Kufa Journal of Arts

The Mongol invasion of Baghdad in 656 AH/1258 AD resulted in social ethnological changes in the population structure, which prompted us to restrict this research and broadcast it to what indicates the emergence of new classes in Baghdadi society, including the class of princes and Persian rulers, the Alawites and Talibites, the old and new families, and then the general class. Some of the primary primary sources available to us dealt with this new class formation in some detail, while others were limited to brief indications and allusions, and we ended with them, after analyzing, scrutinizing, and looking closely at them, to what supports the research and reassures the reader of what benefits him. Each group of those sources was concerned with the class or classes of Baghdadi society that began to emerge after the consolidation of the Mongol Ilkhanate rule. This is Rashid al-Din Fadl Allah al-Hamadani, who indicates the existence of the class of Persian rulers, and then historians followed him to confirm his information and add to it. This author of the book Al-Hawadeth Al-Jami’ah mentions the Alawite bloc in Baghdad after the incident, and then contemporary historians support what he said. These are sources that talk about the families that exercised rule during the Abbasid era and had a more prominent presence in the Mongol-Ilkhanid era. This Baghdad historian Abd al-Razzaq ibn al-Futi and the Christian historian Gregory Ibn al-‘Ibri confirm that the growth of the Baghdadi common class, which made up most of Baghdad’s population, after it was almost wiped out by the attacking Mongol battalions during the fall of Baghdad, has regained its presence and its existence has become dependent on the class balance in Baghdadi society. During the eighty years in which the Ilkhanate Mongols ruled Iraq, you find that two religious sects dominated: the Christian sect and the Jewish sect. The first was guaranteed the patronage of the Mongols since they invaded Baghdad and cooperated with the Mongol battalions, and the second occupied its influential position politically and socially when its leader, the Jewish Saad al-Dawla, who was appointed by the Ilkhanate Sultan Arghun, was in charge of the Diwan al-Mamalik, which is one of the most important positions in the Mongol Empire.

The research dealt with many events and positions regarding the transfer of power before the death of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), as some expressed their own vision of the transfer of power, whether in their statements or the positions they expressed. The researcher relied in his research on many sources and references, and used the analytical method in dealing with historical narratives. The researcher reached many results, the most prominent of which are: There is a special vision for some tribal leaders and some companions regarding the issue of the transfer of power, which crystallized among them before the death of the Prophet (PBUH), in addition to the state of anticipation and preparations that existed before the death of the Prophet (PBUH) in order to control power by some companions who had political ambitions.

Education issues occupied a large part of Kamal Jumblatt's interests within the Lebanese Parliament, considering education a fundamental pillar for building a society capable of absorbing the general situation and bearing the responsibility of building Lebanon intellectually and culturally, in addition to his focus in his interventions, through presenting his proposals and visions in the social fields, represented by justice and social security, and the necessity of achieving them for all segments of Lebanese society, then the issues of workers and labor unions. He also discussed many issues that directly and indirectly affected the conditions of Lebanese society, especially with regard to behavioral aspects and a miserable social "phenomenon" that eats away at the system of society, perhaps among the most prominent of which were topics related to drugs and their trafficking or addiction, and the dire consequences they caused for the "individual" and "society" alike, and his interventions did not lack the topic of unemployment and the unemployed, and health issues and health care for Lebanese society, in addition to his focus on the community of prisoners and prisons. Among the social issues that Kamal Jumblatt paid special and great attention to was the subject of “political sectarianism,” especially since it is an essential part of the “socio-political” structure in Lebanon and the resulting sharp divisions within Lebanon, divisions that were not far from the “sectarian-feudal” divisions and their political interests linked regionally and internationally. He realized with his political awareness that this social situation within the Lebanese society system threatens with dire consequences due to what it means in terms of sectarian conflict that may turn into a sectarian strike. This reality, with its pros and cons, was present in his mind and a stimulus for his future supervision of the dangers of this reality and its sharp divisions.

