Baghdad Science Journal

The prevalence of type 2 diabetes has doubled in recent years due to a defect in insulin production, which can develop to form diabetes complications that affect the kidneys, nerves, and eyes. As a result, early diagnosis and classification of Type II diabetes are critical to aiding physician assessments. Accordingly, the current study aimed to determine Retinol binding protein 4 (RBP4) levels in patients with T2DM and pre-DM as early predictors for disease cases. The current study included 138 subjects, divided into three groups, on the basis of FBG and HbA1c criteria, including (DM, 46 patients, pre-DM, 46 participants, and healthy subject,46 persons), when they enrolled in the National Diabetes Center- Al-Mustansiriya University. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) were used to detect the levels of Retinol Binding Protein 4 and Insulin, and spectrophotometric techniques were used to determine the levels of FBG and lipid profile. Retinol binding protein 4 results revealed significant differences (P≤0.0001) among the studied groups. Also, the insulin results showed significant differences (P≤0.0001) between the diabetic and control groups. The results of HOMA-IR showed significant differences (P≤0.0001). It also showed a lipid profile significant effect (P≤0.0022), (P≤0.0001), (P≤ 0.050) between the studied groups, except HDL that showed no significant difference(P≤.0.148). In conclusion, retinol-binding protein 4 can serve as an early indicator of T2DM, and this conclusion can be reinforced by the results of the ROC analysis, which indicated that Retinol binding protein 4 is an excellent indicator for diagnosis of the studied condition

Risk factors for cardiovascular disease include obesity and Type 2 diabetes mellitus. The aim of this study is to evaluate Apelin-36 levels in Type2 diabetic(obese and non-obese) Iraqi patients ,finding out whether Apelin-36 is a future indicator of cardiovascular disease, and is an indicator of obesity or diabetes, or an indicator of both diseases ,when compared to obese control subjects without diabetes This study included 120 subjects:30 obese Diabetic type2 patients, 30 non-obese Diabetic Type2,60 as obese control group, adults between the ages from 30 to 65 years .The participants' FBS, lipid profile (Cho ,Tri, HDL, LDL,and VLDL),HbA1C, Apelin-36 level, BMI , and waist-to-hip ratio were evaluated. Apelin-36 levels were significantly higher in obese Type 2 patients (27.68±0.67) than in non-obese patients (18.08±0.96) and obese control without diabetes individuals (10.23±0.29) (P<0.05). In comparison to obese type2 diabetic patients, obese control group ,non-obese type2 patients the BMI increased (p<0.05) (35.191±0.88, 32.05±0.35, 26.53±0.47). The mean values of Cho, tri, HDL, and VIDI do not differ significantly from those of the control groups. There is a significant difference in LDL levels between the obese patients and controls in the study's participants (p<0.05).(Area Under the Curve) in the study = 0.980, indicating a perfect ROC test for correctly identifying individuals .Higher levels of Apelin-36 play an important role, which increases directly with obesity, resulting in an increase in the secretion of adipokines (Apelin-36) in the blood. Increasing BMI, lipid levels, and duration of the disease also contribute to the development of diabetes complications.

A series of Mefenamic acid derivatives were designed and synthesized and the products were characterized spectroscopically using FT-IR, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR techniques. Series A included the transformation of six drugs (Mefenamic acid, Ampiciline, Noproxen, Benzilic acid, Diclofenac acid, and cephics) which are known to have highly medicinal effectiveness to acid chloride then react with thiosemicarbazide to synthesize series B. In the third stage, oxadiazole was prepared using POCl3 as a ring-closing agent to compounds (B1-B6). The final step in the strategy was building new Mefenamic acid derivatives consisting of condensation of the Mefenamic acid chloride with the compounds (C1-C6) to give new compounds (D1-D6).

