Imam Al-Hassan (PBUH).

Abd al-Wahhab al-Masiri led political activity in Egypt, through his instructions to oppose the expanded regime by assuming the design of work to change the regime by carrying out a number of visits and sit-ins aimed at improving the economic, health and social conditions and advocacy for the affected
This study came for the clarifications of the first suit for the formation of the political thought of Abd al-Wahhab al-Messiri and the emergence of his political activity through his many political forces, and his soon role in developing the work of the invention movement

Humphrey Trevelyan is one of the British personalities who played an important role in the course of contemporary history.
This study came in order to clarify his biography and to find out about his diplomatic activity in China.
Humphrey Trevelyan was able to persuade the Chinese at the Geneva Conference in 1954 to recognize him as the British charge d'affaires in China, in addition to that he was able to solve many of the problems that were facing the British community in China.

In this research, we dealt with the impressions of the Scottish orientalist William Muir on the Bahri Mamluks. Who is considered one of the famous orientalists who appeared in the nineteenth century AD, and has many books on Islamic history, and among these books is his book History of the Mamluk State in Egypt, and the study included his views on the sultans and the era of the emergence of the Bahri Mamluks.

In this research, we dealt with the impressions of the Scottish orientalist William Muir on the Bahri Mamluks. Who is considered one of the famous orientalists who appeared in the nineteenth century AD, and has many books on Islamic history, and among these books is his book History of the Mamluk State in Egypt, and the study included his views on the sultans and the era of the emergence of the Bahri Mamluks.

The communist political parties and movements in Burkina Faso played a major role in the political life of the country, through their influence in shaping internal and foreign policy for the period 1983-1987. The country witnessed the spread of communist movements and parties following the coup of August 4, 1983, which was carried out by a number of affected officers. With communist ideas, the country thus became a gateway to leftist movements, and many communist parties were founded that were able to be influential in political life, as a result of their large popular bases, as they struggled to get rid of the consequences of colonialism and its effects, and were able to implement their reform programs through their participation in power, However, most of these programs were not implemented properly due to the lack of homogeneity among the members of these parties.
The study reached a number of results, including: that the communist parties witnessed multiple internal splits, and they were for various reasons, including ideological and personal, because some of the members of those parties were not loyal to a global or philosophical doctrine or to a specific country, but they were loyal to the interests of their country, and some of those parties It turned into a fierce opposition after leaving the government, and played a role in the November 1987 coup.

The country of the Kurds was subjected to the Arab Islamic state after it was affected by the movement of the great Islamic conquests, until that country became the northern and northeastern outskirts of the Muslim countries, and it became one of the most important first lines to defend the basins of the Islamic state, even after it was affected by the hand of dissent and separation from it during the weakness of the Abbasid state, as it is. The situation of many of the regions that separated in the East and the Maghreb, whether that separation was actual or nominal and delegated with the approval of the state. However, the resistance of those regions and their defense of the frontiers of Islam began to weaken gradually after that separation and their self-rule in most cases, and they had no connection to the Khilafah state except formally and spiritually. This explains the weakness of its position and the weakness of its resistance to the Mongol invasion to which the Arab Islamic state in general and the capital of the caliphate was exposed, Baghdad in particular, in the year (656 AH / 1258 AD) led by Hulagu, despite the fact that some Emirates obstructed the Mongol army heading towards Baghdad, but the vast majority of The princes preferred to negotiate with the Mongols, hoping to spare their country the harm of the Mongols and to get rid of the destruction they expected after they saw and heard about the power of the Mongols, their cruelty, and their destruction of the countries they occupied and passed through to their country, or in the hope of obtaining some gains from them, the least of which is their preservation of their positions as princes by the order of the Mongols. on their country, They offered loyalty and obedience to them, but they retracted that after witnessing the destruction inflicted by the Mongol forces on the capital of the Islamic Caliphate, Baghdad and its environs, and their cruelty and exaggeration in shedding the blood of Muslims. This encouraged most of them to return to the line of resistance against them for fear of their tyranny and to guard against their evil after completing their control over Iraq and the surrounding countries of the Arab Islamic State.

