LARK JOURNAL FOR PHILOSOPHY, LINGUISTICS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES

This research explores the issue of linguistic duality in the literary works of the poet Hazem Al-Tamimi, highlighting it as one of the most significant topics in sociolinguistics discussed in literary criticism, profoundly impacting human life in both practical and intellectual aspects.
The study, employing a descriptive-analytical approach, is divided into two main axes: The first axis extensively covers the poet's biography and literary output, as well as his poetic culture. The second axis focuses on studying the use of colloquial dialects in his poetic texts and reveals the linguistic duality between formal and colloquial Arabic. The poet incorporates numerous common vernacular terms in his poetry collection "Letters Resembling Rain". The research concludes with a summary of the researcher's key findings.

The science of "Badi'" (rhetoric and eloquence) is one of the three rhetorical sciences and one of the artistic rhetorical techniques. It was widely and innovatively used in the Quranic discourse to solidify meaning, enhance linguistic beauty, and manifest the divine eloquence. It is a science that encompasses the various ways of improving speech while adhering to the requirements of the context and the clarity of expression. It is divided into two categories: linguistic enhancements and semantic enhancements. Both categories of these enhancements have been extensively employed in the Quran and hold great importance. However, what are the most significant linguistic artistic enhancements used in the Quran? What are their examples? And what is their impact on divine discourse? Based on the descriptive-analytical method, relying on bibliographic research, the researcher will attempt to answer these questions by extracting the most important linguistic enhancements from the Quran, with a focus on the first ten parts. A brief explanation of each enhancement and its impact on the Quranic discourse will be provided. The research concluded that among the most important linguistic enhancements employed by the Quran are: rhyme, analogy, embroidery, assurance, harmony, dissection, good beginnings, repetition, clarification, and refuting objections. These enhancements contributed to the beauty of divine speech, solidifying the intended divine message, and demonstrating its miraculous nature in comparison to the speech of others.

Throughout the ages, Muslims have had diverse relationships with various followers of the Abrahamic religions, including Christians and Jews, but they were not at the same pace, but were influenced by the arts of events. One of the important sources that provide us with information about the nature of this relationship is the book One Thousand and One Nights, which has important value in the field of social history. This study attempts to reveal The image of the Christian other and its development in the book One Thousand and One NighThe image of the Christian other and its development in the book One Thousand and One Nigh . In this study, based on a descriptive analytical approach, Christian characters were classified into Arab and non-Arab, and female characters were separated from male characters. There are four stories that are mainly focused on. The results show that there are female characters, such as slave girls and non-maids, who have good knowledge of Arab history, stories, and literature and were raised in order to accomplish political or military tasks. These stories contain a warning against these women, as approaching them is a step towards a trap. the image of Arab Christians, it is positive at first, but it soon changes as the book warns readers not to trust them and they are portrayed as people who have not truly converted to Islam. Regarding the comparison between Christians and Jews, it must be said that the book is almost devoid of talk about Jewish women, Jewish priests and their places of worship. While the book is full of talk about Christian women, the Patriarchs, and Christian churches.

The research addresses the issue of the narrator's position and effectiveness in the novel, specifically in relation to the element of place. It delves into the problematic concepts of perspective and point of view, exploring the differing opinions of critics in defining them. The study focuses on Osip Bensky's views on categorizing levels of point of view and his emphasis on the relationship between the narrator's position and the characters, and the resulting variations in perspectives and narrative techniques in spatial vision. Additionally, it sheds light on Todorov's binary classification of vision and its implications for narrator patterns, applying it to selected models from Iraqi novels that have made it to the longlist and shortlist of the Booker Prize for Arabic Fiction.

This topic supports the structure of the grammatical metalingual in the basis of arrangement and organizing not on arbitrariness of the issues nor the confusion on it's grammatical metalingual thinking of the expression of the "Holy Quran" and the Grammar science one of these sciences that it's interpretations created and produced by the structure of the verses and it's arrangement according to the parsing signs and it's sessions and the discussion of saying ; Therefore the purpose of learning the Grammar and its interpretations is to comprehend the "Holy Quran" at first ; Then it's interpretation secondly , then to elicit it's rules because the grammatical thinking is one of researches results and procure the mange of interpretation to the Quran verse it works on arranged system to avoid the mistakes and confusion of the suspicious meaning and it relates with precautionary way that Arab use to keep the grammatical rules functions at start with their metalingual and the research in the origin of the Grammar and ending with precautionary thinking of making rules and grammatical precaution and this research consists two investigation studies The first addresses the "The grammatical thinking and it's precautionary"

Linguists refuted the linguistic phenomena that contradict the language, and contradict their doctrine and rules, after they placed them on the frequent , without taking into account the few or the rare.
The fact is that these rules indicate the un acceptance and the refutation of linguistic phenomena for many reasons that are revealed by the linguists, so the multiplicity of these terms does not mean a difference in their connotations, as they are all in one sphere that is the refutation. This will be the focus of our study in this research, taking Ibn Jinni as a field for this study.