The research in this article focuses on the meaning of the words in the story of the punishment of the people of Lot (peace be upon him) in the verses of verbal similarity in this section of the story. We try to explore the secrets behind the occurrence of verbal similarity in different words and expressions in one of the elements of verbal similarity known as substitution, by using the linguistic context. The researcher adopted the analytical descriptive approach to study this topic, and it appeared through this study that the meaning varied with the diversity of the context, and that the context has an important role in determining the main meaning in the narrative words and in the similar verses in the stories of the Holy Quran.

Korat Cubra is located to the south of
the city of Cordoba and in the tribal side
of it. They described the city with its good
nature, abundance of water, and abundant
production of olives, vines and plants.It
was conquered by the Muslims in the year
92 AH / 710 AD and was settled by many
Arab and Berber tribes, in addition to its
original people of Arabized Christians and
changed.
The government of Cordoba gave it
special attention by choosing its workers
from among those who were loyal to it,In
the second half of the third AH / 9th
century AD Ibn Hafsun seized a number
of its regions. The people stood by the
Cordoba government against him until
they were able to get rid of his power ,
During the era of altawa’f, Koura Qabra
was among the possessions of the Sanhajis
Banu Munad .During the Almoravid and
Almohad eras, its importance decreased
due to the shift of interest to Seville and
then Granada, and the decline in the role
of Cordoba , A few years after the fall of
Cordoba, the Christians of Castile, led by
King Fernando III, were able to control it
within the year 638 AH / 1240 AD after
the Muslims ruled it for five and a half
centuries in which a lark shone, especially
from the intellectual point of view as it
was the first establish of the art of
Andalusian muwashahat.
key words : Cabra , Bayanne , Poley , Ib

The concept of antithetical dualities is one of the important topics that have an echo in modern research studies. It has been highlighted in literary studies, which made the researcher turn to studying it and determining its dimensions in the ascetic poet Abu Ishaq al-Albiri, who was an Andalusian poet who lived in the fifth century AH and was educated in the culture of his era, which focused greatly on religious aspects. He was a scholar, jurist, and poet who had a collection of poetry, most of which was about asceticism. Upon reviewing it, the researcher found a group of antithetical dualities in which he expressed his ideas and points of view and conveyed aspects of the culture of his era in light of his treatment of this duality represented by the self and the other, the world and the afterlife, and knowledge and ignorance as main dualities from which partial dualities branched out. In it, al-Albiri discussed many issues related to man, his life, his salvation, his strength, and his afterlife. In light of these dualities, he drew a road map for man who seeks salvation.

The study aims to shed light on the Iraqi diplomatic representation in Egypt, Saudi Arabia and Syria 1952-1958 AD. We focused on the administrative and organizational structure of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and diplomatic missions in those countries, relying on the statistical approach. The study consisted of an introduction, two axes and a conclusion that represented the most prominent conclusions we reached from this study.

One of the most important issues that are discussed in jurisprudence and law is the evaluation of the nature of blood money as an acceptable legal nature in Islam, which the legislative authority did not adopt a single nature for blood money in different legislative periods due to the differences between jurists and lawyers, which led to confusion in the courts. In jurisprudential and legal sources, some have considered blood money as a type of punishment. Some see it as a type of compensation for civil losses, and some see blood money as having a dual nature. In the Islamic Penal Code of Iran, which was approved in 1392, the legislative authority's tendency is to accept blood money as having a dual nature.

In the current era, especially the second half of the twentieth century, in line with the various social developments, many changes have occurred in Arabic poetry and it has moved away from romanticism and approached the atmosphere of societies. This trend was evident in the content and structure of poetry, and accordingly the poets' view of the environment and societies has developed. One of the most prominent poets who entered this field is Helmy Salem. He is considered a committed poet who has been interested in society throughout his poetic career, to the point that his poetry has become a mirror that reflects fraternal ideas and emotions. This research seeks, through relying on the descriptive analytical approach, to approach the social content in Helmy Salem's poetry. It is concluded from the research that the poet's social content is about women, religion, evasion of cities, brotherhood and equality, etc. The poet's style in expressing these contents is characterized by smoothness and understandability. Criticism of rules and courage in expressing opinions are prominent features of his poetry. The phenomenon of repetition is also prominent in his artistic methods.