The subject of this study was “study of the relative change in reflected radiation in the city of Baghdad.” This study came to clarify the concept and characteristics of solar radiation, and then the study aimed to reveal the factors affecting reflected radiation in the study area, while the study reached a geo-climatic analysis of the characteristics of total and angular solar radiation. The fall of radiation to the surface of the Earth, analysis of the theoretical and actual brightness, then relative humidity and water vapor pressure, leading to knowing the variation of the values of inverse radiation and its relative change in the city of Baghdad and for the period (1988-2020).

The study showed that the geographical distribution of voters in the districts of Anbar Governorate was varied, as the number of voters in Fallujah district reached (363,669) voters, i.e. (94.14%) of the total number of voters in Anbar Governorate, while the number of voters decreased in Rawa district to (12294). Voters, i.e. (51.32%) of the total number of voters in Anbar Governorate for the year 2018. As for the geographical distribution of the electoral centers, it was not appropriate with the number of those registered in all the districts, and the increase or decrease in the numbers of the electoral centers for the (2018) must be reviewed. The study also showed that more than half of the registrants did not vote, as the participation rate reached (39%) for the year 2018 of the total number of registrants, in addition to the fact that the general and actual density in the districts of Anbar governorate did not match due to the low number of participants. The allocated parliamentary seats did not match the estimates of the population in Anbar Governorate, and the district of (Fallujah) had the largest share in the percentage of participants (45.59%) in the 2018.

The research aims to determine the risks of surface water erosion and the distribution of its degrees in the basin, based on the Gavrilović model, which depends on several indicators (vegetation cover index, soil protection index, soil erosion susceptibility index, slope index, drainage network development index, and temperature and rainfall index) and through Integrating these indicators into geographic information systems programs enabled the researcher to analyze the results obtained by applying the equation (W) to calculate the annual rate of erosion (m3/km2/year). It was found that the entire basin is exposed to the risks of water erosion, and this risk was recorded at four levels, as erosion was recorded Generalized has the largest area of (244) km2, with a percentage of (28.7%) in the basin, and the amount of lost soil ranges between 50 - 5000 m3/km2/year, the highest correlation value was recorded between the amount of soil lost and the soil erosion susceptibility index (Y), as the correlation value reached (-0.973), which is a very strong inverse relationship. Thus, the amount of lost soil increases with the decrease in the value of the soil erosion susceptibility index.

The research entitled Dust phenomena and their impact on asthma in the districts of Fallujah and Rutba, which I adopted for climatic dust phenomena and asthma for the period (2017-2022), the aim of the research is to know what dust phenomena are and focus on the impact of phenomena on asthma and the resonance of the relationship between them, the first topic included the concept of phenomena Dust storms (dust storms - rising dust - suspended dust) with the monthly frequencies of dust phenomena, while the second topic is in the statistical analysis to show the relationship between each phenomenon of dust phenomena in the rise of asthma through statistical treatments such as the Pearson correlation coefficient, the simple regression coefficient) and its way to know the type and degree The result and its strength between the dusty phenomena and the disease in which the recurrence of the phenomena is stressed.

It became clear through the research that the distribution of the indicator (WIP) varied within the study area, and it is noted that the lowest values were in the southern sections within the study area, as it reached (6683.8-18635.7), while the highest values were distributed in the northern and northeastern sections with values amounting to (205848, 8-349455,2), while the values of the (V) index are variable in the study area, and the distribution of the index of the lowest values was in the southern sections within the study area, as it amounts to (0.01-0.03), while the highest values are distributed in the northern and northeastern sections and part of the southern sections with values It reached 0.27-0.18
It also became clear that the distribution of the CIA indicator values varied within the study area. It is evident from map (5) that the lowest values were in the central parts of the study area, reaching (0.54 -6.06), while the highest values were distributed in the northern and northeastern regions and part of the southern regions with values It reached (20.06 - 22.70), as for the distribution of the (PIA) index values. It is noted that the lowest values were in the southern sections within the study area, as they amounted to (0.54 -6.06), while the highest values were distributed in the northern, northeastern and part of the northwestern sections, with values amounting to (20.06 -22.70(
Finally, according to the final classification, the region was divided into five categories that were relied upon, starting with very severe weathering, which is concentrated in the northern and northeastern regions, followed by severe weathering, then medium weathering, then weathering, and finally very weak weathering.

