Midad Al-Adab Refereed Journal

Stylistic studies that address the phonetic level in poetic texts are manifested within what are called (special musical phenomena), which are phenomena that aim to provide a stylistic (aesthetic, psychological) analysis of the texts that monitors the structure of the sounds and the internal rhythm of the poem, as well as the relationship between the sound resulting from those phonemes and the meaning. This study dealt with the musical aspects that Al-Shabrawi used in his poems. To enrich the meaning by adding rhythm to it, as these aspects are not interjected into the poem, but rather interact with the sea and the rhyme, and derive their musical specificity from them. Because music is an essential element in Arabic poetry, which achieves creativity and influence at the same time, and these manifestations include: inlay, interlacing, rotation, and the miraculous response to the breasts.

The visual formation of the time of the poet Al -Akhras is an abundant in his hair, as the night, its dependencies, the day and its dependencies, and their images are visible, and this photography on the imagination screen was shown in the sea of his wide imagination and its growing creativity, and it was given to each of its qualities, the most important features that suit it.

The importance of the research lies in the fact that it deals with a grammatical study in the most honorable book revealed to the best of Banu Arsal, as it focuses on an important aspect of understanding the Qur’anic text, which is the multiplicity of grammatical aspects, and the close connection between the pronunciation and its grammatical expression, as they follow the meaning according to the color of the grammatical analysis.

For Arab and Western critics and poets, both ancient and modern, the image occupies great care due to its importance in conveying a poetic experience, and its ability to communicate it to the recipient, so he ponders it and thinks about its content, discloses its hidden aspects and reveals the purpose and goal that it intended to communicate, because the nature of the image is its distance from the true meaning or purpose. tangible to another point to achieve interaction and pleasure in the idea of the intended meaning, color was associated with man's past, present and future, as the effectiveness of colors cannot be denied, man has alerted to this blessing, and distinguished it before naming it, as he noticed and knew the difference between formations, shapes, scenes of nature, and every part of the surrounding world We learned thanks to color, so he diagnosed the color of plants as green, and diagnosed the color of the sky as blue, and he noticed the color of the sun at sunset, and the multiplicity of colors of plants and flowers caught his eye.

This study sheds light on the efforts of Sheikh Ibrahim Al-Mundhir in linguistic criticism through his book (The Book of Al-Mundhir). He is a writer, poet, journalist, and linguist, and one of the branches of linguistic criticism. He treated many of the urgent words in them, which were well-known and widespread in the pens of writers and poets.
Al-Mundhir’s book contains linguistic corrections that may exceed one hundred and fifty, at the morphological, grammatical, and semantic levels of language. Accordingly, the study aims to seek the strengths of Al-Mundhir’s corrections while praising them, and pointing out the weaknesses in them and exposing them with evidence and arguments. It must be noted that these corrections were the focus of attention of modern critics, such as the critic Salah al-Din al-Zaabalawi, Mustafa al-Ghalayini, Muhammad al-Adnani, Emile Badie Yaqoub, and others. They exposed them and responded to some of them with arguments and evidence. Therefore, the study will focus on these responses; To explain the method of linguistic thinking of corrective critics.

The research dealt with the different connotations of prepositions and articles mentioned in Surat Al-Zukhruf. The issue of studying the meanings of letters is considered one of the important issues that has an important role in clarifying the meaning. Linguists and grammarians also focused on studying it. Because it is considered one of the means of linking in the structure on which the work of grammarians focuses, as scholars of jurisprudence and principles have concerned it, because of its importance in interpreting Qur’anic verses, and directing and clarifying their meanings. The research was limited to studying the meanings of prepositions and articles by explaining the connotations in the blessed Surah.

The honor of knowledge is the honor of the known. There is no book on the face of the earth equal to the Book of God Almighty, so I decided to choose the research entitled (Personification and Imaging and Their Dimensions in the Qur’anic Discourse). I have explained the meanings of the terms and what diagnosis means in terms of giving the quality of life to inanimate materials, natural phenomena, and emotions. Emotionality, to include these things as personal images, which arouse in the reader’s soul the meanings of beauty and joy. I have shown the psychological dimensions of personification in the Qur’anic discourse, and the psychological dimensions of depiction in the Qur’anic discourse

The study In this research addressed what Is known as Qur’anic evidence and its Impact in directing meaning within dictionaries, and how scholars rely on Qur’anic evidence and evidence to guide their dictionaries and clarify meanings.
Light will also be shed on the meanings of the evidence In language and terminology, and the evidence In the Holy Qur’an and the Noble Prophet’s Sunnah, with a study of the sections of the evidence, after which we will move to the Qur’anic Influence that appeared In clarifying and directing the lexical significance by citing a group of noble Qur’anic verses, so we relied on the sayings of scholars. There are many trustworthy people, and we relied on their opinions regarding lexical meaning and Qur’anic evidence.
It was necessary to direct attention to the scholars of interpretation and their books becausee the research Is based on noble Qur’anic verses that we must Interpret in order to make It clear to the student what the study is and how to research. So the research was based on the analytical method that worked on analyzing the Qur’anic verses and analyzing the jurisprudential, fundamentalist, linguistic, and lexicographic opinions

And so it becomes clear for us the intertextuality with the noble prophet's hadith accupied a significant amount of space in collection of poetry of the king yosife the third of Grnada it talk about all espect that surround the poet in various aspect of his life, we can say that the nature of intertextuality in the collection of Yousife the third , it is of the indirect type, meaning that the poet will not bring the hadith in text in his poet text. This due - According to our opinion-to the difficulty of installing the noble hadith with it is literal text in the verse or poetic verses.

