Kufa Journal of Arts

A novel is a story that aims to show itself that it is real and to do so, it uses the complex characters of the story, each of whom has different motives in the narration. This literary art, which is called “al-Rawiya” in the Arabic language, in dividing the types of stories on the basis of the form is the first component, the longest type of stories. Abraham Aslan is one of the contemporary Egyptian novelists and the narrator of his “The Sad Malik”. The present study is descriptive - analytical and deals with the technical elements of this novel. The most important and clearest of these elements are: dialogue, melody, self-talk, place, personality, and a good, happy ending. One of the most important results of this research is that: The three elements are dialogue, melody, and the speech of the soul have a major role in defining characters, and the place element has an important role in creating the atmosphere of this novel and has added many characters in the novel to the richness of this work and finally indicates, the good ending. The lady who appears in this novel reaches the height of the author's artistic and literary strength.

Deposit is an amount of money or another transfer that is paid by one of the contracting parties to other contracting party to indicate that the contract has become final and cannot be revoked only if both parties decide to leave it. Civil laws differed about deposit as some old Latin laws consider the deposit is a pond to keep the right of continuation the contract, while modern laws consider the deposit as a confirmation of the contract. The Iraqi law is complies with modern laws as it mentioned in text 92 of applied civil law in Iraq. The judgment that follows the paying the deposit upon contracting as a penalty for revoking the contract and if the contract is executed, the deposit is calculated with the principal price agreed but if one contracting party chooses to revoke the contract, he have to lose the deposit, while if other contracting party abandoned the contract, he must return the money that was paid to him (deposit) doubled. The judgment that follows on the significance of paying the deposit upon contracting indicate that the contract has become final and cannot be revoked as the deposit is partial execution of the contract which must be completed and where the jurists are divided over the legal adaptation of the deposit, as some of them think that the deposit id dependent on suspended or annulled condition. However, it is blamed for this adjustment that it is impossible to determine the source of the obligation to pay the deposit. While other thinks that the legal conditioning of the deposit is a substitute for the original commitment. The deposit is distinguished from the penalty clause (the agreed compensation) by the case of damage which stipulated in the penalty clause and not required in the deposit and the penalty clause is subject to increase or decrease according to the cases permitted by law but the deposit is not, in addition to that the requirement of excuses in the penalty clause without its requirement for the deposit

The research aims to study Bostrom's views in applied ethics and its main issues in Human Enhancement, by application of technical means and technological means, In order to prepare human post-humanity.
Bostrom believes that people strive to achieve enhancement in health, longevity, intelligence, and anti-ageing as old as human civilization, he returned by the Sumerian civilization in Mesopotamia. He sets the condition for an open society to achieve Enhancement, a Society accepts enhancements.
In contrast, there is a critique of the idea of enhancement, especially with Francis Fukuyama, and Habermas, because these ideas will make humanity a commodity.

The Philosophy of grammatical standardization tools, or changing the structure of an otherwise ungrammatical sentence to make it grammatical through specific alterations reveals grammarians' methods in dealing with irregular structures. It is based on making language use easier and removing what would render certain common structures ungrammatical, a feature which emphasizes the characteristics of Arabic grammatical thought in different eras. The key questions this study poses are: Is deviating from a certain grammatical rule only a matter of form-breaching which can be remedied with the application of these tools? What is the relationship between an original grammatical rule and the conditions for applying the tools which justify breaking it? Does the application of such tools with irregular structures fulfill the grammatical and contextual functions which the original rule fulfills? What is the relationship between the use of these tools and grammatical thought? Due to the numerous ways in which grammarians have dealt with the issue, the answers to these questions are limited in this study to the case of starting with the nakirah (indefinite article) in Arabic sentences. It applies an analytical, based on sub-secondary characteristics. These applications, the study proposes, follow two modes: the nakirah and the nakirah'skhabar (predicate). The study also argues that the rule of specification is key to the case of the nakirah as it is manifested through the relationship between the two corners of such structures and that each tool indicates two dimensions: the general contextual and the specifically grammatical