Solanum melongena, the plant used as a food and medical remedy known as eggplant, has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-cancer properties. It is one of the vegetables that is most widely cultivated worldwide and has a wide range of vegetable sizes, colors, and shapes. This study looked at thirteen chemical compounds in the plant using gas chromatography and mass spectrometric detection (GC-MS). The gathered information verified that the object included thirteen chemical components, likes 2 — pentanone-4-hydroxy 4- methyl% 2.30, 1,3-dioxolane-4-methanol %0.17, formic acid %0.86, methenamine-methoxy %4.528,1,2,3-propanetriol (glycerin) %40.86, tetradecane%0.16, hexadecane%0.27, octadecane %0.16, myristic acid %3.14, nonadecane%0.44,9,12-octadecadienoic acid linolenic acid %0.43, oleic acid%2.36, and octacosane %0.62. These substances have been found to have strong anti-free radical properties, with eggplant powder's antioxidant activity standing out. These compounds are chemically characterized as antioxidants. Using the effective concentration EC50 method, the EC50 of eggplant powder (Solanum melongena) was 209 µg/mL. The extracts' DPPH-free radical scavenging activity was assessed, and it increased with concentration, going from 4.8828 (µg/mL) to 1250 (µg/mL). The radical scavenging activity of eggplant powder (Solanum melongena) increased from 0.87 to 76.04 indicating a high correlation between concentration and radical scavenging activity. The composition of the mineral elements in the powdered eggplant was ascertained using an (ICP/OES Perkin Elmer 2100), (Inductivity Coupled Plasma Emission Spectrometer). Al, Cu, Mn, Fe, Ba, Cr, Co, and Ni were found to be the principal minerals with high concentrations. However, the concentrations of (Cd 0.8974 µg/L and Pb not detectable) were incredibly low.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a disease that begins exclusively in the colon or rectum and is caused by an abnormal proliferation of glandular epithelial cells in the colon. Carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), calcium (Ca), and zinc (Zn) are recognized to play a significant role in colorectal tumor pathogenesis. The aim of this study is to detect serum concentrations of carbohydrate antigen 19-9, carcinoembryonic antigen, calcium, and zinc in CRC. The current study investigated the vital roles of carbohydrate antigen 19-9, carcinoembryonic antigen, calcium, and zinc in cancer development by comparing serum levels of colorectal cancer patients with those of the healthy control group at Erbil's Nanakaly Hospital. The concentrations of serum carbohydrate antigen 19-9, carcinoembryonic antigen, calcium, and zinc in 50 colorectal cancer patients and 50 from the healthy control group have been examined. A significant positive correlation was found between CA19-9 and CEA (p<0.0165, r = 0.3723). Also, a non-significant negative correlation between CA19-9 and calcium (P=0.77, r= - 0.0471) and zinc (P=0.6334, r= - 0.07676) was found. This study demonstrates a direct relationship between CRC and serum levels of (CA19-9, CEA, Ca, and Zn). The result showed significantly high values of serum CA19-9 (p<0.0001), CEA (p<0.0001) and significant decreases in Ca (p=0.0046) and Zn (p=0.0011) in patients with CRC when compared with healthy group. Our findings demonstrate that increased levels of CA19-9 and CEA, and decreased levels of Ca and Zn can be associated with the pathogenesis and progression of CRC.

Coleus amboinicus Lour. is a herbal plant with immunoregulatory effects due to the polyphenols it contains. This research aims to determine the effects of Coleus amboinicus Lour. leaf extract on the biochemical markers and the liver histopathological scores of septic rat model. We used 28 Rattus norvegicus rats for the study and divided them into 4 groups consisting of 7 rats each: control (healthy rats without treatment), group 1 (septic rats treated with antibiotics), group 2 (septic rats treated with antibiotics and 250 mg/kg body weight of Coleus amboinicus Lour. leaf extract), and group 3 (septic rats treated with antibiotics and 500 mg/kg body weight of Coleus amboinicus Lour. leaf extract). We measured the serum glucose, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), urea, and creatinine levels, as well as the liver histopathological scores, to assess the improvement. Results showed a decrease in the serum glucose, AST, ALT, urea, and creatinine levels of the rat groups given Coleus amboinicus Lour. leaf extract compared to the rat group given only antibiotics, though the decrease was not significant (p = 0.393; p = 0.064; p = 0.961; p = 0.288; p = 0.119, respectively). However, there was a significant decrease in the liver histopathological scores of the rat groups given Coleus amboinicus Lour. leaf extract compared to the rat group given only antibiotics (p = 0.003). To conclude, Coleus amboinicus Lour. leaf extract administration has no significant effect on the biochemical markers but improves the liver histopathological scores in septic rat model.