Modern critical studies are concerned with the remarkable development in the field of linguistics and discourse analysis; Contemporary linguistics witnessed a clear development represented in the qualitative shift from sentence linguistics to text linguistics, where text linguistics combined language, grammar, morphology, rhetoric and criticism, and between psychology, sociology, philosophy, logic and anthropology; Being a science that affects in one way or another the human being, whether he is a creator or a recipient. Textual coherence is an essential topic in modern linguistics, which has moved from studying the sentence as a major linguistic structure upon which language
theories are based, to studying the text as a representative of language characterized by all the characteristics of cohesion, and cohesion - as a mechanism and a concept - according to what was addressed by modern text linguistics research is what emerged from the lessons of grammar and language The Arabs, which was collected by the old ones such as Hazim Al-Qirjani, Abu Hilal Al-Askari, Al-Jahiz and Ibn Tabataba - headed by Abdel-Qaher Al-Jarjani under the term (Al-Nazm.(
Textual coherence and its attributes are important issues, and it has occupied textual linguistics and towards text, because textual consistency is synergistic with a group of other textual systems to reach what is called: (the text). Abi Nawas.

Learning about the science of readings and understanding its stages has become extremely important , so this research touched on the Quranic readings of Surah al-Qalam , entitled: (guidance of Quranic readings in Surah Al-Qalam: a grammatical study ) the research was divided into two researchers , the first research included the impact of Quranic readings in building the grammatical base, but in the second research we dealt with the grammatical study , and the research was concluded with a list of sources .

Ibn al-Haddad al-Andalusi 480-1087 AD Muhammad ibn Ahmad ibn Uthman al-Qaysi was an Andalusian poet. He had a large collection of poetry arranged according to the letters of the dictionary. He was originally from Wadi Ash, where he lived in al-Miriyah. He singled out al-Mu’tasim Muhammad ibn Ma’n ibn Samadah and praised him abundantly. Then he went to Zaragoza and was honored by al-Muqtadir ibn Jud and his trusted son, who had a collection of poems. He wrote extensive poetry arranged according to the letters of the alphabet, and the book Al-Mustanbir fi Al-Arwad, where he was concerned with flirting with Christian women. This affected his poetic language, making him employ doctrinal language and be precise in choosing his words through his fascination with the atmosphere that suggests the belief of this Christian woman in his poetry collections, This Woman’s Name (Nuwaira).

The current study unveils the obscured aspects of Platonic Love Poetry where Arabic culture kept sancitifying it, though the cultural criticism describes the sanctity of the platonic love poetry and the Majnoon Layla Poet's claim that he is mad, as implied cultural patterns influenced Arabic and world culture. The French poet Lweis Arghon was influenced by poet Qais Ibn Al-Molawah; therefore, he calls himself Majnoon Elsa. Moreover, his collection of poetry was titled Majnoon Elsa. The study aims to unveil these patterns. Then, analyze them and draw a cultural comparison between both poets

The aim of the research was to explain Ibn Hisham’s position in his book Mughni al-Labib vis-à-vis Ibn Malik, in which I briefly introduced the book Mughni al-Labib, and explained Ibn Hisham’s position vis-à-vis Ibn Malik in the chapter on interpreting vocabulary and mentioning its rulings, and in the chapter on interpreting the sentence, mentioning its divisions and rulings, as well as Ibn Hisham’s position on Ibn Malik in the chapter on the adverb, the genitive case, and the nominative case, in the chapter on mentioning rulings that frequently occur and the ignorance of which is disgraceful to the parser, and on the matter of mentioning the aspects in which the definite article is faulty, and Ibn Hisham’s position on Ibn Malik on the subject of warning about matters that are well-known among the people. The correct thing is to say otherwise, as a matter of mentioning general matters from which countless partial forms emerge, then the conclusion, which contains the most important results:
The number of positions Ibn Hisham had with regard to Ibn Malik in Al-Mughni’s book is approximately ninety-one positions
Ibn Hisham agreed with Ibn Malik in thirteen situations
Ibn Hisham disagreed with Ibn Malik in forty-nine positions
Ibn Hisham mentioned Ibn Malik's opinion but did not delve into it in twenty-nine instances

To sum up, listen is one of the pillars of the foundations of grammar, as the general grammatical rules were named after it by the scholars’ inference with it, as they considered it one of the most important basic principles followed, and on it the language is based on all its sciences, and it is the fundamental form of the vocabulary used in the grammar through which wide-ranging results can be reached. And knowledge of the phenomena of the language to which it is hearing. This is what scholars have been doing in terms of inference and deduction. They made hearing in their grammatical issues and proved that it is an important principle in constructing grammar.

