Journal of University of Babylon

Background: Staphylococcus aureus is a nosocomial bacterium that causes different kind of diseases, including urinary tract infections., skin infection, meningitis, wound infection, pneumonia and septicemia. The development of vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, encoded by the VanA gene, is caused by the spread of Staphylococcus aureus among patients.. The aim of present study is to get the rates of Staphylococcus aureus infections and to detect vancomycin resistant gene in Staphylococcus aureus isolated from different clinical samples.
Material and Methods: A total of 175 isolates of S. aureus were collected from different clinical samples including patients attending public hospitals during a period from April 2020 to December 2020. Identification was done depending on biochemical test, Vitek compact system. Vancomycin susceptibility test was done for each sample.
Results: The rate of Staphylococcus aureus infections in different specimens were as following: nasal swabs (28%), wound swab (22.8%), urine (26.9%), biopsy (6.3%), sputum (9.1%) and HVS (6.85%). The rate of vancomycin resistance was (10.3%) by vitek 2 system. All Staphylococcus aureus isolates were subjected for vancomycin resistance gene by means of increasing of VanA gene by polymerase chain reaction technique (PCR), the vancomycin resistant gene size is (732 bp), in which (13.7%) of isolates represented vancomycin resistant gene positive.
Conclusion: Detection of Vancomycin resistant gene by PCR shows higher sensitivity and specificity than other methods.

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In this research, the two methods of cluster analysis (non-hierarchical/ K-Means method and hierarchical/ Ward Linkage method) were used to classify the quality of accreditation of educational laboratories in the faculties of the University of Babylon, which numbered (17) laboratories, and it was concluded that the variable (x4: training course programs for laboratory workers) has the largest differences (F=12.232) It is followed by the variable (x5: maintenance programs for devices and equipment) with statistically significant differences (F=4.125), while the least variable has a significant difference (x7: Certificates of appreciation and letters of thanks to the laboratory workers) with significant differences (F=.020), in addition to the presence of six laboratories (4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 16) joined the first cluster in both methods.

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Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is an eye disorder that may blur the clear, central vision you use for things like reading and driving. It is one of several disorders that influence the retina. The word "age-related" applies to the reality that it is more prevalent among older persons. The term "macular" refers to a region of your eye named the macula. The term "degeneration" refers to the kind of eye injury that occurs. A disease that affects older people is age-related macular degeneration (AMD). In AMD, the macula produces a gradual accumulation of yellow deposits named drusen. Diagnosis with fluorescein angiography allows identifying and locating abnormal vascular processes. Most ophthalmologists now use consistent optical tomography to diagnose and evaluate follow-up in response to treatment with Avastin or Lucentis, which are injected into the eye's vitreous at different intervals. Early detection and care, as in other eye disorders, were found to reduce the risk of blindness and vision loss. Automated retinal examination devices save patients, time, resources, and vision as opposed to manual diagnosis procedures. The purpose of this study is to suggest an automated method using the Machine Learning (CNN) method to identify patients with macular degeneration AMD using images of the ODIR dataset. A convolutional neural network (CNN) was applied to extract the deep features from the fundus images present in the data set for the classification of the images to AMD different stages (Early, Intermediate, and Late), beside the Normal status of the eye. Specificity, Sensitivity, Accuracy, F-score, and Precision metrics were used to estimate classification efficiency the highest accuracy we will get is accuracy: 97%, sensitivity: 98.52%, specificity: 89.29%, area under the curve: 93.9%.
Conclusion:
CNN provided this study for AMD Diagnostics and Normal On images in the ODIR dataset
•CNN Network was trained on this image set to minimize the overfitting.
• The highest accuracy we will get is accuracy: 97%, sensitivity: 98.52%, specificity: 89.29%, area under the curve: 93.9% was obtained for the group of ODIR images on which the network was trained. Learning curves for accuracy training and test when the method was implemented on ODIR images.

This study aimed to investigate the phytochemical components of Cressa cretica L.(flowers) using Gas chromatography- Mass spectrum (GC-MS) and Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer (FTIR) techniques. The secondary metabolites analysis of C.cretica extracts revealed the presence of phenols, alkaloids, terpenes, flavonoids and glycosides. The results of GC-MS reported thirty chemical compounds in flower’s extract. The results of the FTIR confirmed the presence of large numbers of functional groups in flowers of the plant and these functional groups which varied according to the solvent type. More of these functional groups were alcohols, phenols, alkanes, alkyl halides, aldehydes, carboxylic acids, aromatics, nitro compounds and amines.