Cerebral palsy is the most common cause of disability in children worldwide, estimated prevalence of 1.5–4 per 1000 children; the higher prevalence in low-resource populations (up to 10 per 1000 children). Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is potent modulator of many neuronal functions that protect the newborn or developing brain from ischemic injury. The expression of GluN3A, which plays a neuroprotective role, is rapidly induced during cerebral ischemia and hypoxia. This study assessed the effect of piracetam administration on BDNF and GluN3A levels in the brain tissue to determine its potential to prevent cerebral palsy. In this experimental study with a post-test-only control group design, a rat model of cerebral palsy was established by injecting pregnant rats with LPS on gestation days 15, 17, and 19; piracetam was administered orally on day 10.5. BDNF and GluN3A protein levels and mRNA expression in the foetal brain tissue of 36 subjects were evaluated with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). BDNF and GluN3A protein levels in the foetal brain differed significantly between the control and treatment groups (p < 0.05). A decrease in the mRNA and protein levels of BDNF and GluN3A was observed in all treatment groups, but the statistical analysis of RT-PCR did not reveal significant differences between the control and treatment groups (p > 0.05). These results indicate that piracetam can prevent cerebral palsy in a foetal rat model established via prenatal LPS injection, as assessed by the protein expression of BDNF and GluN3A mRNA.

In this paper, a study of monocalcium phosphate production based on extractable phosphoric acid obtained from Central Kyzyl-Kum phosphorites was conducted. Effects of various parameters (density, temperature, and viscosity of starting materials) on the process of defluoridation and desulfation of extraction phosphoric acid and production of monocalcium phosphate based on calcium carbonate were studied. The experiments were mainly conducted on two samples, and the composition of the substances before and after the process was studied. According to the results, the contents of other components also increase proportionally (sample 1). Thus, the content of calcium oxide increases from 1.58% to 5.54% with a content of 60% P2O5, magnesium from 0.49% to 1.15%, iron oxide from 0.25% to 0.85%, aluminum oxide from 0.38% to 1.24%, sulfate ions from 0.23% to 0.76%, the content of calcium oxide increases from 2.09% to 7.40% with a content of 60% P2O5, magnesium from 0.80% to 2.83%, iron oxide from 0.25% to 0.90%, aluminum oxide from 0.38% to 1.34%, sulfate ions from 0.23% to 0.82%. The fluorine content decreases from 0.32% to 0.17% depending on the EPA concentration (sample 2). Some factors, such as the rate and concentration of phosphoric acid and high-speed separation of phosphoric acid, were also studied in the process of obtaining monocalcium phosphate and its chemical composition and properties. The results obtained based on both samples were studied and analyzed using X-ray, IR spectrum, scanning electron microscopic, and elemental analysis.