The language of the Islamic short story is characterized by sweetness, sophistication, Islamic words, faith vocabulary, and jihadist meanings. Writers were similar in this style, as well as in their use of classical Arabic. They differed in the aesthetics of their language and the elegance of the literary style. The language of each writer differs according to the critics’ point of view in terms of the inclusion of the word. In the structure. A complex, multi-level linguistic approach that, gives it a unified semantic value that makes it fit to perform its function. It required dividing the research into an introduction, two sections, and a concIusion. The titIe of the first section was (The language of the Islamic short story: its concept and most prominent features), whiIe The title of the second section was (an analytical study of selected models). In concIusion, we ask God for success. And the payment, He is the guardian of that and the one who is abIe to do it.

This research aims to study the patterns of connection in the poetry
of the poets of the sects and the Almoravids, as the Arab poet, especially the Andalusian lover, fluctuates between the styles of connection, so connection is his goal and goal, and we will discuss in our research the patterns and forms of that connection, since in most cases it was divided into connections. A real, real, tangible connection, or an imagined, unreal, intangible connection that comes in a dream sometimes or in wishes at other times, and in this research we will focus on those types of connection.

This study comes within the framework of an attempt aimed at monitoring the effectiveness of employing phonemes and their distinctive features in phonetic formation at the level of linguistic structure, and an attempt to clarify the role of phonemes during the process of juxtaposition in the linguistic context, in terms of function and distinctive features and their relationship to meaning, by revealing the function of those distinctive features. The effective role it plays in the combination and harmony of sounds, and its role in generating connotations, shaping meanings, and cohesiveness of the semantic structure of the text, In addition to revealing the capabilities and skills of the accredited poet Ibn Abbad in using effective mechanisms to select indicative and suggestive phonemic units, and how to employ the sensory properties of phonemes and the harmonic features tFhey contain in their distinctive features; Which enabled him to crystallize an artistic and aesthetic structure that reflected the specificity of his poetic experience and his creative excellence. This study came within the framework of the phonetic analysis of the produced text, using the principles of the functional direction of language and the foundations of phonological functional analysis. This is done on the basis of the importance of the phoneme in linguistic thinking, and to establish the semiotic concept of the poem, which is formed by semiotically significant signs and signals that convey ideas and meanings.

Centuries ago, the romantic school dominated public taste and Arabic and Iraqi poetry for a very long period. The poets followed the approach of this school, and among the members of this generation is the doctor and poet Ali Al-Taie, who painted multiple colors of love through the concept of romance. Perhaps his experience was similar to the experiences of the poets who preceded him, because he opened new doors in the field of love, emotions, and romance, and the relationship between love and romance. It is a causal relationship that represents the summoning of emotions and the tendency toward poetic feeling, because poetry is an explosion of emotions and feelings, and this is what we find in his poetry as the best representation of those feelings. From this standpoint, this research sheds light on the study of his poetry, as he used the features of the romantic doctrine in it.

Dr. Taha Jaber Al-Alwani is considered one of the contemporary Iraqi scholars who was interested in interpreting the Holy Qur’an in his writings. The idea of the research revolves around explaining his efforts in interpretation by presenting his most important works in interpretation, clarifying his approach to interpreting the Holy Qur’an, and his vision and approach in dealing with the emerging contemporary issues in consideration. Contemplating and contemplating the Book of God Almighty, and trying to advance the reality of Muslims towards progress.

The research came to shed light on the sayings of the family and their status, and to examine the era of Imam Al-Suyuti, and his personal and scientific life, and to introduce the interpretation of Al-Durr Al-Manthur and its scientific value, and to clarify the scientific value of the interpretation of Al-Durr Al-Manthur and what concerns the verses of the faith, with my desire that the topic that I address be appropriate to the nature of my scientific specialization, and be compatible with The need of society and the era, and from that came my desire to choose this topic, and there were many reasons that helped me in choosing this topic, which are as follows: studying the sayings of Imam Jalal al-Din al-Suyuti about the People of the House (peace be upon them) from those who preceded him in this specialty and getting to know each other. As it seems. And learn about the lives of the People of the House (peace be upon them) and their efforts in interpreting the Holy Qur’an.

Praise be to God, who revealed to his nation a constitution that shows the best path for the Islamic nation to follow in order to achieve an atmosphere of love between individuals and to maintain a happy life, and for this the Holy Qur’an shows the prohibition of monopoly in Islam, and for the importance of the study in clarifying the danger of monopoly because it carries with it the seeds of destruction and destruction for society and what it contains. A waste of the freedom of trade and industry, and a blocking of work outlets and the doors of livelihood for non-monopolists, and then finding solutions to its widespread problem in Muslim societies in the light of the Holy Qur’an because monopoly threatens the entity of the state, so strict laws were put in place to confront it after several methods to create balance in the markets and remove the idea of controlling the market and inflating individual wealth at the expense of the working class.

The identification of the criminal way necessary for the identification of the faithful one. Just like the interval paints at Junction road! This approach is the approach was put by Allah (Glory be to him) - to deal with human souls... So that God Almighty knows that create uncertainty Belief in truth and goodness requires vision counter the side of falsehood and evil, and to make sure that this void pure and pure evil and that right purely, sincere and good. . The momentum right not only arise from the feeling that the right holder the right but also felt that One who cut the way and fighting him, is on the wrong...
The unbelievers groups and evil and criminality is necessary for clarity of faith and goodness and righteousness. And to identify the criminals way goal of the divine interpretation of the verses.