This concise study aims to reveal the features of internal dialogue in the poetry of Hussein Al-Qasid, aspiring to track the themes and provide a comprehensive perspective that determines the depth of internal dialogue in the work of this contemporary poet. Dialogue in general, and internal dialogue in particular, has been used by poets since ancient times to express their inner feelings and to embody them in poetry. By using this narrative technique, poets convey their internal thoughts and ideas, thus most poems, both old and modern, include internal dialogue. This study is divided into several sections, preceded by an introduction to the concept of internal dialogue, covering monologue, soliloquy, stream of consciousness, flashback, and finally, daydreaming. The study concludes with a summary of the main findings.

Reference in texts originates from the cohesive unity advocated by text scholars. It is inconceivable to consider a text devoid of referential elements, as the term "text" implies a collection of sentences rich with referential words that ensure coherence among its parts. This study focuses on the concept of reference in Quranic verses that indicate disbelief, as defined by ancient Arab scholars and text analysts. It explores how these references contribute to textual coherence by clarifying their types, methods, and importance in linking preceding and succeeding words and sentences, and in maintaining textual integrity.
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Through our thorough examination of the poetry of Issa Hasan Al-Yasiri, it becomes evident that the poet deliberately employs symbolic vocabulary that suggests imaginative images shaped by active feminine presence. He presents poetic texts amidst waves of allegory and allusion, embodying a depiction of women intertwined with aspects of nature surrounding the poet. Al-Yasiri thus transforms them into symbols whose meaning manifests in two directions: one evoking optimism, communication, renewal, and the other portraying them as symbols of fracture and disappointments, paving the way for departure and absence, which he consistently links to the symbol of the homeland. Thus, he establishes them as symbolic essence grounded in interconnected signs.

The aim of this research is to learn the degree to which Arabic language teachers for primary school students in the country use the possibilities of free and clear tracking from the outcome of their thoughts. To achieve the objectives of the research, the descriptive approach was used, and the study population consisted of part of the Arabic language teachers, both male and female, in Dionysia Governorate, and was chosen. From this community, a random sample of (27) teachers, both male and female, was chosen randomly. The researcher presented a questionnaire on free-tracking skills, and the guided survey consisted of two areas: free-tracking, which consisted of (58) items, and the survey directed to the use of Arabic language teachers for the primary stage, which consisted of (45) items. The research was conducted for the possibilities of investigation and Free and directed tracking according to the outcome of their thoughts to a moderate degree. The results also showed that there are no differences in the degree of teachers’ use of the Arabic language to verify the implications of its validity and reliability. Results showed statistical significance at the significance level (0.05) in the degree of teachers’ use of it. The Arabic language for the primary stage in Iraq for free and directed inquiry skills from their point of view according to the variables of gender, while differences appeared according to the variable of academic qualification and in favor of teachers who hold a high level. In light of the results, the researcher recommended a number of relevant recommendations, including: alternating practices Scientific research among male and female teachers in the Arabic language subject, with the aim of enhancing knowledge of the possibilities of free and directed inquiry.

qi people about health centers is a positive mental image according to the data of the research results, according to the weighted arithmetic mean of the paragraphs in Table (4-5) according to which the image of health centers was measured, as the result of the weighted arithmetic mean of the paragraphs in ( Table 4) 2.36, which is high, and also (Table 5) 2.35, which was high. *The results of the research This study is about everything you are looking for from this topic, which required a main question
With (What is the mental image formed by health centers?) and another sub-section including: How satisfied is he with these services? What are the sources of his mental image formation?
Including a basic study to know the chemical image formed by the Iraqi people about medical doctors through the services provided to the people, as well as knowing the sources of forming the people’s mental image of health centers.
The research is considered a descriptive research in which the researcher adopted (the survey method) because it is the appropriate method for it, in addition to adopting the questionnaire and scale tools according to the (triple) Likert scale, as the research sample consisted of visitors to health centers in the city of Baghdad, with its two sides, Al-Karkh and Al-Rusafa, and amounted to 400 respondents, as The researcher relied on a multi-stage random sampling method.
The researcher reached a number of results, the most important of which are:
* The mental image formed by the Irashowed that respondents form their mental perceptions of health centers through personal contact (visiting the center) in the first place, with a rate of 49.19%, then friends and relatives in the second place, with a rate of 28.86%, followed by social networking sites in third place, with a rate of 6.30%.
* The results of the research confirmed that the treatment of medical and nursing staff in health centers with patients and visitors is humane, at a rate of (81%) of the total population of the study sample.
*The results indicated that health center administrations responded to the people’s suggestions and complaints regarding all the services provided to them in order to work on developing them and improving their reality, at a rate of 49%.