The choice of the novel “The Pig-Like Novel” by the Iraqi writer and novelist “Ward Badr Al-Salem” as a subject of study came because of the artistic and objective techniques it contains that are interconnected with each other, especially in its central implications that are suspended and related to human issues and their ordeal with regard to the self and existence, given the great ability of novelistic literature to reveal the unspoken and to disclose the forbidden due to the self and the ideology that controls the nature of society and what it witnesses in terms of cultural sorting of one side at the expense of the other.

Shiite poetry has developed over time until its styles and patterns diversified. The Shiite poets of the early Abbasid era were distinguished by their selection of easy and smooth words to convey their message with complete clarity. They also broke the mold of the poem, going beyond previous introductions and using verses and hadiths to defend their goals and values. The Shiite poets criticized the evidence of their opponents from other sects, and thus showed the best models of protest poetry. They also made use of various rhetorical arts such as simile, metaphor, metonymy, and metaphor, and they also used rhetorical devices such as contrast and consideration of analogy, which reveals the harnessing of their artistic skill and poetic creativity in the service of supporting their cause.

There is no doubt that knowing the musical aspects of a literary work is important for understanding and analyzing it. We can point out that the soft, desired and good music of a literary work is one of the important and influential elements in creating the beauty of a literary text. Music leads to the elevation of speech and has been associated with poetry and prose since the beginning. We can also claim that the first factor in the renaissance and revolution of words and what arouses human admiration, after the music of words. To use the music of words in poetry, high frequency, also artistic prose (maqamat) in Arabic literature, is considered a prominent model of the manifestations of the music of words and expressions. The art of maqamat is very concerned with the melody, rhythm and sound section, and this matter goes back to the structure and literary type of maqamat, any line of which is full of good and creative melodies and rhythms. Among the important, applied and functional types of music is the moral type, as well as the balances, harmonies, regularities, similarities and contrasts, the music of sounds is found through verbal industries and embellishments, these comparisons, similarities, similarities and contrasts, lead to moral music through moral industries and rhetorical embellishments that relate to the arena of meaning and mind. As it was pointed out, its parts are a section of the rhetorical industries and embellishments, including: contrast, antithesis, consideration of counterpart, and others. Al-Hariri's Maqamat is an educational book written in fifty Maqamat with affectation and affectation. The writer carried out the creative procedures with affectation and affectation, in each Maqamat and on the basis of the subject of the Maqamat, which focused on rhyme and alliteration for words and expressions a lot, and Al-Hariri talks in his Maqamat about the inductive power of the language of his prose. As for Al-Saraqusti, he is one of the famous Andalusian maqama writers, who made his maqamat fifty, influenced by Al-Hariri, and music is considered an inseparable element from it. In this research, the researcher studied Al-Hariri’s “Al-Basriyya” maqama and Al-Saraqusti’s “Al-Tarifiyya” maqama in terms of clarifying the aspects of moral music.

Land uses, agricultural land uses, environmental impacts, health impacts, security impacts, urban structure deformation

The great scholar Sayyid Muhammad Hussein Fadlallah, the Shiite jurist, interpreter, writer, and poet, recited his poems on various topics. One of the most important topics in his poetry is the manifestations of the monotheistic view in the poet’s vision. The author of the article intends to study and criticize the great scholar’s ​​poems based on his monotheistic ideas and to explore the rhetorical aesthetics used in his poems. The poet’s view of God Almighty is a special view that contains the depth of what he felt, lived, sensed, and saw in the Great Creator. The researcher extracted the great scholar Muhammad Hussein Fadlallah’s poetic relationship with God Almighty in the following axes: love of God, humility, submission to God Almighty, and acknowledgment of His will; God Almighty is the secret of the universe and its primary cause; the poet’s longing to meet the Beloved; and God Almighty in the supplication and prayer of the great scholar Fadlallah. Sayyed Mohammad Hussein Fadlallah was interested in nature and its manifestations such as waterfalls, springs, water and roses and expressed that in his poetry; because divine beauty is manifested in nature through beings as it is manifested in people, and his poems are full of rhetorical images such as metaphor, simile and repetition.... One of the themes in which God Almighty is manifested is supplication and prayer, and the poet hopes in these supplications from God Almighty to restore certainty. The researcher relied in his study on the descriptive analytical method, as it is based on extrapolating the verses that indicate the poetic relationship of Sheikh Mohammad Hussein Fadlallah with God Almighty and then analyzing them from a literary and rhetorical perspective and studying them and their Quranic references. We selected from his collections “Poems for Islam and Life” in order to deduce a tangible result.

