Iraqi Journal of Market Research and Consumer Protection

Paracetamol is a widely used as analgesic and antipyretic. It is a viable at all pharmacies and you can get it without special medical prescript over dosage of paracetamol can cause a serious damages like liver necrosis or muscle atrophy on acute condition it also cause damages for kidneys and pancreases functions.
The aim of study to detect the cytogenetic effects of paracetamol drug through using cytogenetic analysis on the germ cells and sperms abnormalitics in white mice.
The result showed that two concentration of paracetamol (50 and 100) mg/kg caused a reduction in the mitotic index, increasing in the chromosomal aberrations, abnormalities in the sperms shape, reduction in the percent of the viable normal sperm and reduction sperm motility.

This study was performed to evaluate the toxic effect of hyper vitaminosis A on the biological and metabolic parameters of broiler young chicken. The results of the present study indicated an adverse effect of hypervitaminosis A on the growing broiler. Clinical signs represented by skeletal abnormalities, swelling of the knee joint, lameness, increased bone fragility, ascitis, edema, macro and micro lesions of the examined organs(especially liver, kidney and bone). Bone fragility test showed increase in long bone thickness and increased fragility positively according to dose. The toxic effect of vitamin A on bone marrow was obvious as the histopathological exam appeared replacement of red marrow with fatty tissue. Histopathological exam revealed lesions in the examined tissues (such as liver, kidney, bone, bone marrow) varies in severity that increased according to increase of the dose.

A bacteriological and morphological studies were conducted in biotechnology department/Alnahreen University, and biology department/college of science for women/Baghdad University, which aimed to identify the effect of alcoholic plant extract ,the MIC was determined 50Mg/ml and studied with two concentration (100 ,150 Mg/ml) on different microorganism(Eschereshia coli, Staph.aureus, Klebsiella pneumonia, Salmonella typhi ,Bacillus subtilus ,Pseudomonous aeurogenosa and Candida albicana .
The concentration 150mg/ml of the alcoholic plant extract was superior with an inhibition zone measuring (20.25, 17.80,26.25,20.25,17.15 mm) for (E-coli , S.aureus , pneumoniae K.pneumonia, S. typhi and P.aeurogenosa ) respectively whereas the concentration 100 mg/ml of the alcoholic plant extract was significant for bacteria B. subtilus and in C.albicana yeast with zone of inhibition (17.15and 17.90mm) respectively compared with negative control .
Also an antimicrobial culture and sensitivity test was studied as a positive control using Tetracyclin and Amoxycillin, the concentration (150mg/ml)of tetracyclin gave the highest zone of inhibition in E-coli , S.aureus and same concentration of amoxicillin gave the highest inhibition zone in S. typhi, P.aeurogones,while the same concentration of the alcoholic plant extract gave a wider diameter of inhibition zone for the same bacteria compared to the positive control.

This study was aimed to investigate the prevalence of Aspergillus fumigatus in human by collected of 50 sputum samples of patients suffering from respiratory infections and or pulmonary tuberculosis in Al- Yarmok Teaching Hospital ministry of health. during the period from 1/3/2007 to 31/1/2008.
Our results showed that 21 (42%) samples were infected with different types of fungi, from these fungi only 4 (8%) were Aspergillus fumigatus.

Medicinal consumption considers as one of very important cases in our community which arise the health level for consumer in recent time a big mass happened in medicine marketing and saling and more than one side involved in this problem and the citizin was apart of it. This matter requires raising in consumer edification and increasing his healthy and medicinal awareness in diagnosis the defect and treat it. The results shows that more than half of male sample and cultural youth with good income and family provider and married persons. And about quarter of sample is bound to buy the medicine from governmental health establishments and more than half of the sample goes the private pharmacies and there are a very limited rate takes the medicine from sidewalk sellers.
Most of the sample consult specialize persons, third of sample used wort without consulting a doctor or pharmacist just druggist and about 15% from the sample don’t read the information card and quarter of them are interested in reading all the items and half of them concentrate only on the date of manufacturing and expired date and neglect other items in the card.
It is notice through the research the most of the sample preferred local medicine more than foreigner one. And the majority take the dose in the exict time, also half of the sample don’t have pharmacy in their houses to keep medicine, and the majority ensure that the cultural programmes are not enough which introduced by ministry of health and the opinion of the sample is to establish satellite channel running by ministry of health cooperated with specialized staff from ministry of higher education and scientific research and other establishment like Iraqi media net, and this majority insist that there is no strict medicinal obserration institution.
In this research we took 200 random samples from Baghdad and through the qustionunaire form prepared for this purpose distribute to the consumers and to the people come to health centers also there was 5 forms neglected because they were not qualified to analysis and only 195 questionnaire are analysis using statistic tools and instrument to analysis the available data.