In this study, the CR-39 solid nuclear track detector was used in order to know the effect of the irradiation time of Am-241 and P0-210 sources of alpha particles on the parameters of the CR-39 detector, with different times (1, 2, 3, 4, 5) h. The track density of alpha particles, average diameter, bulk etching rate, track etching rate, detector sensitivity, and etching efficiency were calculated. The highest values were obtained at a time (5) h, so the value of the track density at radioactive source was polonium (739) track/mm², while it decreased at the radioactive source americium (451) track/mm², while the diameter average had the highest value at Am-241 is (2.544) µm, while its value decreased at Po-210 to reach (1.855) µm. The etching rate was (0.212) µm/h at Am-241 and (0.154) µm/h at Po-210, and the impact rate was (1.597) µm/h at Am-241 and (0.524) µm/h at Po-210. While the sensitivity of the commercial etching was at Am-241 (7.477) and at Po-210 (3.40), and finally the etching efficiency was (0.876) at Am-241 and (0.706) at Po-210.

Linear discriminant analysis is necessary to investigate the environment of deposition of sediment or transport. 14 samples [from locations A1, A2, OL1, OL2, O1, O2, AG1, AG2, A3, A4, AG3, AG4, O3 and O4] were taken from four villages in Kwara state for the study. Textural parameters were first investigated from the result of grain size analysis performed using German standard sieve set of mesh with shaker. These results enhanced the determination of critical shear stress as well as linear discriminant analysis. The critical shear stress accounts for sediment transport and deposition including their environments, the following results were obtained: The critical shear stress ranges from 0.33Nm-2 to 1.31Nm-2. The highest value (1.31065877 Nm-2) is observed in OL2 and the lowest (0.32766469 Nm-2) is from the environments of A3 and O4. The stress which rolls or actually transports the particle varies within 0.1 Nm-2 to 0.3 Nm-2 except in OL2 and AG3 environments whose value is approximately 0.4. The linear discriminant analysis shows that the dregs were deposited by collective effects of marine, as well as those of fluvial activities due to the influence of turbidity in the beach environment. The multivariant discriminant plot confirms strongly, the environment of deposition as beach in this region.

Security at the present time is very important and highly effective for Internet and network applications, which are rapidly growing, therefore the data that is exchanged over the Internet or other media has increased in value and importance. Therefore, the process of searching for the best solutions for the purpose of providing the required protection against illegal attacks with the provision of these services in a timely manner is one of the most interesting topics in security-related communities. This paper aims to test a number of symmetric encryption algorithms (AES, DES, 3DES, RC4, Blowfish, Twofish) with security mode cipher block chaining (CBC). A comparison is then made between them based on evaluation criteria: encryption and decryption time tests are implemented by using Java programming language. The randomness test on ciphertext, which was implemented by using the Diehard statistical test to compute the most efficient algorithm to use in various life applications.
The results of the paper showed that the 3DES algorithm is the most time-consuming, followed by DES, while RC4 is the algorithm that needs the least execution time, followed by AES, and both Twofish and Blowfish came between these two levels. As for the randomness criterion, 3DES was the best compared to the rest of the algorithms, while RC4 and AES were the worst in this criterion.

Some authors introduced direct inequalities for the constrained approximation of convex and piecewise convex functions in C[-1,1] with restricted degree of approximation. Here we study the pointwise constrained approximation of piecewise convex functions by pointwise polynomials .

Background: One of the important causes of pediatric deaths in underdeveloped countries is Pneumonia and to reach the fourth Millennium Development Goa which aimed at reducing the under-five mortality rate. Study the effect of zinc as optional therapy on duration until normalization of respiratory rate, temperature, oxygen saturation, feeding, chest auscultation, and duration of hospitalization in Babylon Teaching Hospital for Gynecology and Pediatrics.
Objectives: To evaluate the effect of zinc supplementation as an adjunctive therapy on the outcome of pneumonia.
Patients and Methods: In a hospital-based cross-sectional study in Babylon Teaching hospital for Gynecology and Pediatrics, two hundreds children aged between one month and 60 months with pneumonia had been followed, one hundred patients received zinc in addition to their treatment (10 mg for patients their ages six months or below , and 20 mg for those whowere older than 6 months of age) during the days of hospitalization, and the other one hundred received their treatment without zinc. The clinical symptoms and signs of pneumonia had been detected and documented at time of admission, after24hours , 72hours ,and after 120 hours .
Results: From the medical history there were significant differences(p value ≤ 0.05) regarding duration of pneumonia , but there were no significant differences regarding type of feeding or body weight. Females benefited more than males. There were clinical and statistically significant difference ( p. value ≤ 0.05) in the patient's clinical condition regarding duration of hospitalization, improvement of temperature, chest in drawing, audible wheeze, feeding, and fate (discharge or ICU admission), but there were no significant differences regarding consciousness level, SpO2, and chest auscultation.
Conclusions: Zinc supplementation in patients with pneumonia reduces the noumber of admission to the hospital and hastens the improvement regarding temperature, chest indrawing, audible wheeze, feeding, and reduces ICU admission . Females benefit was more than males'.