Targeting the hepcidin-ferroportin axis is the key mechanism involved in metabolic health. This study aims to investigate the intertwined relationship between vitamin D status and iron homeostasis in metabolic syndrome induced by a high-fat high-fructose (HFHF) diet in rats. The experimental groups were as follows: G1; negative control, G2; positive control, G3 and G4 (balanced diet and supplemented with Vit.D3 (12 and 24 µg/Kg b.wt respectively twice/week). G5 and G6 (HFHF diet and supplemented with Vit.D3 (12 and 24 µg/Kg b.wt respectively twice/week). Various biochemical, molecular, and histological parameters were evaluated in serum and liver tissue homogenate. The results showed that Vit.D3 administration significantly modulated the disrupted iron homeostasis induced by the HFHF diet through downregulation of hepatic hepcidin and upregulation of ferroportin-1 protein expression which leads to significant improvement in serum iron profile. Vit.D3 administration also, enhanced antioxidant status by reducing elevated serum levels of malondialdehyde and increasing hemeoxygenase-1 activity. In addition to, upregulating nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 gene expression. Also, it attenuated elevated serum inflammatory biomarkers and resistin level while, significantly elevated serum adiponectin level. Furthermore, vitamin D receptor expression was upregulated in liver tissue and serum Vit. D3 was significantly increased which ameliorated insulin resistance and disrupted lipid profile. Microscopic findings show hepatic damage, fatty infiltration while Vit.D3 administration preserved the liver tissue.

The present study aimed to investigate the possible production of Thioflavin T and the effect of NaCl concentrations and growth phases on the growth rate, doubling time and proline of C. saipanensis N. Hanagata (Scenedesmaceae, Shaerophleales). The alga was cultured in BG 11 medium and six NaCl concentrations were used in the experiments during different growth phases. The results have unveiled the presence of Triflavin T in the alga. The study results showed a growth rate decrease at all NaCl concentrations except in control treatment, while the doubling time, was recorded highest value (14 days) at the NaCl concentration of 0.08 M. The highest value of Proline (0.509 mg. Lˉ¹) was recorded at the treatment of 0.08 M of NaCl and recorded 0.3 mg. L-1 in the second phase of alga growth, and increased up to 0.695 mg. L-1in the interaction between NaCl concentrations and growth phases (0.08 M of NaCl and the second phase). The highest value of Thioflavin T (25.386 mg. Lˉ¹) was recorded at 0.005 M of NaCl and 21.937 mg. L-1 at the second phase of growth. While its concentration reaches 27. 335mg.L- in combined experiments (0.005 M of NaCl and the second phase of growth). Therefore, the results of this study unveiled the presence of Thioflavin T pigment in C. saipanensis. The NaCl concentrations and growth phases have an impact on the pigment and proline concentrations. This finding highlights the possible use of the alga to produce the Thioflavin T pigment for different purposes.

The study showed the retina of the diurnal invasive raptor Elanus caeruleus is avascular and supplied nutrition and oxygen by the choroid and pecten oculi. The retina includes two layers: the outer layer is called the pigmented epithelium, and the inner layer is the neural layer. The neural layer consists of nine layers: visual cells layer, outer limiting membrane, external nuclear layer, external plexiform layer, internal nuclear layer, internal plexiform layer, ganglion cell layer, nerve fiber layer and inner limiting membrane. The visual cell layer consists of double cones, single cones and rods, and the cones are more than the rods. The external nuclear layer appears to have compact visual cells. The inner nuclear layer is characterized by its diverse and highly compact cells, which consist of bipolar cells, horizontal cells, amacrine cells, and Muller cells. The internal plexiform layer is thicker than the external plexiform layer. The retina contains the deep and shallow fovea. The deep fovea is distinguished by convex walls around the deep and wide pit. The pit of the deep fovea has only thin cones, reduced numbers of cells in the inner nuclear layer, and a lack of ganglion cells. The shallow fovea contains all the retinal layers present at the pit. However, the rows of the inner retinal layer are fewer in number than in the area adjacent to the parafovea.

