Philosophy Journal

This study is an attempt to trace the rise and development of the concept of substance in Greek philosophy, the ancient Greek interest in metaphyisics and its core question about substance or being. Because what being is ? is just the question, what is substance ?, but their interest focuses on mythological and natural explanations of the world. They thought that the being of the universe consisted in some kind or kinds of stuff, as water, air, fire, atoms..plato rejected these attemps of explanations, he said that the principles were the intelligible forms which material objects attemted to copy.
The concept of substance receives its first scientific and philosophical stamp only in Aristotle\'s philosophy. Aristotle uses the concept in several interrelated ways,In \"Categories\", Aristotle defines substance as that which is neither said of a subject nor in a subject, and in \"Metaphysics\" , substance is that which is not predicated of a subject, but of which all else is predicated..then he applies the word substance to four objects : essence, universal, genues and substatum(objects) , and mentions also different kinds of substances. In the earlier work, Categories, substances are simply individuals ; but in in the later work they are complex of form and matter. he aknowledges that three things called substances, and that all three are substances in some sense or to some degree: matter, form and the composite of form and matter, and also he distinguishes between primary substances(individuals, things not predicated of a subject), and secondary substances(the species and genera of primary substances) .many philosophers till modern time were influenced by aristotle\'s theory on substance.

Epicurus attempted to direct his philosophical research toward several goals, the most prominent of which was the promotion of the value of independent human consciousness as a nominal God to rival any competitor and the elimination of all forms of fear that threatened that independent existence, even at the expense of the gods themselves. Which involves such a goal, this research is an attempt to shed light on the manner in which Epicurus carried out his research, and that he moves (philosophically) rather than as he is known (in a moral and decadent tendency) , This is further confirmed if we turn to what happened (philosophical thought) - the only savior that could have been suspended some hopes in that era - as he moved away from the teachings of the original Socrates and open space for conflicting interpretations that succeeded only in creating confusion in The souls are puzzled in mind.

The Subject of Knowledge theory is an important subject , it is one of the philosophy researchs and has occupied the interests of philosophical thought to this day as we don\'d find important philosophy gas his philosophical system whose knowledge theory does not occupy a place in that system because the theory of knowledge examines the principles , nature , sources and value of human knowledge and the link between the self- perception and the subject matter. Such as that yaqoob son of eshaq AL-Kendy used most fields of philosophy in his research including the subjects of knowledge theory.

To say the least, education as a philosophy of life is the fertile field in which we experience our own consciousness. Instead of being imbued with tradition, and culture, and culture that does not sprout in our soil from programs and curricula, we must \"live by ourselves\" our intuitive data. \"This can not be achieved without a valid approach. Realizing the reality of ourselves, the reality of our world, and the reality of man in general led us to \"the joy of liberation.\" The link between education and philosophy at Bergson is its last course on man, because who trains on \"transcendental transcendence\" and \" It is a valuable training in the formation of a comprehensive vision of human existence, which is the eye of Sufism as an ethical moral vision The absence of this vision is the harbinger of a crisis: the crisis of education, the crisis of philosophy, and the crisis of humanity, and therefore we say that there is no educational reform without philosophy being the basis of solid education because it is a \"spirit\" But it is necessary that philosophy always reverses the trend in which thought is used to walk, that is, to prevent the transmission of intuition to a symbol, which is a systematic practice that makes the philosophical spirit an original educational spirit because it is a breeding of will in us, Providing us with bio-munitions so that we can create our own selve

The roots of future research relate to thought and human nature. The idea of ​​the utopian city of Plato is a kind of futuristic thought,
The study of the future is an academic study concerned with the future and consists of two types of ideas are intuition and experimental based on the stock of knowledge related to experiments and imagination Predictive and virtual, and in the middle of these knowledge stands as the most important arbitrators in those studies it compares and analyzes and concludes and assumed.
I feel that I have started now, that is, in terms of the end of the research, the beginning will be with the application. The science that we hope to enter into force in our countries and undertake the reform of all institutions and scientific systems (the future ones) should work on reforming the beginning and activating it. There has been aid to apply the science of future studies in Iraq in particular should be mediated by the philosophical, political and management systems, these sections represent the spirit of the future perspective, which tries to change the reality, whether it is bad or that needs to be modified and developed.
This experience, which I hope will be a continuous, realistic, ongoing culture through which new ideas can be adapted to the complexities and problems of our complex societies, offers important development to all parts of our countries and from all angles.
In a reading of the method of Delphi after the most important mechanisms of future studies, it can be adopted as the most important applications that can be applied in the Iraqi arena to modify many of the mistakes we make, including education based on a group of successful experts.
This research attempts to introduce a single vocabulary of future studies, which is the Delphi technique to the field of reform of Iraqi education.
The technique is based on a general strategy that begins with identifying the problem and formulating the objectives. Thirdly, the mechanisms and methods are defined. In implementation, we highlight the Dfay mechanism, which refers to the definition of a consultative approach, in the sense that the objectives to be answered or similar are determined by those who draw the questions of a consultant questionnaire, Confidentiality is confidential, then re-sent after reading expert answers, but by developing questions for further ideas and answers.
The whole process is dealt with by the developed world and achieves various successes in most of the country\'s joints.

The focus on human study, in both history and sociology, is the primary basis for the emergence of the relationship between the two worlds. When the historians\' interest in their writings and research began to shift from the individual to the general, from the part to the whole, and to study the society in all its manifestations, problems, infrastructure, and components, the social history emerged, whose studies converged with sociological studies, Where social thought in detail helped him, So we can say that sociology was born out of the womb of the historical approach.

As the idea of mutual need between the science of history and society has become entrenched, the use and participation of the two parties in research approaches and methods has become increasingly common. The explicit calls for all those interested in historical writing, historical scientific research and the philosophy of history to transcend narrative history, and to establish a critical history, examine the current problems of society, based on the scientific and philosophical approach with the rest of the sciences; the study of the past is not an end in itself but an introduction to a better understanding of the problems The present tool does not usually build a new relationship with the science of history and its philosophy. Therefore, this study is trying to provide a theoretical framework and reference for all those interested in history and sociology alike