This study deals with the press discourse of the Arabic online newspapers regarding the global crises, the Brexit crisis as a model, represented by Britain's exit from the European Union, And the negotiations that followed and what this referendum caused in terms of economic and political crisis between them and the economic effects it had on markets, whether in Britain or the countries of the European Union, and their repercussions on global markets, By analyzing the nature of this discourse and reviewing and identifying the theses on which this discourse is based, the paths of proof, the active forces, and the reference frameworks that it contains, by conducting a study of the journalistic speech of the Emirati Ityhad and the Egyptian al-Yome online newspapers, based on the survey method, and using the discourse analysis form as a tool in this study and for the period from 1/1/2019 to 12/31/2020.
The researcher, when analyzing the press discourse, reached a number of propositions for the causes and results of Britain's exit from the European Union presented by both newspapers, in addition to determining the evidence regarding this exit, while the press discourse mentioned many of the active forces towards the (Brexit) issue, as well as the frames of reference for this issue, the study papers presented a number of central propositions about the causes and consequences of this exit, in addition to the other findings of the study

Industry is built on investing the geographic features, which are relevant in its development in addition to put a clear industrial strategy built. on social and political systems . so this paper aims at showing the available natural and human features in Al-Qadisiya governorate and invest them to establish plastic material industry , esp. . natural features which provide agricultural raw material , palm or chards , natural plants such as wild reeds , wood , palm leaves , straw , and plastic waste , what encourages this study is the nature of the field ay study in which population (1359642 persons) that is economically active (735397 person) in (54.1%) percentage from the total number , in addition to the highways used to transport raw materials from suggested factories to the consuming shops . All these features work establish the industrial project .

Since poetry was the original source of the express linguistic vocabulary of the Arabs , therefore it became one of the most impotant sources that grammarians adopted in restricting their rules or inferring them after the Holy Qur’an and the noble Prophet’s hadith .
Based on that, this research came to show Muhdhab al-Din –Muhalabi’sapproachto his inferencewith poetry in his book ( The Systems of Faraid and the Limitation of the Sharad ) as well as the grammatical issues that were inferred by poetry .
This research was based on an introduction and two studies. As for the introduction, it dealt with inference in language and convention . As for the two topics, the first of them included two axes . I benefited in this research from many sources and references, including grammar books and poetry collections, as well as well as linguistic dictionaries

Life style as an expression in social science has a straight and assured relation with some collections of senses.
Job and occupation are one of the most important parts of human life and different academies have different views about it. Islam, in its specified life style , has several suggestions toward different occupations.
Islam has divided the jobs into 5 general categories. Whatever job or occupation is in the society or market, they will be included in compulsory, recommended, abominable and allowable jobs.
In Islam, compulsory and recommended jobs have been suggested and abominable and allowable jobs have been abandoned .
The jobs in which providing alimony and family income are considered as compulsory and necessary or the jobs in which the society due to its progression needs some employees to be accepted in it are considered among the occupational priorities in Islamic life style.
By searching in verses and narrations distinguished that Islam pays a special attention to some jobs including farming, business, ranching and industry.
These cases are among the most important priorities for choosing a job in Islamic life style

Stitched the permanent violations of human rights in various regions of the world have made it difficult for the international community to seek the establishment of an international judicial body that punishes the persons who are responsible for the infringement of it. This resulted in the agreement of States at the Rome Conference in 1998 to establish an international criminal court with jurisdiction over humanitarian crimes and how to pursue and punish the persons responsible.
The Statute of the International Criminal Court contained a set of principles and guarantees for the achievement of international criminal justice, but after years of work it had been found that it had not been applied in some cases and that it was insufficient to combat international crime and to achieve international criminal justice. The amendment to its statute in 2080 required an amendment to address the legal deficiencies and gaps it had encountered, but only a few aspects were covered, which would affect the work of the court and its role in the protection of human rights and the reform of justice

The issue of control and oversight over the leadership power is of great importance in terms of constitutional rights. Article 111 of the Constitution does not explicitly mention anything related to supervision of leadership, but part of this principle says: When the leader is unable to perform his legal duties or does not have one of the conditions mentioned in Principle 5 and 109, or it turns out that the leader lacked some. The conditions are from the beginning, he will be removed from his position, and according to Article 108, determining this matter rests with the experts, which I have no doubt that this diagnosis in the aforementioned principle requires an introduction which is one of them. The implementation of Article 8 of the Constitution also expresses the popular supervision of the leader. Article 142 of the constitution deals with oversight of a leader's property. According to Article 107 of the Constitution, the leader is equal to the rest of the country before the law. Ultimately, all cases of oversight that lead to the removal of the leader are the responsibility of the Assembly of Experts. The type of expert supervision of leadership, is reasonable supervision. The main focus of the article is on clarifying the issue of control or leadership oversight in the constitution.