The black vision is always associated with the meanings of misinformation, distortion, and distortion in all the various life practices that most Western countries that are hateful toward Arabs and Muslims seek, and this negative behavior is considered deviant behavior, leading us to judge things and actions illogically; the deception of spiteful countries has transcended the individual and local dimension. It turns into a violent, interconnected trend that seeks to achieve dark interests.
He followed the Messenger of God Muhammad (May God bless him and his family and grant them peace) for fighting what is called black flags or media misinformation. A distinctive media approach, as it aimed to create an emotional and solidarity atmosphere with Imam Hussein (peace be upon him). He (may God’s prayers and peace be upon him and his family) was keen to explain the virtue of Imam Hussein (peace be upon him), inform about his status and dignity, and explain to Muslims the most important features of Ashura, by informing the nation of It will happen to Imam Hussein (peace be upon him) after him, and he will be killed unjustly.
The media that deliberately lies and misleads, and is a professional at spreading lies and falsehoods, and strives to distort everything that is Islamic, and seeks to destroy minds, feelings, morals and consciences, is as diligent as the invading armies in destroying civilization and shedding blood.
There is no doubt that the role of the media and its impact in preserving the nation, its history and its identity, and in spreading our great Islam and raising the word of God loudly, is one of the demands of our true religion, and we do not deny the importance of using the media and its position in communicating the truth to creation, and the extent to which this is obligatory for the nation in general as a sufficient duty, then Specialized people have a duty that amounts to a concrete duty against them. This is the nation’s message in conveying Islam, the symbol of the truth that humanity has been waiting for to uphold and defend.
When we tend to contemplate the Holy Qur’an and how it confronted the fierce war waged by pre-Islamic times against our Prophet Muhammad (may God’s prayers and peace be upon him and his family) and his call to be convinced of Islam, we will know how dangerous the black media was at that time, and how severe its disadvantages and ferocity were. From the first moment of speaking out, he addressed the black media bombarded the person of the Messenger of God (may God’s prayers and peace be upon him and his family) and called him to defame, cast doubt, challenge and slander. However, our Prophet Muhammad (may God’s prayers and peace be upon him and his family) succeeded in confronting that black media when he attacked the media for charging the hearts of the supporters with some rage and anger.

The research examines the ethical values in the eulogistic poems of the poet Ibn Sowar Al-Ashbuoni, one of the Andalusian poets of the past, whose works have not been extensively studied by modern and classical scholars. There is a lack of detailed information about him, and his poems remained scattered in various sources until they were collected by Dr. Mahmoud Shakir Al-Sajit (may he rest in peace). He made a distinguished effort to compile them and published them as a collection in 2018, making it a valuable reference that enriches the
Andalusian literary library.
After reviewing what Ibn Sowar revealed, I noticed the dominance of ethical values in his speeches. He did not deny the merit of those who had a role in alleviating his distress, reflecting the noble Arab tradition deeply rooted in history. Ibn Sowar's poems encompassed ethical values such as glory and elevation, generosity and benevolence,
courage, tolerance and forgiveness, justice, and wisdom.

The study entitled (A Treatise on Ushr and Kharaj, Study and Investigation) came to focus on explaining many of the rulings pertaining to these two important sources and explaining their jurisprudential and historical concepts, as well as focusing on the opinions of the author (Ahmad bin Muhammad al-Hamwi) and comparing them with the opinions of others, and examining the opinions he expressed. Al-Hamawi wrote it and explained its scientific importance, then explained the importance and value of this treatise, which was concerned with the tithe and tax, and gave it a sense or spiritual feeling to it in light of the study and investigation of this treatise.

The study sheds light on one of the historians of the 6th and 12th centuries AD; he is Ibn al-Atheer al-Jazari al-Shaybani, who died in the year 630 AH/1232 AD. This historian wrote a comprehensive book on Arab-Islamic history that was considered an extension of other books written by pioneering historians, and even though he followed their example in terms of style and approach in dealing with the topics of Arab-Islamic history, he tried to rewrite Arab-Islamic history, or what is called general history, according to an approach that is free from shortcomings and that is organized chronologically as followed by the pioneering historians, and the study tried to explain it.

The current study aimed to identify The extent of awareness of Islamic education teachers in promoting the values of tolerance and peaceful coexistence and its relationship to some variables. The researcher used the descriptive analytical method. The sample consisted of:(92)There are male and female teachers in the Anbar Education Directorate(51)teachers, and the number of females(41)School, and to implement the study, the researcher prepared the study tool represented by a scale(Tolerance and peaceful coexistence)It will be in its final form(20)Paragraph, the researcher used arithmetic means and standard deviationsAnalysis of varianceMono (One way ANOVA)And testChevet (Scheffe)To get to knowonThe extent of Islamic education teachers’ awareness of promoting tolerance and peaceful coexistence, accordingly (gender,academic qualification,And the teaching experience )The results showed:
The awareness of Islamic education teachers about the values of tolerance and peaceful coexistence was high.
There are no differences due to gender.
There are no differences depending on the academic qualification variable.
There are differences between teachers according to educational experience, in favor of experience(10Years and more)
In light of the resultsI reached outthe studyTo a group theRecommendations andtheProposals.