Conceptual metaphor is one of the main topics in cognitive linguistics, which is based on understanding a conceptual domain on the basis of another conceptual domain. Cognitive semantics may be considered one of the sciences that pave the way for discovering and analyzing the contextual relationships of hadiths. The infallibles call their audiences to think about the intangible through material things and sensations, in order to express the meaning of the world. This process leads to the statement of religious teachings by presenting existential and cognitive similarities between the domains of principle and purpose. The aim of this study is to analyze the conceptual metaphors of the world in hadiths. The study is of the basic type with the descriptive-analytical approach and the method of data analysis is qualitative. The study community is the text and includes the hadiths of the infallibles (AS) in the book "The World and the Hereafter" by Ayatollah Rey Shahri. The results showed that the most important conceptual domains of the world in the hadiths include aspects of nature, business, plants, animals, food, clothing, everyday sensory experiences, practical tools of life, specific cultural beliefs, deep emotional experiences, and religious value ideas. By combining visual schemes, it presents a meaningful and enlightening cognitive system in a metaphorical and understandable context. By connecting with the cultural unconscious and acquired consciousness of the audience, it creates credibility and focus, and the teachings are better conveyed.

This research aims to study gender stereotypes in the family from a sociological perspective. The research focuses on the case study of girls and women aged between 15 and 24 years in the city of Marfalange in 1399. In terms of purpose, the research is of the (quantitative) type, in terms of the type of method, it is a survey. The statistical community included all women and girls in Marfalange, who were selected by systematic random sampling method and according to Morgan's table, 387 people, the research tools included questionnaires of 19 questions on gender stereotype, 8 questions on gender socialization and 10 questions on religiosity. In the quantitative part, the data were analyzed using SPSS version 22 by applying Pearson's and Regerson's multivariate correlation statistical tests. The results showed: There is a strong statistically significant relationship between the variables of education and marriage, use of modern media, religiosity, parental education, gender socialization, public activities and presence in the community, and socio-economic status with the sexual stereotypes of girls and women in the port of Lengeh.

One of the important issues that has been raised for a long time and perhaps was raised after the departure of the Holy Prophet (PBUH), is the issue of the distortion or non-distortion of the Holy Quran, that is, is the Quran that we have distorted or has it reached us and is it preserved from any type of distortion, whether the distortion is by addition or subtraction or the like? Most scholars of both groups (Shiites and Sunnis) and major researchers in the field of Quranic sciences, declare that the Holy Quran has not been distorted with accurate evidence, whether it is transmitted or rational evidence. However, despite all of that, there are many people, especially Dr. Fahd Al-Rumi, who gathered all his energies and made every effort to attribute the saying of distortion of the Holy Quran to the Twelver Shiites in his book entitled “Trends of Interpretation in the Fourteenth Century.” From this standpoint, the subject of the article in our hands will be a critical study of Fahd Al-Rumi’s theory in the chapter on attributing the saying of distortion of the Quran to the Twelver Shiites. This article has a clear goal, which is to answer the following questions: What is the evidence of the writer Fahd Al-Rumi in attributing the claim of distortion to the Imami Shiites? Is it evidence that revolves around the orbit of science and logic, or is it outside this precise orbit? And was Fahd Al-Rumi able to prove what he claimed in his book or not? It is worth noting that the thesis of the writer Fahd Al-Rumi on the subject of distortion of the Qur’an among the Shiites was not a thesis with precise and scientific principles. Sometimes he delves into conflicting and unscientific evidence that is far removed from the orbit of logic, to attribute the claim of distortion of the Holy Qur’an to the Imami Shiites, and from this standpoint he sought with all his effort to accuse the Shiites of disbelief.