The current study's goal was to find out how the expression of the efflux pump genes (MexAB-OprM) in MDR P. aeruginosa isolates was influenced by chemically manufactured Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles using sol-gel method as compared to biosynthesized Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles using Vitex agnus-castus leaves extract. PCR analysis was used to confirmthe the presence of 16S rRNA gene in all 16 P. aeruginosa isolates The findings indicated that P. aeruginosa tested positive for 16S rRNA (100%), and 7 (43.75%) of the isolates were MDR. All MDR isolates carried MexA, MexB and OprM genes.The Vitex extract's GC-MS analysis exposed the existence of active chemicals. The size of the synthesized Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles ranged from 22 to 74 nm. The Minimum inhibitory concentration values for chemically synthesized NPs, biosynthesized NPs, and Vitex extract against concentrations were 1024, 256, and 512 μg/mL, respectively, when tested against MDR isolates. Biosynthesized Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles have a greater inhibitory effect on efflux pump genes than chemically synthesized Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles and Vitex extract in the expression of MexA, MexB, and OprM genes in samples treated with sub MIC of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles and plant extract compared to non-treated samples. One way that nanoparticles work against bacteria is by suppressing the expression of the efflux pump genes, which lowers the number of active efflux pumps on the cell surface. As a result, Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles are regarded by the pharmaceutical sector as a potential medicinal option.

Family Cyprinidae is the largest fish family in the Iraqi inland waters. The cyprinid fish species were described by traditional biometry. Family Cyprinidae fish species in Iraq are important because of ecological and economic aspects. While the morphological similarity among the cyprinid species made the identification not easy. DNA barcoding was chosen to confirm the taxonomy and ensure genetic diversity. Seven cyprinid fish species, Luciobarbus barbulus, L. xanthopterus, L. kersin, L. esocinus, Arabibarbus grypus, Cyprinus carpio, and Acanthobrama marmaid were collected from the Shatt Al-Arab River, the Marshes, and the Mosul Dam reservoir. The mitochondrial Cytochrome C Oxidase gene of the specimens was amplified and sequenced. Universal primers were chosen for this purpose. Chromas software was used for processing the sequences. The result showed that the sequence ranged from 600-657 bp. While the neighbor-joining tree created by Clustal Omega software revealed the four Luciobarbus species clustering into two central branches, while the other three diverged. Nucleotide distribution statistically for the studied fish species was compared. The results of DNA barcoding using COI gene sequence proved the four independent Luciobarbus fish species. The COI gene sequence was successful as a DNA barcode which is accurate in species identification. The sequences were deposited in the gene bank under OM669701, OM669699, OM669702, OM669705, OM669700, OM669703 and OM669704. This study represents the starting line for the DNA barcoding project to detect all fish fauna sequences in the Iraqi inland waters. In addition, it will be very useful in the conservation program of native species in Iraqi inland waters.

As the network size increases, there is an increased probability that some components will fail. It is therefore necessary for the network to be able to maintain the interconnection even in the presence of faulty components. The likelihood of a failure in the connections between stations is higher than that of a failure in the stations themselves because of the nature of many networks. Numerous graph-theoretic methods can be used to examine the reliability and efficacy of a network, and the network's dependability is determined by its connectivity. For a parallel and distributed system, the maximum connection time between any two nodes in the network can be determined using the diameter of the graph. Diameter is often used to measure the efficiency of a network with the maximum delay or signal degradation. The diameter of a graph can be altered by adding or removing edges. In this paper, it has been considered how the diameter will increase after deleting the number of edges from the complete graph and calculating the maximum diameter. The maximum diameter f_n (t^',d^') of a connected graph with n vertices is obtained after removing t^' edges from a connected graph G. The maximum diameter f(t^',d^') of a connected graph is derived from f_n (t^',d^').

Lewin discussed the class Σ of bi-univalent functions and obtained the bound for the second coefficient, Sakar and Wanas defined two new subclasses of bi-univalent functions and obtained upper bounds for the elementary coefficients |a2| and |a3| for functions in these subclasses, Dziok et al. introduced the class 〖SLM 〗_α of α-convex shell-like functions, and they indicated a useful connection between the function p ̃(z) and Fibonacci numbers. Recently, many bi-univalent function classes, based on well-known operators like Sãlãgean operator, Tremblay operator, Komatu integral operator, Convolution operator, Al-Oboudi Differential operator and other, have been defined. The aims of this paper is to introduce two new subclasses of bi-univalent functions using the subordination and the Komatu integral operator which are involved the exponential functions and shell-like curves with Fibonacci numbers, also find an estimate of the initial coefficients for these subclasses. The first subclass was defined using the subordination of the shell-like curve functions related to Fibonacci numbers and the second subclass was defined using the subordination of the exponential function. The Komatu integral operator was used in each of these subclasses. Limits were obtained for the elementary coefficients, specifically the second and third coefficients for these subclasses.

