Kufa Journal of Arts

Therefore, the researcher seeks through this study to address the opinions expressed in this regard and prove the universality of the will in the verse of purification and resolve the doubt that contradicts the infallibility of the pure Imams, addressing the voices calling for the infallibility of the Household of the Prophet (PBUH) through the divine will and other statements. In light of this data, the researcher discussed these opinions with criticism and analysis.

This study, “The Political Conditions of Yemen in the Islamic Era through the Book of Mu’jam al-Buldan by Yaqut al-Hamawi (d. 626 AH/1228 AD),” dealt with the situation of Yemen from two main axes. The first axis dealt with “Yemen’s Entry into Islam,” as the researcher shed light on migration as well as on apostasy movements. After Islam spread in the Arabian Peninsula, Yemen was one of the regions that the Prophet’s call reached (7). He sent people to it to call its people to Islam. There were several campaigns that went to Yemen with the intention of liberating it and calling its people to Islam. They converted to Islam, and after that, Yemen became one of the most important regions in the Arab Islamic state. While the second axis dealt with “Yemen in the Era of the Caliphate and the Islamic State,” as the researcher dealt with the situation of Yemen in the eras of the Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphates until the death of Yaqut al-Hamawi (d. 626 AH/1228 AD). This research reached results, including that the history of Yemen went through several historical stages, including the stage of Islamic history since the beginning of the Islamic call and its effect on migration, as well as what accompanied the Islamic call from Apostasy movements from Islam and the position of the people of Yemen towards them, as confirmed by Yaqut al-Hamawi and the rest of the historical sources.

After the victory of the revolution in Iran in February 1979, Mahmoud Taleghani sought to do his utmost to ensure its success, despite the observations he had made about the activity of the revolutionary committees, which were the military arm of the hardline religious movement led by Sayyed Khomeini. Some forces tried to create a rift between Mahmoud Taleghani and the other leaders of the revolution for personal purposes, but Mahmoud Taleghani became aware of this and thwarted all attempts that occurred during the first months of the Iranian revolution. Mahmoud Taleghani believed that some of the practices that were taking place by some of the revolutionary committees, even if they often reached the level of suppressing freedoms, were not a reason for him to stand against the general goal of the revolution, which was to rid the Iranian people of the injustice they had been suffering from throughout the past decades, which required the combined efforts of all national forces, whether secular or religious.

The aim of the research was to identify the effectiveness of a proposed training program based on competencies in providing the applied students with classroom teaching skills. To achieve this, a training program was built that contains the professional competencies required for the applied students in the colleges of education in Iraq. It was applied to a sample of female students in the Mathematics Department at the College of Education for Girls, consisting of (80) female students. An observation card and an achievement test prepared by the researcher were used to collect data. Arithmetic averages, standard deviations, t-value, and a square were used to process the data statistically. The research produced a number of results, the most important of which was the presence of a statistically significant difference between the averages of the answers of the experimental and control groups on the post-test of cognitive achievement, in favor of the experimental group that was trained according to the proposed training program. The results also showed the presence of a statistically significant difference between the averages of the answers of the experimental group on the pre- and post-tests in the skill performance test, in favor of the post-application. The results also showed that the size of the effect of the performance of the applied female students was large after the post-application of the observation card. The research concluded with a number of recommendations. The most important of which is the necessity of implementing the proposed training program within the subject of teaching applications for fourth-year students in the colleges of education and basic education in Iraqi universities.

The theory of conceptual blending allows the mind to use multiple interconnected mental spaces with different meanings and link some of them to an organ that can better process those meanings and to the aspects that form the collective intuition to grasp those meanings in their complex intertwining.

In this research, we point out how the elements and processes proposed in the theory of conceptual blending can be used to prove how to depict in the story and build meaning by looking at the elements of meaning coherence in the story of the splitting of the chest. We also point out the possibility of studying the story by benefiting from the concept of the four spaces of the theory of conceptual blending, and processes such as composition, completion and expansion, and principles such as the ability to deconstruct and justify, and finding and maintaining coherence and harmony between graphic images.

The aim of the research is to identify the impact of the problem-solving method in teaching the subject of equations to fourth-grade students on academic achievement and thinking among these students. To achieve the objectives of the research, the researcher derived the experimental method with two groups with dimensional selection and set the following hypotheses:

1- There are statistically significant differences between the average scores of students in the experimental group who studied equations using the problem-solving method and the average scores of students in the control group who studied the same unit in the normal way in the achievement test of the equations unit.