The actual need of Iraq for medicine as a cause of special circumstances past and because the imported medicine form a great percentage to over come the actual current needs that required performing tests in quality and control.
More leeward that supervisory in most countries warn from medicine adulterate products and in particular that come from India and China (these regarded as the most sources of importing medicine to Iraq), for the purposes of gaining special information from physicians and from chemists and the distribution of medicine this research study was carried out including sample size 50 for each .
Through designing a special survey distributed among a sample in Baghdad city Karhk and Rosapha then results were analyzed statistically from which it were the following:

1. There were real barriers from which 66.7% of physicians sample have been suffered involving writing prescription that in relation with available medicine in pharmacy and their quality.
2. From physicians sample a 82.2% were pointed out that the medicine was obtained from pharmacy without writing a prescription.
3. From physicians sample a 24.2% were not convinced for the biological efficiency of the most available medicine.
4. From chemists sample a 20% were conveyed their opinion that some patients were oblique to buy cheap medicine without interesting to its source or its quality.
5. From chemists sample a 76% were advocated the idea for given permissions for establishing specialized pharmacies in medicine for chronic sickness people to saving animation, that percentage of chemists who described the stores are not take serious events to marketing medicine in proper ways.

Some derivatives of amino acid were synthesized and gave some antibacterial activity. These derivatives were classified according to their attachment to amino acids either to the carbon skeleton, or as esters or amides. It was found from previous researches that the benzene sulfonamides moiety when used in antibacterial agents are essential for their activities. Accordingly, a number of benzene sulfonyl amino acids derivatives were synthesized which differ from traditional sulfanilamides in that they do not contain para-amino group which is essential for their activity.
Four derivatives were synthesized and identified using infrared spectroscopy, CHN analysis in addition to thin layer chromatography, melting point and solubility. Three derivatives (benzene sulfonyl of glycine, alanine and methionine) were applied to hospital strains of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, all these derivatives were proved to have antibacterial activity and thus are promising target for future work.

Diclofenac sodium is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory analgesic drug used in the relief of pain and inflammation witch associated with certain conditions. It can be assayed using HPLC to estimate the weight of the active constituent of the drug in various dosage forms. In this work we studied four commercial brands of the oral dosage form of the drug from different pharmaceutical companies in the Iraqi pharmaceutical market, to evaluate the content of the drug in these brands.
This has been achieved by making a calibration curve, using standard solutions of different concentration of the external standard diclofenac sodium u.s.p. different readings of the area under the peak were obtained following the straight line equation. Diclofenac was extracted from the tablet and injected in to HPLC system to measure the area under the peak from which we calculate the concentration then we evaluate the weight of the active constituent of the drug.

A spectrophotometric method using flow injection analysis (FIA) is described for the determination of amoxicillin (AMX). Its detection limit, linearity and reproducibility were examined.The automated method is based on a coupling reaction between AMX and diazotized para-nitroaniline (DPNA) in alkaline medium to form an intense reddish-orange, water-soluble dye that is stable and has a maximum absorption at 478 nm.The calibration graph was linear over the concentration range of 0.5-100 μg.ml-1 with a detection limit of 0.104 μg.ml-1 and sample throughput of 60 h-1. The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of AMX in injections and capsules.

This study aims to isolate pathogens from urinary tract and their association with the age of the infected Iraqi women. The result revealed that the pathogens isolated from urinary tract were identified as: Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Gardnerella viginals, Klebsiella oxytoca, Proteus mirabilis and Candida albicans. The results of the relationship of urinary tract infection with the age showed that incidence of infection among females age group 19-39 years also fungal infections decreases with age while bacterial infections increases.

In this research a water quality in some Iraqi water resources was studied. A various metal and some ions concentrations were determined in different water resources (tab, river and ground water). The results included the determination of Ca++, Mg++, Cl-, Cu++, Fe, and finely Pb ion concentrations. The calcium concentration was in the range (20.73 to 44.66) ppm, (39.19 to 73.19) ppm and (32.42 to 58.79) ppm in tap, river and ground water samples, respectively. Copper concentration was in the range (0.053 to 0.105), (0.036 to 0.069) and (0.035 to .058) ppm in tap, river and ground water samples, respectively. Chloride concentration was in the range (167.04 to 370.01), (216.81 to 433.75) and (148.61 to 209.45) ppm in tap, river and ground water samples, respectively. Magnesium concentration was in the range (7.87 to 18.91) ppm, (18.53 to 33.33) ppm and (15.53 to 23.09) ppm in tap,river and ground water samples, respectively. Iron concentration was in the range (0.135 to 0.273) ppm, (0.127 to 0.221) ppm and (0.078 to 0.095) ppm in tap, river and ground water samples, respectively. Lead concentration was in the range (0.008 to 0.013) ppm in the tap water and its concentration was not found in both river and ground water.