Research summary: The current research aims to identify:
1- The level of self-efficacy among educational counselors.
2- Differences in the level of self-efficacy according to the variables (gender and years of service)
3- The level of social confrontation among educational counselors.
4 - Differences in the level of social confrontation according to the variables (gender and years of service)
5 - The correlation between self-efficacy and social confrontation among educational counselors.
The current research was limited to educational counselors from the education directorates of Baghdad Governorate (Rusafa and Karkh) for the academic year 2023-2024.
Theoretical framework: The current research reviewed the theories adopted in constructing and interpreting the results.
For the purpose of achieving the objectives of the current research, the researcher carried out the following procedures: -
1 - Adopting the researcher’s self-efficacy scale (Al-Khafaji 2013).
2 - Constructing a measure of social confrontation, adopting Perils’ theory (Perils 1970)
Psychometric properties were used with the two scales, where the apparent validity of the two scales was extracted, and the discriminatory power of the items and the relationship of the item score to the total score of the scale was extracted for both scales and individually after applying the two scales to a statistical analysis sample of (200) male and female counselors, and reliability was extracted for both scales and each individually in different ways. They are: split-half, Cronbach, and retest. The above two measures were applied to the research sample, which amounted to (200) male and female counselors during the period from 10 to 20/11/2023.
The following results were reached:
1 - The research results showed that counselors have self-efficacy compared to the hypothesized average of the scale.
2- The results of the research showed that educational counselors have the ability to confront socially.
3 - The results showed that there is a significant positive correlation between self-efficacy and social confrontation among educational counselors. The researcher presented some recommendations and suggestions.

Abstract
Research objective: The effect of using metacognitive strategies in developing future thinking skills in history among outstanding students in the intermediate stage
The research used the following materials and tools: Research materials, a list of future thinking skills and its impact on metacognitive strategies), research tools and testing future thinking skills The research group consisted of (33) outstanding students at Bismaya School, and the list in its final form included (5) main skills and (12) sub-skills.
The following results were reached:
There are statistically significant differences at the level (0.05) between the mean scores of the experimental group students in the pre and post applications of the future thinking skills test as a whole and in its sub-dimensions of the post application scores.

Imam Hussein (PBUH) is a man who never dies because his influence reaches all over the world. Muslims and non-Muslims learn great lessons from his sacrifice. For this reason, western nations are interested in reading about Imam Hussein's visions. The current study is a critical subtitle analysis of a Husseini poem titled (Servant is a Global Term, performed by Husseini Performer Haider Al-Bayati. It aims at highlighting how the Arabic words of the Husseni Poetry mentioned above are transferred into English and what strategies are used during the process of subtitling into TL. It also presents rates the success and failure of the subtitler in the TL.

This study aims at investigating the major peculiarities represented through one particular lexical feature of medical discourse, namely, medical terminology that directly affects the process of translating medical texts. The data comprise four selected English medical texts from the website: Cleveland Clinic. Three basic issues related to medical terminology are discussed. The first issue relates to the interference of common meanings with specialized meanings. The second issue concerns the two levels of medical terminology: highly specialized medical terms and general medical terms. As for the third issue, it deals with the use of Latin and Greek affixation which is regarded an especially distinguishing feature of medical terminology. To reinforce the ideas presented, relevant theoretical background is provided. It is hypothesized that terminology is one of the challenges faced by translators who specialize in medical translation due to the highly specialized character of medical discourse. The study concludes that a specialized knowledge of medical terminology is indispensable to accomplish high – quality and professional medical translations. Moreover, it is essential for medical translators to stay updated with the latest advancements in the medical field and the relevant terminology.

Les institutions universitaires ont connu des difficultés linguistiques à l’écrit ainsi que à l’oral. Notre article a pour objet d’identifier l’ensemble de ces difficultés linguistiques qui peuvent se rencontrer dans la production écrite des apprenants de 3ème année, au département de français, à l’Université de Bagdad en vue de vérifier d’où viennent ces difficultés. L'étude se focalisera, précisément, sur des obstacles concernant ( le lexique, la morphosyntaxe, l’orthographe,...etc) auxquels font face les étudiants en cherchant à comprendre les raisons et les origines de ces difficultés. À fin de rédiger correctement un texte plus compréhensible et cohérent; l’écriture en français a ses règles précises auxquelles l’apprenant doit les respecter. Ainsi, l’étude s’intéressera à des stratégies efficaces à l’écrit parmi lesquelles ( la remédiation d’erreurs) qui offre à l’apprenant une excellente opportunité d’apprendre et une acquisition performante des connaissances.