Journal of the planner and development

As long as the place in which a person lives has a meaning and temporal dimensions , memory is the main axis of these dimensions , today , city centers and old historical sectors of cities are abandoned , and began to turn into slums , the contradiction between old and historical sectors led cities to lose their identity while people lost their sense of belongingness to the old sectors where their ancestors used to live . The old city of Hilla used to have social , historical and cultural role on determining the identity . The study problem can be summarized as the ( lack of studies regarding the impact of historical memory related to Hilla old city on social and cultural mobility ) , the study hypothesis claims that the social , historical and cultural values of the old city of Hilla can have a role in the future development , The aim of the study was to demonstrate on the role of memory in social and cultural mobility and how it is reflected in human spatial urban pattern memories in forming an image of the future and to clarify the relationship between memory and city planning in order to understand the future plans response to human crises and to reach urban and cultural spaces related to memories . The study concluded that the historical memory regarding Hilla old city and historical sectors has and effect and clear role in social and cultural mobility and recommends that this roles can be invested in the process of Planning new sectors in the city.

The centers of cities and historical quarter are exposed to a severe threat to the values of the physical and legal urban environment as a result of the value deterioration and the emergence, emergence and spread of new values on the intellectual and urban context, which generates the loss of the urban environment for its spatio-temporal continuity, flexibility, adaptation and continuity, and thus urban obsolescence, Hence the problem of the research in “the lack of comprehensiveness of studies on the phenomenon of urban obsolescence and its impact on the decline in the values of the quality of the built environment in historical quarters”, and accordingly the goal of the research was determined in “building a theoretical framework for the phenomenon of urban obsolescence and exploring the impact of this phenomenon on the quality of the built environment of historical quarters”, The research assumes the multiplicity and varying levels of urban obsolescence in the historical quarters, which affects the quality of the assets of these quarters. The research aims to provide this knowledge by adopting the descriptive analytical approach for a number of urban studies to reach the identification of the main vocabulary related to the phenomenon of urban obsolescence and to extract the most important definitions and causes. This is reflected in the quality levels of urban assets in them.

The Marshlands cover an area of about 24% of the land area of Iraq, which gives it special importance to the country with its resources, resources and human capabilities, and because the conditions of this region are different from other areas environmentally and living necessitates subject to certain design principles achieve sustainable environmental integration to maintain them from For future generations, the idea of research is crystallized by the interest of environmental organizations and urban designers in planning and establishing special laws to exploit the region environmentally, economically and tourism, especially after the current focus of the country's economic revival. T tourism and begin the development of the reality of the population and the provision of adequate housing patterns and revive the craft business and move towards the environment and the protection of resources and the creation of a second area to receive the tourist to enjoy the beauty of the marshes picturesque.
This sequence of planning made us focus on the problem scientifically and through the follow-up studies in this regard summarized the problem: the lack of a comprehensive study sets out the principles of sustainable environmental design that contribute to the rehabilitation of the Marshlands, and based on previous studies and analysis of the region of all dimensions ( Environmental, social, economic and tourism), in addition to following the goal of developing sustainable environmental design principles that contribute to the rehabilitation of the marshes and upgrading the marshlands from the current situation and the past situation that the marshes were unable to use. Tourism and make this vital area containing the treasures of the environment (a tourist wealth and a unique lifestyle) a tourism area where all the requirements of the success of tourism and attract tourists, is the crystallization of the theoretical framework and identify the most important vocabulary that we reached to achieve the goal,
The study was conducted through the presentation of the literary literature of the Marshlands and the clarification of the drying strategies that affected the marshes, their soil and their objects, and the development of urban planning foundations for restoring life to the region. In more detail, Economic and investment power in these marshes and to clarify the most prominent problems experienced by the reality of the region to be addressed, while the third chapter explained the principles of sustainable urban planning and design has been developed controls and principles of planning and structural as well as studying the methodology of sustainable design right to reach a comprehensive set of general principles sustainable In the marshes as a whole. In order to achieve the most effective of these principles, the vocabulary was applied to the donkey's donkey based on the descriptive analysis of the studies and literature prepared to get out the results and write the final conclusions for this research .

Actually, most of the cities of third world countries, including Iraqi cities, have suffered from deteriorating residential neighborhoods, poor economic, social and urban living conditions of the population and deteriorating the infrastructural and superior services. These problems were the secretions of these cities' rapid urbanization. Based on the principles of sustainable urban planning and in order to achieve adequate opportunities for the lives of the population and provide them with sustainable livelihoods, policies have emerged to upgrade along the lines of community participation and programmes to reform and develop those neighbourhoods, raise their efficiency and make them livable. Thus, the problem of research was identified "The absence of a comprehensive cognitive perception of the most prominent factors influencing community participation and its role in upgrading degraded neighborhoods". Accordingly, the research objective was set to activate community participation mechanisms to identify the most important factors influencing community participation and their impact on the development of degraded residential areas.