Since its inception, humanity has expressed its social status through both vocal and physical mechanisms. This expression, characterized by performance and skill, has led many practitioners in the field of theatrical performance to seek performative methods and means aligned with the global discourse in what has become a small village. The skill of performance has become an integral aspect of this beauty. Recognizing the importance of this subject, the need arose to study and uncover the most important skills. Thus, the researcher formulated the title of their research as "Performative Skills in Street Theater Performances."
The significance of this lies in the fact that the physical and vocal performative skills of actors are essential in street theater. The research comprises four chapters: the first chapter outlines the research problem and its necessity, while the second chapter delves into the theoretical framework, encompassing references to performance and performative skills. Following this, the theoretical framework indicators are presented. The procedural chapter analyzes the research sample. Subsequently, the fourth chapter presents the results, conclusions, recommendations, and proposals, followed by the list of references.

This research deals with the issue of the age of obligation in the three religions: Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, using comparison as a means to achieve its goals, which are represented in what is similar and what is different, regarding religious legislation related to the obligation of individuals to perform religious duties. It also examines the conditions of obligation, its manifestations, and the texts that indicate it. A careful consideration is given to the duties and rights required by those in charge, such as understanding religion, prayer, and reading holy texts. In conclusion, the most important findings of the research are recorded, all based on significant texts and reliable evidence.

In my research entitled "The Image of the Father in the Hebrew Short Story-selected models” the image of the father in five stories from modern Hebrew literature. The research included an introduction in which I briefly discussed the father and his features in three short stories. Twenty-Five Years for Dahlia Ravikovitc , Aharon Avraham Kabak A voice in the darkness , and “Funeral” by Yeshayaho Birshadiski. After the introduction, I dealt with four main sections. In the first section, I discussed the stories "Gold" and "Because of the Apple" by the authors Yehuda Burla and Yosef Agnon. secondly, I discussed the story "A Wonderful Story About My Prayer Book" by the Shmuel Yosef Kaniuk. In the third topic, I discussed the story "Fasting Meal" by the author Uri Nissan Gnessin. Finally, I discussed the story "Small World" by Smicha Ben Tsion. The reason for choosing the research is due to the importance of the topic, as it is related to the father, that wonderful character on whom the family's misery or happiness depends. The goal of the research is to highlight the image of the father in the Hebrew short story through the study of selected models of prominent authors in modern Hebrew literature. The methodology I adopted is the analytical method.

Teaching language poses a challenge for educators. Various strategies have been employed to enhance student learning; however, the adoption of these methods has not always been universally embraced by academics. Some criticize rule-based patterns and the absence of textual context in translations. Certain authors seek to evaluate the use of translation in language teaching by distinguishing between actual translation and educational translation under a new conceptual framework. This work explores the evolution of different uses of translation in language teaching and its vocabulary.

Our research deals with the difference in the grammatical system of languages and its effect on changing the meaning of the sentence, the extent of this grammatical difference in the Russian and Arabic languages and the impact it has on the meaning, which is at the same time a problem facing the translator when transferring the meaning of the text from one language to another. When we shed light on the grammatical case and the nature of its differences, we must know that it usually appears in a series of rows with opposite forms, and thus emphasizes the relationship of the noun to words or to the form of other words as components of a phrase, a word, or the text in general.

This article is classified as a stylistic study that specializes in studying the poetic image through the use of literary devices, metaphor and simile. In this article, we analyze the poetic image in Lorca's lyric poetry in four poems: Oriental Song, Spring Song, Lizard Song and Sevillian Song from the anthology Federico García Lorca for children (1983), he article's goal is to examine the poetic image that it produces through metaphor and simile and clarify its meaning for the reader and researcher.