Chemical graph theory plays an important role in modelling molecules, especially examining physico-chemical properties of the chemical compounds. Alkanes are one of the chemical compounds which are made up of hydrogen and carbon atoms, generally known as hydrocarbons. These alkanes having empirical formula〖 C〗_n H_(2(n+1)). Structural/constitutional isomers are the collection of chemical compounds having same empirical formula but different structural arrangements, this lead to the diversity in the physico-chemical properties. Graph descriptors are the essential tools in the graph theory to study about these physico-chemical properties. Some of these graph descriptors are graph spectrum, graph energy and graph entropy which contribute significantly to understand molecular properties. Spectral parameters, like spectral radius, second largest eigenvalue, spectral gap and graph energy aid in estimating energy levels and stability of the molecule, while graph entropy, such as eigenvalue-based modulus entropy derived from the adjacency matrix, measure heterogeneity. This paper explores a specific type of alkanes and their isomers, examining their spectral parameters and graph entropy. Through comparative graph plots, the nature of these parameters are observed, which sheds light on the molecular behaviours. This study shows the importance of graph theory in quantum chemistry, particularly the spectral characteristics and structural intricacies of alkanes and their isomers, contributing to a comprehensive understanding of molecular properties and behaviour at the quantum level.

This study was conducted in the Najaf Governorate- Iraq, to analyze biological samples from smokers and non-smokers. The samples, including blood serum, urine, hair, and nails, were used as biomarkers to determine uranium concentrations (UC) and isotopes (238U, 235U, and 234U). Using a natural exposure method, the nuclear track detector (CR-39, UK) was utilized to measure these Uc in the samples. Seventy-five samples of blood serum, urine, hair, and nails were collected for smokers of healthy people and fifty samples for non-smokers of healthy people in five age groups. This study was based on age and smoking to compare the results and determine their effects on the Uc. The results show that the average values of Uc in blood serum, urine, hair, and nails for smokers were 0.180±0.042 ppb, 0.759±0.024 ppb, 0.912±0.085 ppm, and 0.934±0.091 ppm, respectively. While, the average values of Uc in blood serum, urine, hair, and nails for non-smokers were 0.110±0.014 ppb, 0.157±0.023 ppb, 0.736±0.032 ppm, and 0.756±0.024 ppm, respectively. The results and comparisons indicate that all Uc depend on the variables on which this study was based (age and smoking). By comparing the Uc for all biological samples for smokers and non-smokers, the value of P-value was highly significant statistically which was <0.001. According to the results of the study samples, the mean values of UC, 238U, 235U, and 234U for biological samples in smokers were higher than in non-smokers. Thus, it may be said that cigarette smoking is used as a biomarker of the presence of Uc.

The objective of this research is to concentrate on the gray-tone spatial-dependence matrices to extract the texture features of the wounded skin treated with an alum solution activated with plasma. This method depends on the manual selection of the region of interest, which results in the dependence of parameter values on the extracted region. Potassium alum is used to clean and treat wounds, as well as to prevent bacteria from spreading, where the aqueous solution has aluminum hydroxide which forms a white precipitate on the wounds that works to coagulate the blood and stop bleeding, its efficiency increases when activated by plasma. A group of mice were used; their ages ranged from 2–3 months and their weight ranged from 200–250 g. Wounds were created in mice, and the experiment included using alum in the form of powder, an aqueous solution, and an aqueous solution activated with plasma for a duration of 5 minutes. The textural analysis investigated the effect of alum powder and alum solution on wounds and skin. According to the results of the textural analysis, the histopathology image and gray-tone spatial-dependence matrices, the skin regained its external appearance (near normal), and the wounds healed quickly as a result of employing the plasma-activated aqueous solution. The results were investigated from the histopathology images.