While the main research hypothesis is (There are a range of factors influencing the activation of community participation to upgrade degraded residential areas). On one hand, the research included a theoretical aspect addressing the concept of community participation, the factors affecting it, the importance, objectives, benefits and patterns of community participation, and the concept, types and characteristics of degraded residential areas. On the other hand, the practical aspect included studying Imam district in Nasiriyah, where a questionnaire was conducted for a sample of residents in the neighborhood. The practical aspect included the study of Imam neighbourhood area of Nasiriyah, where a questionnaire was conducted for a sample of residents in the neighbourhood. The research, using the logistical regression model, found that stimulating the desire to participate through advisory and consultation has a moral and positive effect in activating community participation. In addition, empowering the community through their participation in workshops and training contributes to job creation, reducing unemployment and enabling participation in the upgrading of the residential area.

The research also found that there were other influential factors but that their impact was not moral such as sex, age, length of stay, property and trust in the local authority. The research concluded that upgrading degraded residential areas can be done by engaging individuals and increasing their desire to develop their neighborhoods. Also, by social development and social inclusion through workshops, consultation and training in order to enhance their skills and enhance their participation in achieving the goal of improving urban and living standards.

One of the most significant elements influencing weather, climate, and the environment is vegetation cover. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Normalized Difference Built-up Index (NDBI) over the years 2019–2022 were estimated based on four Landsat 8 TIRS’s images covering Duhok City. Using the radiative transfer model, the city's land surface temperature (LST) during the next four years was calculated. The aim of this study is to compute the temperature at the land's surface (LST) from the years 2019-2022 and understand the link, between LST, NDVI, and NDBI and the capability for mapping by LANDSAT-8 TIRS's. The findings revealed that the NDBI and the NDVI had the strongest correlation with the value R 2 = 82 in the year 2022. In comparison to the Normalized Difference vegetation index(NDVI), there was a relatively larger correlation between the NDBI and the surface temperature. However, the Normalized Difference Building up Index (NDBI) and temperature were determined to have the smallest correlation.

The study aimed to identify the role of public relations management in its dimensions (mental image, media, advertising, and the public) on green human resource management practices in Jordanian private hospitals in Amman, and this study relied on the quantitative approach (descriptive and analytical) to test hypotheses. Where the questionnaire was relied upon to collect data and their number was (1771) workers, and the study population consisted of workers in the hospitals that were studied on them and their number was 10 hospitals, where 316 questionnaires were distributed, 300 questionnaires were retrieved, and 16 questionnaires were not valid for analysis. That is, 91.7% of the sample, and the study relied on proportional stratified random sample.
The study found a number of results, the most prominent of which is the existence of a statistically significant impact of the Public Relations Department in its dimensions (mental image, media, advertising, and the public) on green human resource management practices, and the presence of an impact for each dimension of the Public Relations Department (mental image, media, Advertising, the public) on green human resource management practices in private Jordanian hospitals in Amman.
The study recommended the necessity of encouraging higher administrations to understand the role and importance of public relations, its objectives and programs, and granting public relations departments powers to play their role as a link between organizations and the audience dealing with it, and the study also recommended the necessity of applying these variables to sectors Other economic methods, relying on modern means and methods and moving away from traditional methods of conveying news, and the necessity for hospital administrations to adhere to their duties towards the Public Relations Department and to take into account the proposals submitted by them. Encourage workers to adopt green practices and spread green culture among workers through communications channels

Bringing about urban, economic, and social changes in rural areas similar to those occurring in urban areas aims to reduce urban-rural disparities by providing services in those areas, decentralizing the management of these services, expanding citizen participation in local governance (decentralized administration), and achieving comprehensive development, developing and empowering localities, and keeping pace with new transformations and their impacts on the functions of the center and localities. In fact, the lack of clarity of the role of local government in planning and managing services has hindered development plans, and declined the level of services in rural areas, and has negatively affected the comprehensive development process. However, local government contribute directly to the development of rural areas through participation in the preparation of local plans, and the management of various services in rural areas by their residents is more effective.
The research problem is summarized in the absence and lack of clarity of the role of local government in planning and managing services, which led to obstruction of development plans, and a decline in the level of services in rural areas and negatively affected the comprehensive development process.

The research hypothesized that local governments contribute directly to the development of rural areas through managing services in different rural areas, and that participation in preparing local plans will contribute to translating regional and national plans into realistic plans.

Within the theoretical framework of the research, the role of local governments (starting from the sub-district council to districts councils and provincial councils) was reviewed in identifying, evaluating needs and including them in development plans according to their priorities. The second part reviews the role of these local governments in managing and directing these services to achieve the desired public benefit and to develop rural areas.
As for the practical framework of the research, the Al-Gharraf sub-district of Al-Shatrah district was chosen as the focus of the practical study, which included studying the reality of community services and infrastructure services in rural villages and the urban center and the hierarchical relationship in the administrative and planning aspects between them in the sub-district, and in two directions:

1- Studying the status of the services provided in terms of spatial distribution, the type and quantity of services provided, and comparing them with the approved planning standards and citizens’ desires.
2- Studying the mechanism of the planning process for services and managing them at the local level, and the problems and obstacles facing this planning and administrative process in these areas.