In the Iraqi educational context, the academic presentation of learning and teaching Spanish faces several challenges due to the lack of updated teach-ing resources, absence of new teaching and learning methodologies, and in-adequate infrastructure to accommodate students in their study locations, among other issues. Given this comprehensive landscape, this article pro-poses a documentary analysis investigating the potential advantages of im-plementing self-regulation as a strategy for teaching and learning Spanish in the Iraqi educational setting. Accessing clarification of some fundamental concepts, self-regulation can be understood as the control each individual can exert over their thoughts, actions, emotions, and strategies, prioritizing processes that help achieve learning goals according to the model proposed by Zimmerman.
Moreover, the concept of learning strategy can be understood as a deliberate series of actions implemented in teaching practice to achieve student learn-ing. In this sense, self-regulation as a strategy for teaching and learning in the Iraqi educational context allows students to expand their learning envi-ronments and significantly approach tools that enable them to learn Spanish in a more updated manner. Starting from teaching and learning strategies, self-regulation can be enhanced over time, ensuring students concrete pro-posals to achieve specific goals.

This article is classified as a stylistic study that specializes in studying the poetic image through the use of literary devices, metaphor and simile. In this article, we analyze the poetic image in Lorca's lyric poetry in four poems: Oriental Song, Spring Song, Lizard Song and Sevillian Song from the anthology Federico García Lorca for children (1983), he article's goal is to examine the poetic image that it produces through metaphor and simile and clarify its meaning for the reader and researcher.

This paper is a subject review. It investigates the use of the Fragmentation technique in Post-modern English Literature. The study depends the review style through which it presents certain essays that deal with the Fragmentation Technique. The paper, meanwhile, examines the different opinions and researches by writers in the post-modern contemporary world. It takes into consideration why certain writers and poets adopt the fragmented style and how it contributes to the contemporary chaotic world. The fragmentation technique points out to a way of writing by using discontinuous sequences of words. It refers, to a condition of illusion and meaninglessness which surrounds the post-modern society. The findings of the study suggest that the use of the Fragmentation Technique could serve to enlighten the status of disordered or unorganized form of language which best expresses the spirit of the age.

Storytelling is a theatrical method employed by playwrights to delve into the profound aspects of a character's psyche. It allows characters to directly communicate with the audience, serving multiple functions within the story. Moreover, this task can be executed by a protagonist or multiple characters, and occasionally even by actors who are not directly engaged in the play's plot. Playwrights have employed this form in different variations throughout the whole history of drama. Debbie Tucker Green, a Black British playwright, employs the technique of storytelling in her play Random to engage the audience in responding to street violence in London. The present paper aims to focus on this play, particularly on the act of storytelling, as the researcher observes that existing studies often discuss Tucker Green’s play solely within the context of her identity as a Black writer addressing issues within Black communities, neglecting to explore her unique stylistic approach. So, this study aims to fill in this gap. Debbie Tucker Green, unlike other Black playwrights, portrays traumatic experiences of loss and violence through her distinctive style of writing. By utilizing storytelling, she effectively depicts the feelings and thoughts of her characters, thus raising awareness among the audience about the vulnerability of Black citizens.

The research aims to uncover the alternative society sought by terrorist groups (ISIS), and to identify the trends of terrorism and its social and cultural effects in contemporary Iraqi society.
The subject of the research and its importance focuses on the lack of an integrated vision that works to reduce terrorism in various aspects of society, including the economic, political, social and cultural aspects, which created a suitable environment for terrorism in some cities in Iraq through which it was able to recruit many young people and families, some for sectarian motives and some The other, we can say, most of it is material. He succeeded to a large extent in achieving his gains and creating a foothold in some cities of Iraq, especially the western regions, to use them as a starting point to threaten some other regions through criminal acts and threatening people and their families with death in order to destabilize the security of the country and create a tense and tense atmosphere among the people of one country. However, this situation did not last long, as there were national reactions and tribal and religious stances from various sectors of the Iraqi people that were able to confront him and his malicious plans, as the security forces in all their forms were true defenders of the security and stability of the country, and they made great sacrifices and the pure blood that watered the land of Iraq for the sake of a unified Iraq. Generous and dear. It can be stated that the importance of the research topic is to uncover the causes of terrorism, address its social, cultural and psychological effects on the personality of the Iraqi person, and find successful mechanisms in eliminating terrorism based on the authentic social values in Iraqi society. The research reached several results, the most important of which are:
1- It became clear from the research that terrorism worked to dismantle this structure through intimidation, intimidation, sowing discord, and creating a charged and hostile atmosphere towards members of society towards each other, independent of the difficult social, cultural and economic conditions that the Iraqi person is going through after the year 2003.
2- It became clear from the research that terrorism has exploited individuals who rebel against their families and there is no control for them to prevent them from carrying out shameful and deviant acts, which terrorist groups have exploited in winning over these people and forming from them groups and cells affiliated with them who carry out, through them or through them, terrorist operations in exchange for the payment of sums of money. .
3- It became clear from the research that economic conditions, displacement and deportation were one of the reasons for the spread of terrorism and the lack of an integrated vision to address it, which led to the exacerbation of social problems and was exploited, which exacerbated human problems, which made terrorism find fertile ground for its spread.
4- The research revealed that the difficult political and economic conditions that passed through the country, especially after 2003, and the lack of policies that emphasize national belonging and call for the consolidation of the civil state are among the reasons through which terrorism expanded its presence in society.