Blogging is one of the discoveries that changed the face of history and transferred our knowledge of the history of ancient Iraq from the talismans of assumptions in prehistoric times (the stone ages) to the historical ages
This happened in the so-called proto literate or the proto-historic role.
As the Sumerians wrote down the first letter in the Sumerian city of Warka, in southern Mesopotamia, approximately 3500 BC. After the Sumerian man took advantage of nature in the south and used its soil to make the clay figure (tablet), which he wrote on it by pressing a piece of papyrus reed with a triangular head, bone or wood. As a result of the use of such a head for the reed, the writing became like nails, so the writing was called cuneiform, which is a Latin designation from the term (cuneus) meaning (nail) and (form) meaning (form).
The cuneiform notation was not initially discovered in this way, and it did not reach its final stage directly, but rather went through several stages: the pictographic stage, then the symbolic Ideogram, and finally the phonetic stage. As for the direction in which it was written, it was from top to bottom, and then it became written from left to right.
As for how to solve the cuneiform line, the steps of that lasted for a long period of time in which many travelers, amateurs and foreign archaeologists made strenuous efforts to find out their secrets and how to read them. As a result of this discovery, Assyriology was declared a science taught in international institutes and universities. Blogging in this line can be used for tourism marketing today.

When the strategic mind that used to govern India's domestic and foreign policies has changed and transformed from a liberal, secular, left-wing mind that is hostile to imperialist Western supremacy, to a radical Hindu religious mind, hostile to the Islamic movement in South and West Asia, the enemy and friend have been exchanged in this new mentality, and thus, the enemy of yesterday became the friend of today with Israel became a close friend after it had been an enemy and an ally of the one who captured India for centuries.

Russia and Japan are neighbors, but their relations are often described as being geographically close and politically distant, and the Kuril Islands problem is one of the difficult issues that prevent Russia and Japan from improving their relations, so concluding any friendship treaty will remain an arduous task, and resolving the dispute will be necessary for both parties to find a solution. Amidst and accepted by an international party that is honest and acceptable to both parties to the conflict, so that it can be relied upon in creating political guarantees for both parties, and economic, political and even military interests push all parties towards a consensual formula for a solution, and geopolitics contributes to the largest part of dissolving the dispute and highlighting interests, so its role will be Effective in this confect

It is a necessity of the Islamic belief in which no two Muslims differ that the prophethood and message are concluded after the Prophet of Islam Muhammad (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him and his progeny). Moreover, it is also a necessity of the Islamic belief that Prophet Muhammad’s law is the conclusion of the laws. This is also a well-known fact to non-Muslims. However, the rapid development in the various fields of life in the current era arose the need to answer urgent questions such as: Are not human societies in a dire need of the divine revelation again especially with this civilizational change and the tremendous development taking place at various levels?
The present paper aims at presenting a new vision in the end of the prophethood based mainly on the vision of Mutahhari after mentioning important premises for understanding the end, and adding a statement explaining the nature of maturity and integration of the human beings. It is clear that the recognition of the evolution and the integrative path of all mankind is not sufficient alone to provide an accurate understanding of wisdom in the conclusion of prophethood, rather it is necessary to know the nature of the maturity that humanity has reached. This is the core of the issue and its foundation. It can be mentioned that the pillar of this vision that the research aims to present is the interpretation of human maturity and integration as an integration in the practical awareness of the human beings, which is verified in its most complete credibility: The Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him and his progeny

The educational process consisted of complex parts, all of which work together for the sake of one goal, which is to bring generations to their mission to build society and develop humanity, and to achieve an ongoing march of science and knowledge, and to reach societies to maintain their development and collect further development. The mechanisms to activate this educational process by ridding it of its obstacles and increasing the influence of its methods have been the main concern of those in charge of this process, scholars and observers. It attracted artistic activities since the time of the educators because of its great benefit to the educational process, not only in the context of educational attainment, but also education in general, from psychological, physical, harmonious, cultural and emotional, since "the educational mission is not only teaching children to read, write and cognitive sciences, but the role goes far beyond that." It is the preparation of the future generation and the preservation of the most important wealth which is human wealth. Art, belonging and treatment with art, because "art education as an educational activity is directly related to the formation of the person, building his personality and realizing himself by positive expression of his feelings towards others and towards his environment and country. Art education is one of the subjects that contribute to building the learner's personality, composition and preparation and is considered one of the main axes that can All experiences are gathered around it and it is an effective way to simplify and explain the various knowledge and sciences

