Journals geographic

This study, by its nature, seeks to compare the competence between private schools and
government schools and their geographical distribution in the city of Najaf, and to identify the
quality of the educational services provided by these schools and functional competence, in
accordance with international standards for the selection of sites suitable equally for all
neighborhoods of the city.
The importance of the study lies in the scarcity faced by the study with regard to scientific
and applied researches that have been interested in this area, namely the private and public
schools in the city of Najaf.
In order to show a clear and detailed picture of the vocabulary of the study, the study dealt
with the concept of school (linguistic and idiomatic), elements of the school, politics and
educational structure in Iraq, schools and types, number and number of students for public
and private schools, the study concluded a set of conclusions and recommendations.
Key words: school, government education, private education, primary education,
intermediate education, secondary education, preparatory education

planning, evaluation and follow-up at the comprehensive and detailed
development planning level, as well as the executive level of development
policies and strategies at the sectoral level. To improve the urban reality at the
present time and to work on its sustainability in the foreseeable future.

The use of modern technologies is important in many studies to solve and find appropriate
solutions to the problem studied, especially if that problem is studied in remote and wide
areas as is the case in the current study, as remote sensitivity, which is one of the modern
technologies, provides many data that work in an integrated manner with Government data
to find solutions to the studied problem.
This study included three axes, which focused on the first axis, the theoretical framework.
While the second axis focused on the mapping modeling of the characteristics of specific
groundwater, the third axis focused on the spatial relevance of groundwater investment in
the region, while the fourth axis focused on cartographic modeling to define the promising
areas for groundwater investment in the study area. Also, they are the findings,
recommendations, study resources and appendices.
The total area of the study area ( km), which spanned the three governorates of Al
Anbar Governorate, Najaf Governorate, and the other part in Al Muthanna Governorate,
extends the study area basins to Saudi lands to clarify the groundwater areas suitable for
investment according to human use, and to determine the most areas that can be invested
in the future in the study area

Illiteracy is a widespread social phenomenon in many countries of the world. It has
also affected the illiterate population with certain social and economic characteristics
without any other population, including high family size, early marriage, low standard
of living, high rates of unemployment among their ranks, Of the characteristics.

The study revealed most disease deaths in Karbala are circulatory diseases,
heart and blood pressure and cancerous tumors, since male mortality due to
diseases is higher than females with male deaths ( 39 ) death while female deaths ( ) death, as well as increasing traffic accidents , Topped the deaths
caused by traffic accidents ranked first ( ) While second gunshot mortality
rate ( ) While the third traumatic injury mortality rate ( ), whereas
other accidents deaths occupied fourth place ( .)

The study area suffers from major problems, especially those related to
agricultural activity, since the latter lacks governmental, institutional and even
individual plans and strategies, that is, the agricultural activity in the study area
is due to the activity of the family and the individual, away from its larger goal
which is to meet the needs of the local market and export its surplus abroad,
as well That most economic factors such as marketing and transport are
almost lost operations in most aspects and districts of Najaf, and therefore
often many products and agricultural crops are lost, due to the lack of
essentials of transportation and marketing, also that workers in agricultural
activity In the study area, their percentage does not exceed ( ) of the total
population in the governorate. This means that the study area, despite its
possession of fertile agricultural lands and surface water resources, is an area
with urban activity and not with agricultural activity, that is, daily activities are
Occupation activities, not agriculture.

The health services are important services for the human being for its role
in its safety and ensure the sustainability of its health and so it is important to
strengthen its role in development and construction and ensure its role in the
service of the society and the state To achieve this should provide health carecenters undertake to provide these services, if we know that the general health
situation In Iraq, whether urban or rural, suffers from technical and
administrative problems. .
The aim of this research is to know the reality of the spatial distribution of
the primary health care centers in the governorate and the geographical
distribution of the population as it was found that the spatial distribution of the
health centers is disproportionate to the population densities in the study area.
This is reflected in quantitative and qualitative aspects of these services.
Districts and districts while rural areas are free of these centers. And the
distribution of health centers sub-managed by the health professions and
provide very simple health services are often limited to vaccinations of children
and pregnant women, the study showed that the lack of quality and quantity in
the preparation of health centers and the number of medical and health staff in
the province compared to the population.