The investigation aimed to outline the characteristics and effectiveness of computer-mediated spoken communication between university teachers and students during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study used a quantitative method and gathered data from the population of 100 students at the university; SPSS was used for in-depth statistical analysis. While we believed that technology access, instructor preparedness, and effective communication were the most essential elements of student engagement in activities, we were still looking for a significant effect of these variables. The results were such that older people rated their communication efficiency negatively. Nevertheless, the study stresses that in the process of electronic learning, the accessibility to technology and the quality of communication is not the only criterion that should be considered when determining the engagement in the electronic learning context. The results hereof are highly important for the strategic development of distance learning approaches, as they reveal that the attention should go beyond the academic discussions of technology and communication and should be directed to the whole spectrum of factors that directly or indirectly affect learner engagement.

The Omayyad took over the caliphate as they had the military power after the governor of Levant Mu'awiya Ibn Abi Sufyan rebelled against the authority of the Prince of Believers the caliphate Ali Ibn Abi Talib (May Allah be pleased with him) and against his son AlHasan (May Allah be pleased with him), who made a concession of his right as a caliph to prevent the bloodshed of Muslims. Therefore, this is considered an antecedent in the history performed by Mu'awiya in terms of the power transfer that was pivoted on Shura and election.To justify this, there should have been an evidence from the Islamic Sharea’ especially in terms of the tendencies that claimed the priority and rightfulness in the position of caliph. So, what was called fatalism in the political system was introduced, which means that was the will of Almighty Allah and this principle is associated with selection and choice of Allah and that human has no role in that. Therefore, as this principle claims, the Islamic nation should submit the Allah’s will. So, the Omayyad described the trends which oppose them as contradictory to the will of Almighty Allah and as disobedience. This way the Umayyads employed the religious façade for the purpose of political intentions that enabled them to suppress the resistance movements freely particularly in Iraq which represents a considerable political and military axis and because the tribes in Iraq refused loyalty and submission to the Umayyad as these tribes had an evident inclination towards the Prophet’s family (peace be upon them).
After the death of the Prophet (peace be upon him), Muslims established a basis for naming his successor to lead the nation, based on Shura, election and pledge of loyalty and they became constants through which the caliphs take over the power, in spite of the different way adopted beginning from the caliphate of Abu Bakr until the caliphate of Hasan (may Allah be pleased with him).
However, the arrival of Mu'awiya Ibn Abi Sufyan to the position of caliphate due to the military force based on the tribes of the Levant, broke historical precedents in the absence of a legitimate basis for his succession, as well as his lack of the conditions of succession. So, part of the Islamic nation considered him a usurper of this right manifested by choosing its successor and this criticism came from persons who are ahead of him by precedence and entitlement and are characterized by the qualities of the Imamate.
In an attempt to legitimize his caliphate and confront the opposition forces, he claimed that the assumption of the caliphate was based on the will of Allah and that it was an order from Allah and a decree from Him. Caliphs of Umayyad who came after him followed this approach in establishing the concept of compulsory in caliphate succession.
The religious front that robbed the nation of its right aimed at silencing the opposition forces, especially in the Hejaz and Iraq, and Iraq led the opposition as the largest base for the militant gathering, as well as the loyalty of its people to the Prophet’s family members (peace be upon them). Therefore, Iraq attracted most of the political and military events in this era, and it is no wonder that it occupies its place, especially in Umayyad politics that was characterized by violence and severity at the political and military levels in addition to the economic pressure, represented by denying them from their rights and paying them the minimum payment. But this punishment practiced by didn’t achieve loyalty and obedience of the people of Iraq to their state, but rather increased the anger and frustration until this led to the overthrow of the Umayyad Caliphate by a secret movement that started from Kufa and ended with the announcement of the establishment of the Abbasid Caliphate.