The book "Takhrij al-Furoo' 'ala al-Usoul" by Imam Shihab al-Din al-Zanjabi al-Shafi'i is one of the most important books of usul al-fiqh. It is based on the method of deriving the subsidiary issues from the jurisprudential and legal principles of the Shafi'i school, unlike the Hanafi method, which is based on building the principles after rooting the subsidiary issues. The book is also distinguished by its comparison between the Shafi'i and Hanafi schools, and is considered one of the advanced books in this regard.
It is a concise and valuable book, with clear, easy, and eloquent language. It has been studied by scholars and students of knowledge. In this research, I have shown that the author's method in this book divided it into eleven books or chapters. I have counted the jurisprudential and legal principles that he relied on, and classified them in a table. I have also counted the twenty subsidiary issues that he mentioned, and summarized the number of jurisprudential and legal principles for each issue. I have classified them in a second table with numbers to be more detailed for the reader. I have also shown the features of his method in the book in terms of the main topics and subsidiary issues.

Studying the methods of historians is one of the basics of historical studies that are of interest to the researcher and those working in this field. Since there has been so much writing, it has become the duty of researchers and historians to conduct a study on these works and the valuable information they contain that benefits both the reader and the researcher, and since Taqi al-Din al-Fasi was one of these historians. whose scientific achievements in various works contributed to supporting the scientific movement throughout the Islamic lands. For this reason, one of the works of Taqi al-Din al-Fassi is his book titled (Defining the highly status people whom Al Dhahabi didnot mention from the Nobles) and one of the historical works in biographies that contained (1172) biographies to a man and a woman from various classes of Islamic society, which was the title of my research, which included (scholars, servants, ascetics, caliphs, ministers, princes, judges, theologians, merchants, and others) from the classes of Islamic society and others. And those who were divided according to the years of death, and Taqi al-Din al-Fasi mentioneds their information and traces, as this work is considered an appendix to the book Biographies of Noble Figures by Imam al-Dhahabi, who began writing it over the course of five decades from the year (741-790 AH / 1340-1388 AD). Therefore, it was a study of Taqi’s biography and method of Al-Din Al-Fasi presented this work in a broad and simplified manner throughout the book .

The Banu Rashiq dynasty, especially Alam al-Din (d. 680 AH/1281 AD) and Zain al-Din (d. 720 AH/1320 AD), are among the important families that appeared during that period, as they appeared first in the Islamic Maghreb and then in Egypt, and this is what we will explain in the research.

This period was characterized by many conflicts between members of the Buyid house over power. After the death of Baha al-Dawla, his son Sultan al-Dawla, King of Iraq, and Faris Abu Shuja, the son of Khusraw ibn Baha al-Dawla, assumed power in the year (403 AH/1012 AD). His period of rule was characterized by many conflicts and rebellions that were the reason for his abandonment of Baghdad. Independence under the rule of Persia, as well as his resentment against his minister, Fakhr al-Mulk, all of these reasons led to his independence under the rule of Persia, as well as the end of the position (the position of Buyid viceroy), which had been created since the time of his father, Baha al-Dawla, and with this, Iraq’s independence from the central authority in Persia was restored.

Tourism is considered one of the vital industries and activities that experienced significant growth during the Islamic era. The city of Cordoba represented the ideal model of tourist cities in Al-Andalus due to its prosperity, development, distinctive geographical location on the Great River (Guadalquivir), and its unique architectural and artistic structures. Among these is the Great Mosque, considered one of the masterpieces of Islamic architecture, unparalleled in Islam. The palaces and cities carrying exceptional and unique values in the fields of art and architecture were also present. Additionally, the existence of public facilities such as markets, hotels, baths, and the improvement of roads and bridges served as evidence of the high number of visitors to Cordoba. These were among the elements of tourism that the Umayyad princes and caliphs sought to focus on, making Cordoba worthy of receiving traders and tourists from around the world.

There are battles that remain memorable even decades or centuries later. The Osprey campaign is one of the most important campaigns of the Hundred Years' War (1337-1453), also known as the Battle of Agincourt, and is one of the most remembered names in English military history. The forces of the English King Henry V were tired and hungry and faced a French army three to six times larger.. The battle took place on October 25, 1415 near the village of Agincourt in northern France, during which the English army led by Henry V managed to defeat the French army, which was outnumbered by it, Where the English long archers, with the support of a small number of spear-carrying infantry and a small cavalry, managed to inflict a great defeat on the French army, which consisted of a large number of cavalry. The battle thousands of soldiers and a number of nobles of France.