Two questionnaires were prepared that relied on collecting data for the study area and surveying opinions for each segment (officials and citizens) and evaluating them about the availability and effectiveness of the process of planning and managing services in the study area based on a set of indicators

that determine the level of services in rural areas.And for the purpose of achieving the goal of the research: -

The research relied in proving its hypothesis on the descriptive-inductive approach in achieving its objectives, and finding appropriate solutions to enhance the process of planning and managing services in rural areas, by studying the role of local government, and the participation of citizens in the process of planning and managing services within the study area. And for the purpose of obtaining data and information about the study area, the researcher used the questionnaire form to collect information about the study area.

The most important results reached in this research are: - The need to advance the service reality of rural areas by distributing planning and administrative roles between the central government, local government, the private sector, and citizens in the process of planning and managing local services, and the distribution of joint powers and authorities between the Central and local governments on the basis of the local government taking over the management of local services, while the central government participates in the management of service projects of a national or local nature that requires achieving integration in management between the province and its region, or hierarchical services extending from the center to the region and districts, and the trend towards regionalization of some types of local services as a first step to address the phenomenon of spread and dispersal of services, and to achieve integration in providing them on the basis of organizing the levels of their provision (from the simple to the high level), with the adoption of the private sector as an alternative provider of all local services with redefining the concept of the relationship between the private sector, the provision of social services, and defining its role on the one hand, and building new types of relationships between local citizens and public service providers on the other hand, to ensure the reduced of the cost of providing the appropriate mix of required services

Population density represents an important indicator for determining the growth of the size of urban areas. Population density has a direct impact on the quality of life, and its excessive rise may lead to the deterioration of basic service facilities. The problem of the research is that the increase in the total population densities of the residential neighborhood may reflect negatively on the nature of the services provided to the residents in these shops, and thus the failure to achieve sustainability in the residential locality. The research assumes that the increase in population densities negatively affects the achievement of sustainability in the residential neighborhood.

And within the theoretical framework of the research, the concepts of population and housing densities and their levels, concepts related to housing, dwelling, and the residential environment, and the link between these concepts were reviewed, while addressing the concept of sustainability in the urban environment, and the concepts of the residential neighborhood, with mentioning of the social, urban-planning and environmental indicators to achieve sustainability in the residential neighborhoods. Where, a set of indicators (social, urban planning, and environmental) were reached that represent the requirements for the sustainability of the residential neighborhood.

As for the practical framework of the research, it was carried out within a field study of the Al-Bayaa neighborhood (817), to identify the social and urban characteristics of the area, and to identify the change in its population densities and the reasons behind the increase in its population by questioning the residents’ opinions about the requirements for the sustainability of the residential neighborhood, and then conducting a statistical and planning analysis of the results of the residents’ questionnaire using statistical methods to ensure that there are real or marginal differences for the researched periods (the time of construction, the present time, the present time of the old residents), and

the results of the statistical and planning analysis were summarized for all the requirements that were presented through the final evaluation of all the requirements that decreased its level compared to what it was at the time of construction, which has regressed from the situation it was in previously, and whose level has risen from the previous one.
To achieve the goal of the research, the researcher relied on proving his hypothesis on the descriptive analytical approach in achieving the goal of the research and reaching the final result, which depends on understanding the problem of the study, and finding appropriate solutions to it, by studying the changes in population densities of the neighborhood during two different periods within the study area (District 817 in Al-Bayaa), and to obtain data and information about the study area, the researcher used the questionnaire to collect information about the study area.

The most important results reached in this research are the low requirements for achieving the sustainability of the neighborhood (social, urban - planning, environmental) as a result of the effects of the increase in population density in the study area affecting negatively these requirements such as (community and neighborhood, population density, existence of open and green spaces), with a number of indicators that have declined significantly from what they were previously such as (social interaction, the formation of the social convergence opportunities, the efficiency of roads, recreational areas) and a number of indicators that were positively affected by this increase such as (the availability of gathering spaces within the urban formation for the residential neighborhood, and water availability).
Finally, the most important recommendations of the study were the need to support the indicators of the sustainability of the residential community by increasing social interaction in the residential community and enhancing the individuals' sense of security, safety, social solidarity, community unity and neighborhood by maintaining levels of homogeneity in the formation of urban spaces and providing privacy for housing units in the built environment and not allowing encroachment on Building controls, while strengthening the social relations between the residents of the residential locality and opportunities for social convergence through the optimal use of land uses and encouraging recreational activities, while preserving the residential environment of the residential locality by limiting modifications to housing units to reduce the opportunities for newcomers and limit the change in the pattern of residential land uses To commercial or direct its activities through legislation that limit it.