Health services are among the most important services provided by the state to the individual and society, because these services are related to the individual’s life and his performance as an effective element in society and the extent of this impact on the whole society and in the movement of life in it and its development in various fields. The research aims to know the reality of the spatial distribution of health care centers in Qadisiyah governorate and the extent of their quantitative and qualitative functional efficiency compared to the size of the population for each administrative unit, as well as knowledge of future trends for the development of health care centers in the study area.
The research suggested reconsidering the formulas of the balance between the population density of the study area and the level of health services in it, in order to ensure that the individual’s share of these services is guaranteed. This can be achieved by increasing the number of health centers and the number of workers in them of various groups to the degree in which the health requirements of the population are met. In addition to the need to find the appropriate geographical distribution of health centers to the administrative units in the governorate, depending on the population density in each administrative unit.

The first Abbasid era had two towers, two towers, two towers, a library, a library, an external library.
The era of the rulers of Banu al-Abbas was represented in succession to take over the rule behind him, i.e. he assumed the ruling authority by inheritance from the fathers to the sons, generation after another, without regard to the conditions for assuming the rule of courage, references, favor, forbidding vice, fairness to the oppressed, and taking the darkness from their point of view. The ruling does not change...
During the time of the Abbasid rulers, the well-known phenomenon of assassinations spread inside the Abbasid ruler’s palace, i.e., between members of the ruling family on the one hand, and the courtiers and heads of state on the other hand, to compete over access to the helm of power, as the matter resulted in the assassination of the opponent, as happened in the era of Al-Mutawakkil Ali Allah, who was killed By his son Al-MuntasirBillah and with the joint cooperation of the senior Turkish leaders and their ability to control the reins of affairs, and appointing Al-MuntasirBillah as ruler after his father, and the absence of the star of the end of the era of Al-Mutawakkil in God, after violating the commandment of Al-Mutawakkil on God to devolve the rule after him to his proud crown prince. Al-MuntasirBillah Al-Abbasid, in cooperation with the Turkish leaders, appointed Al-MuntasirBillah as ruler of the Muslims.

This research is about the approach of Mr. Al Brojerdi in “Collection of Ahadeeth Al Shia” and the reason of authoring this book by him. Since the aim of that was to solve a problem had happened in the narrator books especially “Wasael Al Shia” book, where he saw that the cutting process, that was made by the writer of “Wasael Al Shia”, caused many wastes of peers that might be beneficially used in the Deduction process, which made the Brojerdi follow a new path by mentioning the entire saying in the doors, the name of the book and even mentioning the symbols if it.

The research presents a presentation of the scientific biography of Dr. Amer Abdel Zaid Al-Waeli and his intellectual achievement and his vision in the philosophy of moral values, as it is considered one of the controversial topics in contemporary philosophical thought because of its importance in the reality of the public life of the individual and society and its importance increased with the adoption of systematic violence on the basis of ideological and intellectual grounds and its reflection in different images and forms. This research is to lay standard foundations for social values, a balance between the ethics of the individual and the stability of society and between the individual's right to life and dignity with the right of society to security and stability. Dr. Al-Waeli's theory is based on mental, social and intellectual foundations, taking into account the privacy of the individual and society according to the mechanisms of dialogue for my argument and acquaintance between the selves and human communication, clarifying the role of each .
The moral, the subject, the dialectic, the systematic violence, the privacy, the ideological basis, the mechanisms of dialogue, the acquaintance

This essay offers ecocritical discussions of Iraqi flora and fauna under the 2003 invasion of Iraq from the point of view of both American and Iraqi novelists. The purpose of this paper is to examine how the American Kevin Powers’s in The Yellow Birds (2012) and Iraqi SinanAntoon's in The Book of Collateral Damage (2019) extend their moral mission of the 2003 invasion of Iraq which moves beyond the human species to include flora and fauna in light of ecocriticism. More specifically, the paper attempts to expose the outrageous things reflected by Antoon and Powers that the US invasion has done to flora and fauna which are officially ignored. It also examines the proper employment of different forms of symbolism and techniques to strengthen their ecological conservation values.
The study concludes that despite the selected writers’ different experiences of colonialism, they similarly stand in creating eco-consciousness that comes from their understanding that the costs of war are not only measured by the loss of humans, but also by the devastation of flora and fauna to institutionalize a strong oppositional stance towards the war in Iraq.