The research deals with a study of the contemporary history of Palestine, and sheds light on Lord Maugham’s commission, which resulted in the formation of a joint (Arab-British) committee. Members of the Arab delegation attempted to discuss the English text version of McMahon’s correspondence, which is considered one of the most famous correspondences in modern Arab history. According to this correspondence, Britain gave The promise to Sharif Hussein to include Palestine within the region of Arab independence, on the one hand, and on the other hand, successive governments from 1920 AD until the present day have claimed that Palestine is excluded from the region promised to Sharif Hussein, despite the publication of the correspondence that was exchanged between Sharif Hussein and the British delegate, Henry McMahon, in ( 1915-1916 AD) After the end of World War I, it was published in British, French and Arab newspapers. King Hussein, before his death in 1931 AD, allowed George Antonius to copy it and publish it in his book The Arab Awakening, but the British government did not officially publish it until the month of March 1939 AD as a result of the Palestinian revolution and the gathering clouds of the world war. The second was the British need to secure roads to the Levant. Britain agreed to publish the correspondence after the insistence of members of the Arab delegations participating in the Palestine Conference in London in 1939. The committee shed light on the circumstances that surrounded it, and on the important point of how British officials understood the content of these letters at that time. The committee ended up holding four lengthy meetings in a joint report. Both parties adhered to the arguments and their original positions. The members of the Arab delegation claimed that Palestine was one of the Arab countries whose independence was promised in these correspondences. As for the British delegation, it was unable to accept the Arab point of view despite its acknowledgment that the Arabs’ opinion regarding the interpretation of the correspondences It seems stronger than it was at the time, and Lord Maugham (Chief Justice) confirmed, after relying on the arguments of the British delegation, that Palestine was excluded from the zone of Arab independence.

Elysee Treaty which was concluded on January 22, 1963, is considered an important turning point in German-French relations. It ended decades of mutual hostility between the two countries and achieved a level of reconciliation rarely witnessed in humanity history. After terrified wars between the two sides and mutual hatred at the governmental and popular levels, both sides realized that the only way to finish this hostility is to rely on reconciliation and peace between the two countries after a long and brutal history of violence and hatred that brought nothing but destruction. As a result of this realization, the two sides engaged in negotiations during the period (1958-1963), which led to the conclusion of the German-French Friendship Treaty (Élysée Treaty), which established sustainable relations between the two countries in foreign, economic, defense and education affairs.

The research entitled " The Construction of Sulaymaniyah City by Ibrahim Pasha Baban in 1784" deals with the motives of the governor Ibrahim Pasha for building the city of Sulaymaniyah and making it a center for the Baban Emirate, as well as the reasons for choosing its location, naming it by this name, and the most important buildings and public utilities contained in the newly established city.

The importance of studying the topic of (The Problematic Aspects of Shotoku’s Constitution in the Views of Historian Tsuda Sokichi) comes from the fact that this constitution is considered to be the first in the history of Japan. The choice to study Shotoku’s constitution is because of the importance of this constitution in enriching Japan’s history; to be considered as the first constitution in Japan’s history, despite the fact that it was not written according to the modern notion of constitutions, as it did not contain what is considered fixed rules or administrative articles, and was not a fundamental law in the manner that we understand today, but it was closer to a series of principles and moral codes, urging people to sanctify the three Buddhist treasures (Buddha, the law, and the religious society). However, in principle, the seventeen-item constitution is a list of famous sayings taken from Confucianism, which specifies the general traits that an honest administrator should have.
The hypothesis we are going to discuss in this paper seeks to find the aim of writing Shotoku’s constitution. Has there been a dire need for a political reform in Japan? Was the goal from the constitution to reform religion through politics, or reform politics through religion? How did this constitution, which is the first political manuscript, reflect upon the Japanese intellect and culture?
The problematic aspects we shall try to highlight in this paper include why did Tsuda Sokichi doubt the character of prince Shotoku and his constitution? On what did Tsuda base his doubts? Was he right? Did Tsuda’s study of Shotoku’s character and his constitution have an effect in changing the historical views towards Shotoku’s constitution as a historical fact? All these questions will be answered in this paper.

Wind erosion modeling is one of the modern topics and the task of being directly affecting the environment according to what the world is witnessing from the information revolution and digital technologies that left the field in a vision that simulates reality, to reveal the behavior of the impact of wind on drawing land shapes, and this is represented by a cartographic form (effective map) to detect the impact of wind on the environment in an area that is one of the most fertile areas of Iraq in agricultural production, Therefore, it was important to build models of the movement of dunes and the impact of winds in them to be an alert system for land users in the Al-Azim area of Diyala Governorate, which is bordered in the west by the Azim River and Salah al-Din Governorate, from the north and east by the Hamrin hills and from the south by its extension towards Al-Khalis, and astronomically between longitudes ( 44°43'0"-44°28'0") east and latitudes 34°33'0")-34°17'0") north.
The study reached the integration of remote sensing data and geographic information systems in modeling the forms resulting from wind erosion, following up on their changes, predicting the behaviors of their changes and controlling them for investment.
The difference in the percentage of sand dune progress between the years (1990-2023) in the region was measured by building digital models and using several indicators (BI, FMR, GSI, IOR and MSAVI), land cover classification as well as indicators (DEM, rock formations, slope direction, slope, altitudes, water network, soil, vegetation, climate) and the adoption of weighting generation using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP).As it turned out that the area of thick sand dunes in 1990 was 37.26 km2 and in 2023 the area increased to 64.79 km2, while the sand flows were in 1990 167.30 km2 and their area decreased in 2023, reaching 78.25 km2.