Abstract
This study addresses the phenomenon of smoking among the Palestinian university students,
including males and females. The study chose An-Najah national university as a case study,
because it is the largest university in Palestine ( students). Importance of this study
comes from the bad and negative influence of smoking on the Palestinian society, from both
health and economic perspectives. The study aimed at introducing variations of smokers’
number according to faculty type and student’s sex, in addition to smokers’ social and
economic characteristics. The study adopted the descriptive and analytical methodology in
conducting the research work. A questionnaire is designed and distributed at a stratified
random sample of students. The study showed that the highest percentage of smokers are in
the Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences ( . ) of the total number of smokers, while
the Faculty of Shari ’a recorded the lowest percent ( ). Also, the study showed that percent
of smokers among male students is . , while it is . among female student, and so,
the total percentage of smokers is . . The study recommends that a program of guidance
and awareness is essential to reduce this high percentage, especially, the Palestinians live
under hard Israeli occupation conditions.

ract
Educational services in the Gaza Strip are facing the crisis of poor distribution. This crisis
escalates with the continuous increase in the population which is not matched by an increase
in the same percentage in educational services. This study aims at identifying the features of
the geographical distribution of public education services, and the advantages and
disadvantages of this distribution. It also aims at analyzing the efficiency of public education
services in the Palestinian territories so as to know the individual’s per capita of such service.
The importance of the study lies in the fact that it sheds light on a question affecting the basic
needs of the population. This will be determined through the identification of the efficiency of
public education services in the Palestinian territories and its suitability to the size of the
population.
The most important findings of the study:
One of the most important findings is that public education sector suffers from disability and
weakness, and shows an imbalance in the relationship between the classes and the number of
students, through the high density of students in the classrooms, which reached students in
the Gaza Strip and students per class in the West Bank in the primary stage. In the
secondary stage, classroom density reached . students per class in the Gaza Strip and
students per class in the West Bank.
The most important recommendations of the study:
The government should pay attention to public education and work to support the funding
educational sector. It should focus on the governorates that suffer from problems in
educational services such as high school density or high class density. The government should
establish new schools in these governorates, and accelerate the re-planning of the distribution
of schools benefiting from the experiences of other countries.
Keywords: educational services, public education, dropout, class density

t
The main objective of the research is how to represent the quantitative map symbols using
geographical information systems and choosing the best quantitative symbol for each
phenomenon that is represented on the map so that it is not chosen in an unconscious way, as
each symbol of these symbols is carefully chosen in a way that suits the type, nature and
characteristics of the phenomenon It represents, it is known that the content of the map is
symbols taken to represent geographical phenomena and on the basis of which it adopts the
process of reading and analyzing the map. We have mentioned three groups Among the basic
symbols used in geographic information systems are raster (local) and linear and spatial. The
concept of quantitative coding and the importance of using symbols in maps, as well as the
concept of quantitative map and the steps for preparing it in geographic information systems,
an applied study on how to prepare them for Wasit governorate residents were clarified. And
how to encode quantitative data in the geographical information systems (GIS) and choose the
most appropriate ones in the representation of research maps, and an applied model for maps
of the population of Wasit Governorate has been chosen according to the administrative units
(judiciary) without relying on Wasit population estimates for the year By the Ministry of
Planning, and the creation of a digital database to distribute the population of Wasit
Governorate and produce maps representing both the numerical and relative distribution of
the population and the representation of the general population density as well as the
distribution of the population according to the environment (urban and rural) as well as the
distribution of the numerical and relative population by sex (male and female) according to
what Availability of data from the Ministry of Planning, which can be represented in the form
of maps and based on one of the GIS programs, which is the ARC GIS . program

Theiss Rescue Encludes a Geography Analysis of Fertility Levels NT is right
District for T Period ( - ), To Show Tea Picture of Popularity Vertelity
Ritz. T Abrush Adoptide PT Resirch ITG General Geography
Abrush Base on Distribution, Analogies & Linkage with Tea Yos of
Quantitative Method, In Order To Test T Hypothesis of Tea Research, correlation coefficient was used to reach the reality of the relationship between
the fertility of the population on the one hand and the variables affecting it on
the other in the Musayyib district and its administrative units, The results of the
research showed that population fertility rates are geographically different
between the administrative units and the environment by virtue of a number of
variables, the most important of which were (ownership of housing, the number
of rooms in the residential unit, education, occupation, age of marriage and
income).The lowest fertility rate was recorded in the center of the judiciary and
was highe