2- There are statistically significant differences between the average scores of students in the experimental group and the average scores of students in the control group in the test / generalization inductive thinking / deductive thinking / expression in symbols / logical thinking / mathematical proof.

3- The research community was identified, which represents the preparatory schools in the General Directorate of Education in Najaf Governorate, and the research sample was selected (140) fourth-grade students from Najaf Preparatory School for Boys and Al-Ruqaya Preparatory School for Girls. The experimental group was (70) students and the control group was (70) students.

The equivalence between the two groups was carried out in some variables in mathematics / intelligence level / previous requirements / chronological age, which the researcher believes can affect the dependent variables with the independent variable and for the purpose of collecting data for the experiment.

The appropriate statistical analyses were conducted and the psychometric properties were verified and statistical tools were used to analyze the results.

It became clear that the students of the experimental group outperformed the students of the control group in the academic analysis and aspects of mathematical thinking (education, induction, reasoning, expression in symbols and mathematical proof), which is confirmed by the method of solving problems in teaching mathematics. It was also recommended to pay attention to the method of solving problems in teaching mathematics and to include the content of school books, which enables the teacher to use this method.

This research aims to identify the nature of the relationship between the knowledge management strategy and its dimensions, and its reflections on the aspects of the educational process, and thus achieve the educational quality standards and the requirements of the desired future university, according to a strategic methodology used as a roadmap that clarifies the path and steps necessary to achieve this goal. This research was applied to a random sample of professors at the University of Kufa. In order to achieve its goals, the research presented a proposed model that represents a methodological roadmap, and tested its validity using structural modeling (SEM) (Structural Equation Model), then tested the relationships between the variables using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) program. In light of the results, the research reached a number of conclusions, the most important of which are: adopting the knowledge management strategy in its two types (implicit and explicit) and transforming and sharing it among faculty members, reflects positively on the preparation and implementation of their study plans, and contributes effectively to achieving educational quality standards. In light of this, some recommendations were put forward, the most important of which is the necessity of putting this strategy into actual application to benefit from it in improving educational quality.

After this study in the realm of the speech of the Commander of the Faithful, I wanted to summarize the most important results achieved by the study:

No one denies that the speech of Imam Ali (B) is speech that represents the truest manifestations of creativity, and this has its reasons that are summarized as follows:
His soul had not been infected with the filth of atheistic beliefs or other than the monotheistic belief before, so it accepted Islam with eagerness and sincerity.
The young man of Banu Hashim was raised in houses of eloquence and rhetoric and in the tribe of eloquence and rhetoric, and in the care of the most eloquent of those who spoke the letter Dad, so he learned his characteristics and features and acquired from his speech what he acquired, for the prophetic influence was clearly evident in his speech, as Imam Ali experienced and understood the Arab heritage, so he took from it the ease of what the motives of speech required for him and was satisfied with the inexhaustible spring, which is the Holy Quran.
He studied in the greatest school in history (the school of the Qur’an), and the Holy Qur’an was in his conscience and behavior, he understood its meanings and comprehended its secrets, and he was one of the first to memorize and collect it, and this had a clear and great impact on the speech of the Imam.

The situations and experiences he went through made him an expert in the world and its people, and you will not find anyone more skilled than him in describing the details and the greatest of matters... Matters that did not come together in anyone else made him the unrivaled orator and the orator who is not to be confused.

The Commander of the Faithful’s selection of words and phrases in his sermons and in general his speech was studied and organized in a way that served the meaning and the situation at the same time without affectation or harmful embellishment, and the Imam achieved balance and intonation through gentle rhymes and beautiful repetition or through contrast and antithesis, which creates for us a high and lofty literature.
The linguistic vocabulary in the speech of the Commander of the Faithful witnessed a selection that reflects intelligence and cleverness, and knowledge of the language and its contents. His vocabulary was characterized by precision, suggestion, and quotation from the Qur’an, whether in its explicit quotation or quoting the Qur’anic usage of it or transferring it from its Qur’anic environment to a new artistic position. The structures of the speeches of the Commander of the Faithful and his letters were characterized by the skillful linguistic employment through his exploitation of the energies of the language, especially the energies of composition, to achieve his verbal goals that made his speech with the highest features of eloquence and rhetoric. The feature of long sentences was one of the most evident and clear features of his speech, creating suspense, enjoyment, and follow-up in the recipient. Praise be to God, Lord of the Worlds

The poetry of the tree enthusiasm (the chapter of severity and courage) is considered a unique measure of the criteria for choosing the brave, which is evident in their singing of poems that radiate enthusiasm, challenge and rejection of fear. The research has proven the following:

- Ibn Al-Shajari classified his enthusiasm based on the work of his predecessors and their taste, as he resembles them in terms of culture and encyclopedic knowledge, as well as his scientific circle that he holds in one of the corners of the mosque.