Improving the quality of life, maintaining the health of patients or the disabled, and reducing the high costs of treatment in some cases depend on the proper transplantation of the health device on the other hand, but the issue is a challenge in how to provide it for transplantation. In many countries, altruistic donation is recognized as a legitimate means of obtaining organs. The relationship of man with his body parts is one of the topics being addressed today in solving some new problems. Determining the type and scope of this relationship by studying the roots of the discussion in jurisprudential texts will have a direct impact on some jurisprudential and legal issues, such as organ donation during and after life, as well as the issue of obtaining property and organ amputation. This study explains the essence of dealing with organs in Iranian law, including the basic conditions for the validity of the transaction, including taxes and ownership, the legitimacy of the subject and direction, the type of organ transaction and ... It also examines the treatment of body organs in the mirror of Imami jurisprudence, including the concepts of ownership and the right of control and their levels and types, the reasons for the prohibition of organ amputation, and the cases of allowing organ amputation

Many historical and doctrinal sources have been interested in studying the era of occultation in its various intellectual trends and doctrinal aspects, whether Arab or foreign, due to its historical importance, in addition to being an important part of human heritage. The Islamic and foreign library is full of various types of studies and research that document the various stages of documentation and draw clear pictures of that era, and some of them are tainted with ambiguity and need to be re-read again in accordance with the concept of the text and its connotations, or the social, intellectual and political circumstances in which it was documented, and what resulted from it with features that differ from one another according to the various contemporary historical stages in which this or that text was documented, although the phenomenon of this disagreement constitutes another burden on the researcher through the time he consumes in investigating the repeated cases and searching the vocabulary of the texts and dismantling many of the narratives in a way that requires reaching the truth he is looking for, and this gives a general impression of the trends in which these studies were recorded regardless of the trends Sectarianism or bias towards this or that.

Man can be endowed with moral values ​​based on his pure nature and deep thinking. Whoever is deprived of this talent, his psychological whims and his interest in animal matters have prevented him from delving into the field of contemplation in the philosophy of life, which prompted him to be preoccupied with daily life. Whoever wants to follow the path of perfection must show signs of human morality and behavior and combine his psychology and thinking with these moral teachings. Man is always searching for multiple values, such as: gaining knowledge, benevolence, righteousness, altruism, keeping secrets, justice, virtue, honesty and trustworthiness, and... This is due to two factors: the first is that man sees himself as belonging to the world of perfection, and on the other hand, he notices a connection between his lofty human status and this group of moral values. The statement of moral teachings, as one of the important topics in the poetry of some poets, descends somewhat to the poets' thoughts and experiences in life. Al-Sahib bin Abbad is one of the poets whose poems explicitly express moral principles and values. Accordingly, this procedure has had a double impact on the recipient, immortalizing the concepts in his mind. In this research, we aspire, by following the descriptive-analytical approach, to address the manifestations of moral teachings in Al-Sahib bin Abbad’s poems and reveal the meanings hidden in them. The use of religious teachings, pure Islamic education, the feeling of human love, the psychology of loyalty and manhood, and various experiences called Al-Sahib bin Abbad to adhere to moral values ​​and to call all people to these moral ideals. The poet addressed multiple values ​​in his poems, including: the love of knowledge, generosity and benevolence, advice, keeping secrets, avoiding backbiting, guarding the tongue, avoiding greed, and committing to patience and tranquility. He added religious content to them in order to show their importance and the extent of the necessity of these concepts in life. The poet relied on simple words and meanings in his moral poems and made valuable observations in them; such that these poems had a profound impact on readers and listeners and invited them to contemplate and reflect. Moreover, the poet used imperative and prohibitive forms in his statement of preaching and guidance.