The objective of this study is to analyze the spectral properties of plasma produced from cadmium (Cd) by utilizing the Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) method. The plasma generation process employed the primary (1064 nm) fundamental harmonic laser (FHL) and the secondary (532 nm) second harmonic laser (SHL) of a Q-switched neodymium-doped laser. Yttrium aluminum Garnet (YAG) is used as a crystalline substance. The laser pulses have a duration of 10 ns, and a repetition rate of 8 Hz and the energy outputs were 250 (mJ) and 500 (mJ) at wavelengths of 1064 (nm) and 532 (nm), respectively. The achievement of precise beam focus was accomplished by focusing the laser onto the target material, which consisted of 100% cadmium. The electron temperature was measured using the Boltzmann plot approach by harnessing empirical data on linear properties associated with neutral lines (Cd II), (O II), (N II), and ion lines (Cd I), (O I) for (1064, 532) nm. The use of an analytical methodology resulted in the determination of electron temperature values of 8584 K to 15068.4 K for the fundamental and second harmonics of the laser, respectively. Simultaneously, the electron density (ne) was determined by analyzing the Stark broadening profile linked to the neutral cadmium line. The plasma characteristics (electron temperature and electron density) are determined by the modulation of laser energy at the surface of the target, longitudinally along the trajectory of the plasma plume.

Through optical emission spectroscopy, zinc (Zn) plasma produced on the basis of a laser can be investigated in the proposed study. Zinc plasma spectral emissions were studied as a function of laser energy (200, 300, 400, and 500) mJ. Record plasma emission with a 100 ns integration time. The spectral lines of zinc were determined, and the electron temperature (T_e) and electron density (n_e) were studied using Boltzmann diagrams. It is noted from the results that as the laser energies increase, the values of T_e and n_e rise as well, as the values range from (1.075-1.467) eV for electron temperature, while the electron density values range (2.939×〖10〗^18-3.535 ×〖10〗^18 ) 〖cm〗^(-3). Also, in this paper, other parameters investigated included Debye length (_D), FWHM, and plasma frequency (fp).

This study used machine learning algorithms to identify actors and extract the age of actors from images taken randomly from movies. The use of images taken from Arab movies includes challenges such as non-uniform lighting, different and multiple poses for the actors and multiple elements with the actor or a group of actors. Additionally, the use of make-up, wigs, beards, and wearing different accessories and costumes made it difficult for the system to identify the personality of the same actor. The Arab Actors Dataset-AAD comprises 574 images sourced from various movies, encompassing both black and white as well as color compositions. The images depict complete scenes or fragments thereof. Multiple models were employed for feature extraction, and diverse machine learning algorithms were utilized during the classification and prediction stages to determine the most effective algorithm for handling such image types. The study demonstrated the effectiveness of the Logistic Regression model exhibited the best performance compared to other models in the training phase, as evidenced by its AUC, precision, CA and F1score values of 99%, 86%, 85.5% and 84.2% respectively. The findings of this study can be used to improve the precision and reliability of facial recognition technology for various uses as with movies search services, movie suggestion algorithms, and genre classification of movies.

Aircraft landing scheduling (ALS) is the process of organizing the arrival and departure of aircraft at an airport. This process is managed by air traffic controllers who use various tools and techniques to ensure that aircraft land and take off safely and efficiently. The goal of aircraft landing scheduling is to minimize delays and maximize the number of aircraft that can be accommodated at the airport. This is done by carefully coordinating the arrival and departure times of aircraft and the number of aircraft that can be safely accommodated. Flamingo Search is an optimization algorithm stimulated by the flamingos’ behavior. A population-based metaheuristic algorithm uses a flock of flamingos to search for the optimal solution to a given problem. The algorithm works by having each flamingo in the flock search for a local optimum solution. The flamingos then communicate with each other and share their solutions. Experiments have demonstrated that our solution is significantly faster and more appropriate for real-time ALS problems compared to conventional optimization techniques, the results showed the superiority of the proposed algorithm over the rest of the algorithms by more than 90%. The suggested method can quickly identify appropriate solutions for all 8 data sets.