Aggression can be detected in speakers' language for many purposes such as criticism, refusal, delivering unpleasant messages or even solidarity among people. To cover the disagreeable consequences of such aggressions, speakers usually utilize humour as the appropriate way to go about it. Thus, humour is considered the ‘smooth’ way to deliver messages that might hurt the hearer. However, it seems that this kind of language use is still unexplored and has not been given its due attention despite its importance. One of the interesting forms of media that include "humour-coated" aggression is comic strips. The study is intended to answer the following questions: 1) What is the pragmatic structure of aggression in comic strips? 2) What are the types of aggression utilized in comic strips? and 3) How does aggression function in comics? The data are taken from Rudy Park, Candorville, and Pickles comic strips which are syndicated in The Washington Post. The findings of the analysis show that: 1) aggression is a process that has three pragmatic stages that mainly employ non-observance of Grice's maxims and impoliteness strategies. 2) Aggression in comic strips serves some functions such as criticism, showing power, amusing and annoying. 3) Aggression in comic strips has two main types: direct (hostile) and indirect (instrumental)

Jawad al-Asadi’s adaptation, Forget Hamlet, paradoxically asks the reader to forget Shakespeare's Hamlet, the philosophical, contemplative and vindicative, and meet with the weak, indifferent and ineffectual Hamlet. Forget Hamlet is an adaptation by an Iraqi playwright and director, Jawad al-Asadi, staged in1994 and published in 2000. This paper is an attempt to study the economic lures and legal constraints of the adaptation in the light of Linda Hutcheon’s Theory of Adaptation, especially one of its the six journalistic questions, 'why'. The study investigates how the author succeeds with making the adaptation popular and appealing to the reader and at the same time avoids all legal constraints through modifications, additions and cancellation. This study will be a valuable effort to the people who are interested in the study of adaptation in Iraq.

This study is concerned with revealing Iraqi EFL learners' use of the speech act of reprimand. It is composed of four sections, the first of which is dedicated to give an introduction about the study such as the problem, the aims and the hypotheses, the second is to present a theoretical survey about the speech act in question, the third is about collecting and analyzing data, and the fourth section is concerned with the conclusions.
A two-part test consisting of 20 situations in each is designed to measure PhD and MA learners' recognition and production of reprimand. On the recognition level, a model by Garcia (2004) is used, while on the production level, their performance is compared to the performance of four native English speakers.

One of the issues that have been raised in jurisprudence texts for a long time is the non-execution of qisas for the lack of the murdered due to his escape or sudden death. In this case, some believe in turning qisas into Diya and they have resorted to the principle of respect for Muslim blood, Authority verse and hadiths; however, these reasons have been criticized by others because according to these reasons, the avenger of blood are entitled to the murderer’s soul not his possessions. Therefore, they cannot be a reason for the necessity of Diya and the narrations are exempt from the assumption of their authenticity. Others reject qisas and Diya because the compromise of the parties is a prerequisite for converting qisas to Diya, which would not be possible if the murderer is absent. However, since the traditions of proof of the Diya have the necessary authority, they cannot be ignored and the Diya is not rejected. Therefore, in accepting the distinction between escape and sudden death because the conversion of qisas into Diya is contrary to the principle and in cases of contrast to the principle, it is necessary to refer to the subject of the hadith i.e. the escape of the murderer. Many of the jurisprudents might be considered in agreement with this statement because proponents of the Diya, affirm the Diya in the event of an escape and those who believe in voiding Diya, reject Diya in the event of death. However, since the Diya is intervening substitute, if the murderer comes back, the right to qisas is reserved for the avenger of blood. Finally, Article 435 of the Islamic Penal Code can be criticized and amended for the lack of distinction between escape and natural death as well as for the transmission of qisas to Diya for intentional non-murder crimes.

The main purpose of this research is to study the divine wisdom (HIKMA) in the adaptation of legislation with nature and human nature with the educational approach. The importance and necessity of this research is from the point of view that a united human being must first know the relation between the system of existence and its origin and the irreplaceable wisdoms of creation; Then take the necessary benefits from this educational model in the fields of education. The existence of suspicions also makes the need to address this issue and find documented and reasoned answers more obvious. Findings showed that the principle of wisdom is one of the ontological principles of education in Islam. It also emerged that any legislation - based on divine wisdom - is compatible with human nature. The present study has provided the benefit and modeling of this adaptation for the fields of education.