From the point of view of linguists and analysts, studying the meanings of the words of the Qur’an is a necessity for translation and interpretation. Some words have semantic similarities and are substituted for each other, and this necessity is more important for these words. In this article, an attempt is made to discuss the Qur’anic words that have a common meaning for sin and to address the naming of their names and to know the reason for the diversity of their names in the Qur’an. The result of studying the “ontology of sin” in the Qur’an shows that these words show different concepts, including: the cause of apathy, deviation and deviance, harmful, transgression of the limit, disobedience, rebellion and impudence, major, hated, profound ugliness, rejected by reason and law, lack of discipline in slavery, and the minimum of sin. Therefore, the diversity of the names of sin in the Qur’an is due to the fact that there is no word that contains all the different points in these words and the greatness of sin, and each word contains a part of the parts and aspects of sin.

Stylistics is one of the sciences that agree with language in general, because language is an aspect from which stylistics derives to make the theoretical framework within a certain scale. From this standpoint, Charles Bally, as a Swiss linguist, is considered one of Ferdinand de Saussure's students, as he created a new approach in stylistics entitled the descriptive level (structural or rhetorical). Among his intellectual output on this occasion is that he made a wide space for parsing what is beyond expression of feeling and emotion. In this light, the article aims, through studying the theoretical dimension, to uncover the cover of the nature of stylistics and the dimensions and definitions that result from it, and by focusing on the practical dimension, to apply stylistics, especially the structural one, to the verses that include "Heaven and Hell". Among the results that this article has reached is that the structural style and its pillars of “presentation and delay” and so on, show us that the verses of Heaven and Hell, in which those pillars were applied, are based on the criterion of negative and positive emotions in general.

A semantic look at the text and the semantic analysis of its words are one of the ways to achieve the subtleties of meaning and understand the main purpose of the speaker. This type of look is especially present in a religious text such as Nahj al-Balagha, because of its importance and role in ensuring eternal happiness for man, it becomes doubly important. Through semantics, the meaning of words and sentences in the text can be analyzed and the exact position of words and their groups can be obtained according to the semantic system in which they exist. This article deals with the semantic analysis of the word dunya according to the short words of Nahj al-Balagha in the poems of Nasir Khosrow and Sharif al-Radi. The semantic analysis of this word using the descriptive-analytical method shows that the two poets directly and in most cases indirectly used the wisdom and short sayings of Imam Ali (PBUH) in their poems. While the poetic expression of Nasir Khosrow in his poems taken from the words of Nahj al-Balagha is more artistic and influential than Sharif al-Radi.

The history of Iranian art, like the history of Iran, has been studied in a descriptive and fragmentary manner, which has led to a general lack of understanding of the history of art and artistic developments in Iran. There is no doubt that art is the product of social and cultural developments in every era, and art itself has been the cradle of transformation and culture. Research and analysis on this important subject cannot be done unless all arts are studied together. Research and studies have been conducted and many books have been written about different arts, and each researcher and author has turned from an artistic perspective and special experience to the meanings and concepts of Iranian art. This research seeks to combine research and examination to gain a comprehensive understanding of the nature of Iranian art. This research, through its library and data collection method, has tried to address the spiritual and moral perspective in artistic works.

Moral responsibility, which is “being fit to be held accountable for moral duties,” is absolutely realized in the Islamic office before God. The subject of moral responsibility is of utmost importance among the subjects of ethics, because it can be considered a guarantor of the performance of moral duties. With responsibility, man’s motivation to reach his ultimate perfection will be purposeful and will accelerate. Irresponsibility will endanger man’s individual and social life. Without responsibility, the system of society based on cooperation will collapse and no group, institution or organization will be formed. Meanwhile, women’s responsibility is of great importance. Women’s roles in the family, such as being a wife, mother, education, physical and religious upbringing of the child, managing the home, etc., are part of women’s important responsibilities. Without women’s responsibility, the family system will disappear and child-rearing will not be successful. The first and most important subject related to this issue is the study of the theoretical foundations of women’s responsibility. These principles include ontological, anthropological, epistemological, axiological and sociological principles. This study aims to address the anthropological origin of women's moral responsibility in Islamic ethics to show that the foundations of this heavenly being's great responsibility are very strong and deeply rooted, and ultimately, women will reach the highest level of perfection by fulfilling their responsibility properly. We can point out the most important of these principles, which are: women's choice, knowledge, strength, immortality of their soul, and their being a seeker of perfection.