- Fear is a powerful feeling that weighs on the human soul to impose on it a set of behaviors from which the person chooses what suits his environment and before that his morals.

- The challenge was the most prominent way to eliminate fear among the poets of the tree enthusiasm, and this challenge was expressed in various linguistic styles, including the poets’ use of the interrogative style coupled with the word (promises me, guides me) for the poet’s denunciatory purpose.

- Pride in oneself and one's tribe was one of the most prominent methods of poets in frightening enemies and eliminating the feeling of fear, which motivates the brave to pounce on the opponent and get rid of him in a cold psychological battle, and we find them investing in mentioning the war days in which they won, or the bravest tribes they swept away and settled in their place. ..

- Sometimes poets resort to surrendering to the inevitable and that was only when acknowledging the inevitability of death, a death that cannot be escaped, and this was clear among the pre-Islamic poets, but in the Islamic era they realized that all matters are predestined by God's command and God's command is inevitable.

- Fleeing had a simple existence and was brought by one of the opposing poets who fled from the power of the Messenger of God (7) in one of his battles.

- The brave poets realized that one of the requirements for eliminating fear is mentioning the war equipment and what the fighter carries in the battlefields, so we find them tending to enumerate their war tools.

The research topic (Aspects of Social Life in Egypt in the Mamluk Era) concluded with a set of results that the researcher reached, which we will summarize as follows:

In Egypt, various aspects appeared that played an important role in the life of Egyptian society, including several matters, of which women had a large share of respect and appreciation, for their distinguished position in various areas of daily life, and their clear role in changing the course of events through the freedom of opinion and expression that they enjoyed at that time.

Egyptian society enjoyed aspects of luxury that appeared on most of the clothing of the members of society, and were made from the finest quality fabrics in Egypt, showing the extent of economic prosperity that Egypt enjoyed in the Mamluk era.

The caliphate after the death of the Prophet (7) is considered by both groups to be an important issue and a general presidency for all Muslims in the world to establish the provisions of Islamic law, carry the Islamic call to the world, and establish a caliph who is obligated on all Muslims in all parts of the world and to carry it out, like carrying out any of the duties that God imposed on Muslims and an inevitable matter in which there is no choice or compromise in its regard, and failure to carry it out is a sin of the greatest sins for which God punishes the most severe punishment. While the Shiite group sees that the position of caliphate and imamate is a divine position and that humans have no role in it because the imam in the Quranic concept must be pure and cleansed from any impurity and must be a believer, knowledgeable, managing and well-versed in the affairs of Muslims in this world and the hereafter, and they see the three caliphs as ordinary humans and believe that after the Messenger (7) the caliphs are the twelve imams from the pure prophetic family, the first of whom is the Commander of the Faithful Ali ibn Abi Talib, the gate of the city of knowledge who has baffled minds and dazzled souls, but the second group (the Sunnis) see the imamate and The Caliphate is an organizational and executive character for the presidency of the Islamic state and for preserving and achieving the interests of Muslims. The Qur’an or the Prophet (7) has nothing to do with this. They believe that the best people after the Prophets in the Caliphate are Abu Bakr, Omar, Othman and Ali, and they and their sayings must be respected because they are the righteous predecessors who should be emulated. This research, through the comparative approach, is about presenting and studying the interpretations of the two groups through the Qur’anic verses on the subject of the Caliphate of the three Caliphs.