The study showed by comparing the stream of the Euphrates River with three time periods (1972-1997-2022) to highlight and analyze the geomorphic changes that there were changes in the dimensions of the main course (the width and length of the course), as the length of the course of the Euphrates River from the Fallujah Dam to the Bzeibiz Bridge reached (52.78 km). In 1972, while its length decreased in 1997, reaching (51.92 km) with a decrease in capacity (0.86 km), while the length of the stream increased in 2022, reaching (52.47 km), with an increase of (0.55) over 1997. The reason for these changes is due to natural and human factors.

The study also showed a change in the numbers and dimensions of river bends and turns, as it revealed the presence of (6) bends and (4) bends in 1972 and (5) bends (5) bends for the years 1997 and 2022. Detour The width and length of the stream in the bend and twist.
It became clear through the study a change in the dimensions, numbers, characteristics and area of the islands during the study periods. The number of riverine islands reached (11) in 1972, then the number increased to (22) riverine islands in 1997, then the number decreased to (14) in 2022.

Today, modern geography has moved in its new scientific path, Therefore, the goal of the research was devoted to evaluating the land in terms of its ability to produce agricultural production, based on the results of laboratory analysis of soil samples that were taken from field work. The evaluation process was carried out based on FAO indicators, arriving at a map of the productive capacity of the land in the district, which showed that the northern region of the district is It has a low productivity potential, while the center and south of the district have a high production potential which is, and in order to achieve the goal The research used the Cervatana model and soil samples from the field survey to build a spatial document and descriptive data that express the extent of the land’s suitability for cultivation. The research produced four levels of the suitability of the land for cultivation in the district, which is good arable land, which reached a percentage of (29.7%), and an average suitability for cultivation, which reached Its percentage is (82.1%), suitable for pastures and forests, and its percentage is (15.2%), and its percentage is not arable, and its percentage is (27%), which includes the northern sections of the district.

From time to time, studies of personalities and geographical statures with an influential imprint in the Iraqi geographical school appear that such studies are of great scientific benefit for graduate students to identify scientific trends or theories that have been proven with scientific evidence, and one of the most prominent scientific statures in Iraq, which is a sign Illuminating the history of contemporary geography at all local, regional and global levels. Prof. Dr. Mohammad Azher Saeed Al-Sammak is the pioneer of economic geography with distinction.
Hence the aim of the study was to introduce geographers in academic circles, graduate students in particular, and academic researchers in general, to a unique scientific personality, a geographic stature characterized by its single scientific approach. A nucleus of thought for an advanced geographic school, which is (Azher Al Sammak School) It was represented in the adoption of the method of quantitative analytical measurement of many economic elements of the power of the state, and this was embodied in his methodological books in this field and his applied research published inside and outside Iraq. He still possesses an insightful ability to anticipate the future, armed with a deep understanding of the facts of history and a distinct awareness of the facts of the present. The importance of the study lies in introducing the academic community to the scientific personality of our venerable world and its effective contribution to laying the foundations of contemporary geography in Iraq.

Marriage is the most important institution in society and has legal, societal, religious and cultural foundations, and its basis is its formation by the spouses. As for the concept of underage marriage, it is marriage in which the girl has not yet completed eighteen years of age and which takes place before physical, psychological and mental maturity, as most studies have proven its spread among the lesser groups. Culture and education. The study relied on data from the Personal Status Court Department in Sadr City It includes the first and second Sadr districts, and it has one geographical area with similar demographic characteristics, as well as a questionnaire form for the field study to collect private data. The number of married underage girls reached (5137) marriages out of the total number of married women (8563), with a percentage of (60%), and a sample was extracted The research included (358) marriage cases, and the demographic characteristics of girls were identified, including age composition, educational level, nature of housing, the working status of the minor, the husband’s kinship, and the minor’s family income, in addition to studying the social and economic reasons that lead to the marriage of minors. The research revealed that the economic factor reached a percentage of (74 As for customs and traditions, the social variables that have the most influence on this phenomenon reached a rate of (50.9%). In addition to studying the effects resulting from the phenomenon of underage marriage, the study showed that the effect of school dropout reached a rate of (43.2%), which is the highest among the effects resulting from this phenomenon.

The subject of automobile transportation is characterized by special importance. Therefore, studies have focused on analyzing automobile transportation networks to uncover the problems that are reflected in the efficiency of movement, since most of the current automobile road networks do not meet the requirements of residents’ activities. Therefore, the researcher aims in this research to evaluate the efficiency of land roads in the Mada’in district to reveal the problems that the network suffers from, whether related to the winding road paths that are reflected along the roads or the varying accessibility and difficulty of communication between nodes, as well as the imbalance in network density with the distribution of cities and administrative units in the district.

The Iraqi press was a mirror of the people's concerns during the royal era, and a platform that brought out their concerns and demanded their delay. It gave the social aspect special importance, especially the issue of education, as it was the basis of progress in all kinds, and therefore it paid some attention to teachers and students alike, thus shedding light on rights. Including, and the need to do justice to them, even presenting their sacred scientific message to the image of the Bible. As for the students, they have a large share of the newspaper’s topics, as it deals with their computer problems, and it is necessary Paying attention to their school curricula and distributing them for free, and taking into account the poor and needy by distributing Eid clothing to them. With regard to school nutrition, the newspaper pointed out its importance and mentioned it on more than one occasion, and because “Akhbar Al-Sa’a” newspaper receives the attention of students and their parents, it has repeatedly taken the initiative to publish exam dates. In addition to that, the newspaper interacted with the students and the difficult circumstances they were going through, and demanded that the exam questions be in line with their different levels and stages of study.