Russell relied on logical principles and rules in his criticism of the theories of semantics of both Frege and Meinong, and used the concepts of the function of the proposition and the variable, as well as the theories that logic generated, namely descriptions and patterns, to explain the difference between the proposition and the sentence, as well as to explain the difference between the primary language and the secondary language, by adopting the third raised in which he criticized Meinong’s theory and also adopted it in explaining the difference between the proposition and the sentence, while he used the law of subjectivity in his criticism of Frege, and showed that the semantic sentence is nothing but the proposition, which can be judged as true or false, and the sentence that comes out of the judgment is nothing but nonsense.

This article explores the character and methods of humor and satire in the Maqamat of Badi' al-Zaman al-Hamadani. In this article, the set of literary techniques and ideas of the author of the Maqamat are examined, as well as the engineering structure of humor and humour in the Maqamat of al-Hamadani, and sometimes the characterization of the characters in the Maqamat of humor, which is presented at the end of this discussion. In preparation for this, the following titles are also presented: the life of al-Hamadani, his doctrine, the works of Badi' al-Zaman, his Maqamat, the emergence of the Maqamat, and the style of the Maqamat.

The book "At 45 Degrees Celsius" consists of eight short stories: Crown of Taybutha; The Scream; To the Shelter; The Pilgrim; Hours Like Horses; The God of the Swamps; The Dying of the Painter and The House of Women. In these stories, the writer deals with some isolated human models suffering from psychological crises. They are purely internal characters with Sufi touches, men, women and boys, who were led to abandon the life of struggle and confrontation and surrender to feelings of disappointment and frustration in life. These touches appeared clearly and obviously in the story "Crown of Taybutha" and "The Pilgrim", as they were the focus of those stories. What is meant by Sufism in this research is the spiritual fascination experienced in opposition to others, as well as the trend based on isolation from the arena of life, closing in on oneself and escaping to the embrace of pure nature. The attempt in this research revolves around clarifying the Sufi trend of some characters in the mentioned stories, as well as clarifying the storyteller’s transformation from his realistic vision of things to his Sufi vision.

The honorable narration has a special status for Muslims, as they consider it to be in the position following the verses of the Qur’an, as the Great Messenger (PBUH) commanded. Because of its great status, Muslim scholars have adopted methods to confirm the authenticity of what is narrated, so that it can be used as a pretext to the truth and as a means of behavior and attaining the pleasure of God. Among those methods is the narrator having characteristics that make him trustworthy and reliable in order to accept his narration. Among those characteristics agreed upon by the Sunnis is the justice of the narrator, meaning that the narrator must not be immoral. On the other hand, many reliable and successive narrations have been reported by both groups, that the setting up of the people of the house, especially the Commander of the Faithful (PBUH), and cursing and insulting them are among the nullifiers of justice and signs of hypocrisy, hypocrites, and immoral people. Therefore, their narrations must be avoided, while you see the traces of the Sunnis brimming with narrations of the Khawarij and the Nawasib. The subject of this investigation is the biography of the Imam of the Hanbalis towards the Nawasib and the Khawarij in documenting and narrating from them. The result of the investigation is: He neglected this condition or did not care about it and documented a group of the Nawasib and the Khawarij or narrated from them in his works. What came in this investigation are only a few examples of this grave error for the sake of brevity.

Healing is a physical state that all sects and schools of thought agree on. The diversity of causes leading to healing has drawn the attention of intellectuals to research how it is achieved and the mechanism through which it is accomplished. Recovery after illness is achieved in two cases: through physical causes and the second case through supernatural causes that affect material matters. There are verses in the Holy Quran that state the possibility of healing through both methods and healing through them. The aim of this research is to study the opinions of Sunni and Shiite commentators to clarify the non-material causes of achieving the phenomenon of healing. Commentators believe, based on the verses of the Holy Quran, that healing is one of the things that is achieved directly by the hand of God Almighty and His words, i.e. the Holy Quran, or it is achieved as a miracle by His will, permission and desire, as a miracle from the prophets or as a miracle from the saints who have a divine soul by reaching the station of guardianship and perfection. The achievement of healing is considered one of the examples of influence in the world of creation and can occur through some methods such as faith in the heart, blessing and supplication through the Quran, the prophets and the saints of God in every place and time where the conditions are available