This study will scrutinize the excessive ambition and negative solidarity of Grima as a servant of two masters who are the king Theoden and the White Wizard Saruman in Tolkien’s novel The Lord of the Rings. To this end, the novel is analyzed with respect to the concept of negative solidarity according to Durkheim's perspective. According to Durkheim, a few types of solidarity that are negative in which social relations and connections are at the basic rank essential for coexistence. In fact, negative solidarity is a problematic order because it is untrue solidarity and cannot make any kind of integration by itself but rather assumes it. Besides, the solidarity of Grima with the king, Theoden, and Saruman was not real but built on mutual benefit. Saruman was in need of Gríma as an instrument to involve in destroying the king, Theoden, in order to take control over Rohan and Grima was in need of Saruman to marry the woman he wanted and probably even Theoden's kingdom

Allegation of testimony has always been one of the reasons in the legal system for proving litigation. However, in countries where there is no need to make the witness to provide allegation of testimony on the one hand and considering the fact that the original principle is the innocence of the denier, testimony has largely lost its performance as a proof.
Under the circumstances considered, allegation of testimony is accepted by the Muslims and its persuation as a great sin. Contrary to Islamic jurisprudence, the Iranian law does not accept the allegation of testimony; however, Western and Arab laws in accordance with Islamic jurisprudence consider testimony refusal as a crime and consider punishments for it

News Conflict is an old-new topic that has been scrutinized and studied from different angles. Yet, no attempt of a comprehensive pragma- discoursal treatment or analysis of the pragmatic elements of news discourse has been spotted. Thus, this work concerns itself with the attempt of designing a rather comprehensive pragma-discoursal approach to investigate News Conflict. This incorporates investigating the most observable pragma-discoursal means employed by two ideologically contradicting news channels, namely, Al-Jazeera and Al-Ittijah Satellite Channels in viewing news and events; identifying the major pragma-discoursal devices exploited by Al-Jazeera and Al-Ittijah Satellite Channels for achieving their ideologically-contradicting aims. In light of these aims the study hypothesizes that Foregrounded Themes, Modality, Lexical Cohesion, Collocation and Pragma-rhetorical Tropes are the most readily observable Collocation and Foregrounding are the major processes manifested in presenting news and events that are used by both channels under investigation.

This research presents the analysis of the speech of Macron, the French president during his electoral campaign. We studied the speech using the methods of speech analysis and chose the speech that was said on the eve of the election. We have chosen the political domain as our research field. We also present a preface of the mood and political situations in France to allow readers to understand what is going on there.

Religious experience and mystical intuition are neither equal, nor synonym and on the other hand, they are not contradictory at all. With respect to structure and constitutions, they have common and different elements. Being intrinsic is one of the common elements of the experience and intuition and consequently, one of the common elements of them is heart. Process of reception by heart is such that someone must detract his attention from outside and get out of negligence and completely concentrate on god so that he can achieve the stage of perdition and presence. Hence, removal of negligence, attending god, stage of perdition and presence are common elements of experience and intuition. In this case, human heart accepts divine lights and person gets access to unseen affairs which were once covert to him. Taken this trend together, it can be concluded that divine lights and unseen secrets are essential constitutions of religious experience and mystical intuition. Differentiated elements of experience and intuition are based on the fact that they are necessity of suffering austerity and attempt. However, in attaining religious experience, such an issue is not necessary. But it is achieved without such preliminaries. Therefore, intuition is not attained rapidly. But it takes time and requires suffering austerities by the mystic. These are right people who took steps in the way of mysticism. But, mystical intuition is not a comprehensive issue but religious experience is comprehensive and includes those having no religion. For this reason, mystical intuition is superior over religious experience and has an outstanding position in public belief.

This paper offers an analysis of the poetic representations of lost homeland and exile in the poetry of the exiled poet, Agha Shahid Ali. It endeavors to bring into focus the question of home and exile and the idea of writing and living far away from home, which may approach the correlation between the state of exile and the poet's sense of pain and loss. The paper concentrates exclusively on the collection the Country Without a Post Office (1991) which narrates a special experience of exile. The paper applies theoretical perspectives on the exile and the emotional states associated with it such as loss, pain, nostalgia and longing for home. It examines the different approaches employed by the poet in depicting pain, suffering and agony for his homeland.