Agriculture is the main economic activity in the province of Karbala. To study the potential of
sustainable clean agricultural development in the study area in order to improve the reality of
agricultural production and to know the extent of the contribution of agricultural crops to
achieve self-sufficiency, through the development of development strategies contribute to
the preservation of agricultural land And natural resources and exploited optimally exploited
in the light of what is owned by the province of Karbala
from the potential available.

Knowing the geographical distribution of water resources within the Middle Euphrates region
is one of the important things that will shed light on us on several things, including the
region\'s natural (climatic) and geological characteristics of the region, as well as the nature
of surface slope and river discharge, the amount of water revenue and the extent of its
exploitation.

The study aims at identifying the sources of light pollution in the commercial areas of the
holy city of Najaf, and measuring the levels of light intensity, as this increasing type of
pollution has become important lately.
Measurements (Light Meter CEM DT- ) were made on different samples within the
study area to determine the level of light pollution from different shops and to measure the
intensity of the lighting used. The levels recorded were compared with some criteria and
were often higher than the health level.
The field survey and the geographical distribution of light pollution in commercial areas
showed that there are hot spots with high levels of intensity, and these areas may increase
in size and danger in the future, while increasing the excessive use of lighting and urban
expansion for commercial use in the study area.

Medical waste is a problem that has emerged during the past two decades and which has
negative effects on public health and the environment. Therefore, the research started to
show the method of solid medical waste management for the governmental hospitals in
Najaf and Kufa districts and ways of treating them. Hospitals to the systematic and correct
application of medical waste management and lack of awareness of workers in the collection
of medical waste through the occurrence of confusion between medical waste and regular
waste in some departments of the hospitals also did not mark the waste bags to indicate
their sources and From any department, floor or division, and that storage rooms do not
meet the correct conditions recommended by the World Health Organization. Available in
Sadr Medical Hospital and Zahra Maternity and Children Hospital, which is under great
pressure, which is subject to many malfunctions

Some recent practices Appeared which affected the city's urban structure and composition ,
and That led to some abuses and changes in land uses, The transport-oriented
development policy is one of the modern methods of urban planning that has emerged to
enhance the urban fabric of cities and solve traditional development problems as a result of
modern practices As well as the Increasing of the growth and the development this policy
was adopted as one of the sustainable development policies, The concept of development
directed at public transportation based on the integration of land uses with public
transportation to achieve the accessibility and Providing public services,Create a sense of
place and society ,Create a high quality of pedestrian environment and Reducing the use of
private cars within one area there for the research concentrate on the problem which is The
poor performance of the transportation and movement network in the AL-Najaf city led to a
disruption in its urban structure. And the research aims to Building a public transportation
model for the city, according to the indicators that emerged from the research, which would
solve the city's problems The research assumes that The characteristics associated with the
transportation oriented development policy affect the urban structure of AL- Najaf city and
changes in the Functional relationships.
The research dealt with a detailed study of urban structure and the transportation oriented
development The research came in two aspects, the theoretical framework and the practical
framework The theoretical framework included two chapters The first chapter examines the
concept of urban structure and its components, The views of theorists and researchers, An
elected set of studies for urban structure The second chapter examines the concept of
transportation oriented development, its importance, goals and most important characteristicsThrough the theoretical framework, indicators were produced that represented the
relationship of mutual influence between transportation oriented development and urban
structure and Test the indicators in the study area to see the possibility of applying
transportation oriented development method.
Which is characterized by being attractive to the number of trips by a large number of
visitors and expatriates and is vital and active for the great diversity in its uses, especially
religious, commercial and administrative.
Finally, we came up with a proposal for a transport-oriented development network with work
to provide planning and design considerations in order to achieve this network to work in an
integrated and balanced way on the city scale and in harmony with the distribution of land
uses and Implementation the main methods that are used as public transportation routes to
establish new areas to be Incentive for urban development of these areas. One of the most
importan