The study aims to: clarify the usefulness of commodifying education and explain its repercussions on the quality of scientific research. It is known that benefit is the goal of goodness and morality. Scientific honesty or its lack thereof is not the goal. Rather, the goal is the results that result from it, which in the end are a tangible material benefit
The benefit may be a worldly or material interest, and it may combine the two matters with a balanced methodology that takes into account the public interest and the private interest.
One of the repercussions of utilitarianism on scientific research is the weakening of the researcher’s creativity and his isolation from his social context while looking at the problems he addresses in scientific research, and one of the repercussions of the idea of commodification on scientific research is that the human being turns into a “thing” and his view of science does not go beyond the material surface and the world of things, and that Because it follows specific, simple models, as if it were dealing with the material itself.

The research aimed to identify the level of:
1- Over Excitability among middle school students.
2- Identifying statistically significant differences in hyper-excitability according to the gender variable (males - females)
3- Holistic thinking among middle school students.
4- Identifying statistically significant differences in holistic thinking according to the gender variable (males - females)
5 - The relationship between Over Excitability and comprehensive thinking among middle school students.
The research community consists of third-year middle school students in morning study for the 2022-2023 academic year
Theoretical framework: The current research reviewed the theories adopted in constructing and interpreting the results.
Search procedures:
The researcher adopted the researcher's over excitability scale (Mohamed 2015) and built the comprehensive thinking scale, and their validity, reliability, and method of answering their items were confirmed. The two scales were applied to a sample of middle school students, amounting to (200) male and female students, and the researcher used SPSS to analyze the results.
The search results reached:
1 - Middle school students have over excitability compared to the hypothesized average of the scale.
2- Middle school students use holistic thinking in their academic life.
3 - There is a significant positive correlation between over excitability and comprehensive thinking for middle school students.
The researcher presented some recommendations and suggestions

Previous studies have proved that there is a strong connection between a language learner's vocabulary knowledge and their linguistic ability. It is believed that knowing one sense of a word is not sufficient, especially for academic learners and it is considered to be some sort of lacking lexical knowledge since learners cannot express their ideas/ thoughts using different style. Thus, investigating the size and depth of known words that learners obtained during their study period in Iraqi universities is a significant issue to predict their abilities in using the target language. The aim is to investigate the “vocabulary knowledge” and its use of a group of EFL fourth-stage learners in the “Department of English language and Literature/ College of Arts/ Mustansiriyah University”. The used test that fulfills the study aims is based on Read’s (2000, p.2) Assessing Vocabulary. The type of the test that Read (ibid) stated is commonly used in the field of EFL teaching and learning, and learners have acquainted with it many times through their period of study. The main purpose of the test is to look into the recognition and production levels of learners' lexical knowledge (ibid). A total number of 30 learners went through the two-parted test since a higher number of participants makes findings more accurate. The results obtained were not as expected, in general. Participants suffer from deficiency in the knowledge of vocabularies in connection with its breadth and depth.

This pre-experimental study was conducted among Iraqi intermediate EFL students at BA level. It was an attempt to consider Iraqi intermediate EFL learners ’listening performance in CL, focusing on their attitudes toward contribution to the classroom. To achieve the study's goals regarding views on collaborative learning, 60 Iraqi male and female students, aged between 20 -25, were invited to participate in the study. The study was conducted at University of Kufa, college of education, in Najaf, Iraq. The study's conclusions demonstrated that most participants thought collaborative learning was helpful for their learning. Furthermore, this study showed that collaborative learning strategies significantly impact the listening comprehension of Iraqi intermediate EFL learners.

The researcher , in the current study , studies one of the human categorization theories which is known as ‘ prototype theory’ . He sets a questionnaire to fourth class students at Kirkuk university by using the prototype theory . A good number of every days’ expressions is used as data . The students are required to choose one of the tabulated expressions and give the reason of choosing that expression as well . The reasons ( factors) are the taxonomy of the used model . Two analysis methods namely qualitative and quantitative are followed to arrive at the desired results . The aims of the study are ( 1) showing what can influence the typical member . (2) Showing how people are distinct in creating the prototype. Its hypotheses are (1) each individual has his / her own prototype . (2) The social factors like ( age , religion , one’s background knowledge , etc …) have roles in the formation of the prototype . The study is concluded with points like the context has a well-built relation with the process of creating the prototypical category member .

The study area is considered a mountainous environment with climatic characteristics that suit the nature of this study. It is located in the northern part of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq, and it is part of a complex mountainous region according to the physiographic division of the surface of Iraq. On the other hand, it’s one of the most significant in terms of snow cover region in winter and spring season. No study has been done on this subject in the study area. In this study, Landsat data and geographic information system (GIS) techniques were used to analyze the duration of snow cover. After apply these technologies, snow cover duration maps (SCDM) for the duration (1989 – 1990) and (2022 – 2023) were extracted and analyzed. The maps show how long snow remains in each cell during these periods. This study suggested that there is an effect of terrain on snow cover duration, and this is due to the increase in air temperature.