The research dealt with the military coup that took place in Cuba in 1933, and how this coup affected the developments of events in Cuba at various levels and fields, especially political, economic, social and diplomatic, internally and externally. It highlighted the pivotal and vital role played by Cuba's sole dictator, General Batista, through his control of the reins of government in Cuba by manipulating and rigging elections, bringing in rulers and presidents who obeyed his orders at times, and canceling the elections and appointing himself president at other times, with the support and endorsement of the American administration, which found in him the best support and assistance to preserve the survival and continuity of its interests in Cuba, which would inevitably, indeed certainly, benefit the companies with interests and American capital investing in Cuba at that time, and secure itself from external dangers strategically by securing its strategic and security borders for the United States of America through the island of Cuba, which is loyal to it. This is what happened in Cuba when the coup governments took over the reins of government for nearly a decade.

One of the terms of the science of the principles of jurisprudence is the term Istiṣḥāb, which they have defined as keeping what was as it was. It is one of the important and vital practical rules. A person who is responsible may acquire knowledge of a certain thing, then after that he has doubts about that known thing and is unable to know the reality. Then comes the rule of Istiṣḥāb, which means act according to your previous knowledge. As for the known thing about which doubt has occurred, it may be a legal ruling or it may be a subject upon which a legal ruling is applied, which is what is called the legal and objective doubt.

The law decides to use the right as a reason for permitting criminalization and clarifies the necessary means for using this right. Before the laws stipulate rights and the means for using them in this regard, we find that the principles of the noble Sharia and its ideal, just and applicable provisions at all times and places are the basis of rights, the source of freedoms and the guarantee of non-arbitrariness in using them. Therefore, the rules of Islamic jurisprudence are used in interpreting and applying the provisions for using the right, especially the right to discipline the wife and minor children, which have organized this subject with an organization that is extremely precise and perfect in a way that the most recent advanced laws have not reached.

The Kingdom of Al-Hirah is one of the important Arab kingdoms in the pre-Islamic era. It was a contemporary of the Sassanid state and had political affiliation. Its life continued for more than four centuries, during which the kingdom supported its ally, the Sassanid state, in its struggle against the Byzantines and their Ghassanid allies.

The long life of the kingdom, in a region of continuous conflict, shows that it had an organized and efficient army that helped it in this. The army of Al-Hirah includes four battalions: (Al-Shahba, Al-Sanai’, Dosar, and Al-Raha’in), which performed major tasks, whether together or individually, such as supporting the Sassanids against the Byzantines or against the Ghassanids and securing the western borders of the two states. It contributed to establishing Al-Hirah’s influence over the Arab tribes in the north and east of the Arabian Peninsula. It also participated in the internal conflict of the Sassanid state during the reign of Bahram Jur.

The important role of the army of the Kingdom of Al-Hirah weakened after the Sassanid state ended the kingdom by arresting and killing its last king, Al-Nu\'man bin Al-Mundhir. The borders became exposed to the Arab tribes, including the Banu Bakr, who defeated the Sassanid army in the Battle of Dhi Qar. Then the attacks continued to weaken the Sassanid state and facilitate its fall at the hands of the Arab Muslims after that.

Baghdad city suffers from a severe shortage of infrastructure services, as infrastructure services are the essence of spatial development and their quality has a major impact on the advancement or deterioration of existing cities. The water sector has suffered a fair amount of deterioration in these services, and despite the government's support for this sector, the level of these services has not risen to the level required by the citizen. Thus, the research problem has become the deterioration of infrastructure services in general and water services in particular in Baghdad. The research aims to identify the reality of water services and measure the extent to which the quantity and quality of water conform to the standards. The research assumes the necessity of paying attention to the quality of drinking water in parallel with the amount of water produced. The researcher has reached an improvement in the amount of water produced in Baghdad, but this improvement was not accompanied by an improvement in the water quality index, despite the projects completed in this sector. Also, the water tariff is very low, which has a negative impact on the service due to the low budget, which burdens the government in continuing to support this sector, in addition to the lack of fair distribution of the service between the two sides of Karkh and Rusafa.

The research is a reading of the era of (the letter) of the dean of the Tahirid family and the governor of Khorasan during the era of the Abbasid al-Ma'mun, Tahir bin al-Hussein, to his son Abdullah, whom al-Ma'mun appointed governor of Raqqa. He was mentioned in the book History of the Messengers and Kings by Abu Ja'far Muhammad bin Jarir al-Tabari in its eleventh volume, Leiden edition, year (1882-1883 AD). It is one of the most important eras written on the subject of administration, as it is a comprehensive collection of Arab-Islamic administrative policy in all its dimensions. It is also a program for administrative policy that is suitable for reading and anticipating its meanings in every time and place, especially by politicians who seek to establish systems on the Islamic model.