The ancient Iraqi city is one of the greatest civilizational achievements of the Iraqi human mind and the most wonderful creations of architectural engineering in urban planning for cities throughout history, as it is where civilizational activities are concentrated to generate all new ideas and inventions after the development of economic, social and religious characteristics that began to crystallize with the emergence of the ancient Iraqi city materially and morally for this phenomenon to spread and become the bases for the launch of the original civilization in the development of ancient societies in Iraq and the world because it is a center of civilizational radiation throughout the ages for the societies within it to organize their lives, preserving the wheel of civilizational development in cities by creating an organized life and placing each group within its tasks and specialization to avoid social chaos that is reflected in the backwardness of societies. Therefore, it is necessary to separate the authorities, including the religious and political authorities, for this philosophy to be reflected in the urban city plans and to determine the central nucleus of the ancient Iraqi cities to come up with patterns for their plans that were distinguished by certain characteristics and had a direct impact on their general forms and on the way they practiced their functions that caused their emergence.

Purpose: To reveal the role of positive communicative behavior in psychological compatibility among employees. Design/Methodology/Introduction: The research used multiple approaches, including the descriptive and analytical approach, to ensure the existence of a relationship between the research variables, then prepare a questionnaire form to obtain information and then test the hypotheses, as the questionnaire was designed based on solid scientific standards and was analyzed using the statistical program (spss.v22) and the research community in the Directorate of the Municipality of Dhi Qar Governorate. Results: The results showed the existence of support and support and a major role for positive communicative behavior in contributing to enhancing psychological compatibility among the employees of the research sample. Scientific implications: Employing the results reached by the research in adopting the researched organization (the three municipal departments in Al-Nasr, Al-Rifai and Al-Shatra districts) in Dhi Qar Governorate for the dimensions of positive communicative behavior, which contributes to enhancing psychological compatibility among employees at the level of sub-variables of this dependent variable. Originality/Value: The research contributed to bridging the knowledge gap in the absence of an Arab or foreign study, to the researchers’ knowledge, that addressed the relationship between the research variables in a single hypothetical model to support and enhance psychological compatibility behaviors among employees in the organization being studied.

The indefinite nouns and their purposes were studied within the science of semantics, and rhetoricians focused on the two sides of the attribution and their purposes, which are (singularity, generality, glorification, disparagement, reduction and multiplication, type, and specialization), while they limited the role of the indefinite noun in non-attribution sides (the object, the noun in the genitive case, and the state) to only three purposes (glorification, disparagement, and exaggeration). Therefore, the research aims to show that the general purposes of the indefinite noun are present in non-attribution sides and are not limited to the three purposes, and contribute to strengthening the meanings of the text and clarifying its purposes and aims. The text raised several questions, namely: Did the indefinite nouns in non-attribution sides in the letters of Al-Nahj express the different purposes of the indefinite noun, and how did these purposes contribute to strengthening the intended meaning of the text rhetorically? Accordingly, the study followed Al-Nahj letters analytically, descriptively, and inductively to reveal the role of the indefinite noun rhetorically, and the research concluded that the indefinite noun expressed its different purposes in non-attribution sides, which is equal to Its role with both sides of the chain of transmission, and the context came once to express its purpose, and another time the meaning of the word came to express this purpose, which contributed to strengthening the meanings of the messages and their rhetorical purposes for the recipient.

The concept of industrial environment development is determined by determining the size of natural and human potential, and determining the type and size of development qualifications available in the study area, with a statement of their spatial distribution and economic and industrial importance, and how to invest them towards achieving industrial development within economically backward areas and through achieving the optimal and efficient use of available development qualifications, and contributing to the development of the economic and social structure, leading to achieving balanced environmental development within the economic geographical area in the city of Najaf.