This paper represents an efficient model for heart disease prediction model utilizing an ensemble mechanism optimized through BAT algorithm. Worldwide mortality rates are widely acknowledged to be significantly influenced by the prevalence of cardiovascular disease, particularly in economically disadvantaged regions. The need to mitigate the potentially severe repercussions associated with this particular health concern highlights the requirement for accurate and timely outcome prediction. Proposed methodology incorporates Mutual Information for feature selection, Inter Quartile Range for outlier removal. The StandardScaler method is used to achieve feature-wise standardisation in order to mitigate any bias resulting from varying scale disparities. Gradient boosting is an ensemble technique used in model construction that is well-known for its capacity to handle missing data and produce precise predictions. The BAT algorithm is implemented, which further improves speed by utilising optimisation inspired by nature. The application of the BAT method in this particular model has yielded a notable improvement in performance, resulting in an accuracy rate of 84.94%. The precision, specificity, and sensitivity scores of the model were 76.47%, 81.88%, and 89.65%, respectively. These metrics collectively suggest a balanced performance.

As the digital age progresses, multimedia technologies have become commonplace, with users expecting high-quality audio, video, and image content across various platforms and devices. As a result, the quantity of data produced by these multimedia programs has grown substantially. Also, the explosive growth in the use of multimedia has led to a rise in the quantity of images that are used and created, which creates challenges, in relation to the requirement for increased storage capacity and enhanced data transport speed. To address these challenges, image compression has emerged as a critical solution by decreasing the volume of the image without significantly degrading their quality. As technology advances further, the need for more image compression techniques will become more important. This paper presents a hybrid lossy image compression system by using four compression techniques which are Bit plane slicing, Discrete wavelet transform (DWT), Discrete cosine transform (DCT), and Arithmetic coding. To implement this proposed method three experiments were performed by using images of varying dimensions, namely (256 * 256), (512 * 512), and (1024 * 1024) and four different quantization coefficients. For efficiency performance measurement of the proposed system, three metrics were used: Peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), Structural similarity index (SSIM), and compression ratio (CR). The results showed that the proposed hybrid system was successful in raising the compression ratio in comparison with standard JPEG as the CR when using jpeg reached 35%, while the suggested system provided a higher CR of 62% with keeping a satisfactory level of image quality.

Searching over encrypted data is critical for secure cloud services. However, encryption reduces search efficiency due to inability to directly compute on ciphertexts. This leads to an inherent tradeoff between privacy and usability that has motivated extensive research on enabling effective encrypted search. Recent work has explored using machine learning models like autoencoders to optimize similarity search under encryption. Autoencoders compress data into low-dimensional vectors capturing semantic information. Documents and queries can be encoded for efficient similarity computation without decryption. However, existing analysis remains limited in scope and scale. The research address these gaps through large-scale experiments and novel optimizations. Our work provides a rigorous evaluation of autoencoder-based query approximation for encrypted cloud search using real-world datasets. The research implement a general framework agnostic to model type, data modality, and encryption scheme. Comprehensive experiments are conducted on public datasets using cloud infrastructure to quantify accuracy, efficiency, and scalability. The research present an extensive study on optimizing encrypted search through query approximation with autoencoders. Our research contributes a systematic analysis of how different architectural and training choices impact performance. Additional novel techniques proposed include quantization to reduce computation and homomorphic encryption to prevent information leakage. Our work is comprehensively benchmarked against alternative methods to quantify gains. The open-source implementation enables further research into optimized neural encrypted search.