In the past, educational curricula were designed for a stable world, but now our society lives in a rapidly changing world surrounded by local and global challenges, perhaps the most important of which are the knowledge explosion, technological development, and openness to the world as a result of the speed of communications and transportation, until the world has become a small village. All of this requires efforts to develop thinking minds capable of solving problems, and this is the responsibility of education at the present time.

The research dealt with the most important morphological characteristics and their geomorphological implications of the Wadi Al-Shakak basin, one of the seasonal valleys of the eastern Tigris region in Maysan Governorate, whose sources are located near the Iraqi-Iranian border and flow in a northeast-southwest direction, with an area of ​​(99,485) km2 and a circumference of (53,949) km. The most important natural factors represented by (geological structure, surface, climate, water resources) that affect the formation of the morphological characteristics were studied, in addition to referring to the most important geomorphological processes (weathering and water erosion) that prevailed during the Pleistocene era and are still continuing to the present time, which contributed to the formation of these morphological characteristics (roundness, elongation, length-to-width ratio, shape coefficient, integration coefficient). The main Shakkak basin has (4) secondary basins. The roundness ratio reached 0.423, which indicates that the basin is close to the circular shape. The elongation ratio reached 0.672, which indicates that the basin is far from the rectangular shape. As for the length-to-width ratio, it reached 2.217, which also indicates that the basin is far from the rectangular shape and close to the circular shape. The shape coefficient value reached 1.313, which indicates that the basin is far from the triangular shape. As for the integration coefficient, its value reached 0.308, which indicates the state of integration and harmony between the area and the perimeter.

Irrigation is directly related to public life, and has a significant impact on people's social and economic lives. One of Iraq's natural resources that can be relied upon primarily is agriculture, especially during the study period. During the Ottoman era, Iraq was in a deplorable state due to poor human practices and encroachments and violations on rivers in the past. It was supposed to be treated through correct frameworks, and despite the attempts made by some Ottoman governors to reform the irrigation situation, they did not actually bear fruit. Although the engineering survey of the country and rivers is a condition that must be met before spending money on investment projects, the survey conducted by Sir William Willcocks was of great value and importance, but the survey operations were carried out in the most difficult ways and required them to be extensive.

The social effects of preemptive wars are what all countries are exposed to, as these wars have left devastating effects on all peoples, including the Iraqi people at present and in the past, including hunger, poverty, the demolition of schools, the demolition of residential homes and hospitals, and the killing of thousands of citizens. I divided the research into three sections. In the first section, I studied the concept of scientific terms for social effects, and what are the social effects of wars. In the second section, international law according to international treaties and agreements. In the third section, we studied the American occupation of the Iraqi people in 2003, and the destruction of the country’s infrastructure.

The research aims to identify the role of strategic agility through its sub-dimensions (clarity of vision, basic capabilities (essential), setting strategic objectives, sharing responsibility, and taking action) as an independent variable in marketing prowess as a dependent variable through its dimensions (exploring opportunities, exploiting opportunities, and marketing flexibility). Al-Kafeel Company was chosen as a field for applying the research by selecting a random sample of (132), represented by (Director, M.Director and department managers). The research relied on the questionnaire form as the main tool for collecting data, and it included ((32 paragraphs for the research variables, with (20) for the independent variable and (12) for the dependent variable. In order to achieve the research objectives, answer its questions, test the validity of its hypotheses, and the validity of the data for analysis, the ready-made statistical programs SPSS V.22, AMOS V.22 were used. By using a number of statistical methods and indicators, the research reached a set of conclusions, the most important of which are: the existence of a positive significant correlation between the research variables at the overall level and at the level of sub-dimensions, and that strategic agility in its various dimensions has a positive significant impact on marketing prowess. This means that what the company does in terms of sharing responsibility, defining strategic goals, clarifying its vision, and taking actions at the appropriate time, will contribute to achieving and enhancing its prowess. Marketing in terms of its ability to explore new opportunities and exploit available opportunities. The research concluded with a number of recommendations, the most important of which is that Al Kafeel Company should increase its level of interest in strategic agility due to its importance in achieving its future directions, by setting a clear vision of what the company wants to be in the future, and enhancing the level of sharing responsibility with influential parties, in addition to setting strategic goals divided into stages and specified by time periods so that they can be followed up and verify the extent of their achievement within the specified time.