Background:
In this study, some taxa of planktonic foraminifera fossils were relied upon, to determine the biozones of the diagnosed genus and the ages based on those species and to compare those areas with the areas identified in previous studies to find out the differences between the northern and southern areas in Iraq. Twenty three species of planktonic foraminifera were identified, which belong to eight genus belonging to the families (Globotruncanidae and Heterohelecidae) within five wells distributed over the study area that included (R-698, Ru-479, Ga-198P, EB 103, EB 104). The study showed that there are three biozones: Gansserina gansseri zone, Globotruncana aegyptiaca zone, Globotruncanita stuartiformis zone.
Materials and Methods:
After collecting the samples and bringing them to the laboratory, each sample was treated separately, where the model was cooked at a high temperature for two hours after adding the dispersant substance (NaOH) to it, and then the samples was washed with a sieve with a size of 63 microns and left to dry, then the samples was sieved 450 micron to separate the sediments from the fossils, and then the process of picking up the foraminifera genus and isolating those fossils in special folders to make the diagnosis process under a reflecting microscope inside the Department of Earth Sciences / College of Science / University of Basrah.
Results:
Depending on the diagnosis of these groups of planktonic foraminifera were divided into several areas.
Conclusion:
Depending on the results obtained from the current study, It was found that the age of the Shiranish formation in the wells studied extends from the upper part of the Late Campanian - Middle Maastrichtian.

Background
Nanotechnology is an exciting new field in science, with many possible applications in medicine. This article seeks to define the role of nanoparticles in medicine in terms of drug conduction, the applications of nanoscale and nanostructures are explained, as well as the classification of nanomaterials and methods of preparing nanoparticles in terms of applications of nanoparticles in drug delivery, and cancer. Conclusion: Also discussed the applications of various nanostructures in cancer treatment such as carbon nanotubes,

This study is concerned with channel banks slopes in the southern sector for Al-Masab Al-Aam channel south of Iraq. The geotechnical properties of the soil in the banks of the channel including the physical, engineering and chemical properties of (15) stations were studied. The grain size distribution of soil showed that the proportion of sand was higher than that of clay and silt.
Based on the USCS standards of soil of the study area can be classified as clay with low plasticity (CL) that represents 33.3% of the soil and ,clay with high plasticity (CH) represents 20% of the soil and nonplasticity (SM) represents 46%.The dry density values range between (1.51-1.86) g/cm3 , the saturated density values range between (1.61-2.2) g/cm3, and the water content values range between (25.2-42%), while the specific gravity values range between (2.51-2.74 ).The internal friction angle (Ø°)from direct shear test ranged between (21.5-37°). The values of unconfined compression test range between (37-126.2) kN/m2 of remolded samples with 25% water, The values of chloride range between (0.053-0.195%), while the values of sulfate range between (0.053-0.195%), the carbonates concentrations range between (15-50%), the organic materials concentrations range between (0.140-1.125%), The pH value range between (7.5-9). According to these results, the stability of the ramps of the banks of the downstream general channel (Southern District) was evaluated and appropriate solutions were proposed to support their stability and treat the unstable ones.

A number of studies focus on the early diagnosis of COVID-19 to reduce the spreading of this virus in the communities in order to support the health system and economy. This paper proposes a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) model based on row X-ray chest images to detect the COVID-19 disease. In addition, an augmentation technique was employed on these images to increas the dataset and reduce the overfitting inside the CNN. This system bases on x-ray images of the chest. The proposed system contains three stages, the first stage is the pre-processing that starts by resizing the x-ray images into equal size (224 x 224), converting X-ray images into Grayscale images, and enhances the resulting image using Histogram Equalization(HE) technique. The second stage features extraction using CNN after applying augmentation on the dataset. The classification is the last stage for detecting the test sample only if is infected with Covid-19 or not, where the SoftMax function were used to classify patients. The results showed high accuracy in the classification process of the test images Furthermore, specificity, sensitivity, accuracy, and F1-score are used as criteria to estimate the classification efficiency of the proposed CNN model, where the accuracy of the model is 100% in the test dataset (220 X-ray images).

Steganography is the science and art of hiding a secret message in a cover media, without any imperceptible changing in the it. Steganography can be applied in several media such as image, audio, video. This project suggested video steganography method for preserving the confidentiality which is the important requirement in the security field. Two domains namely spatial and frequency domains can be used in the video steganography for embedding the secret message. In this method, a spatial domain basing on the Least Significant Bit (LSB) is used for embedding the secret message. In order to satisfying the security requirement, the philosophy of cryptography is used in the suggested method. In this method the XOR operator is used with embedding operation. XOR is used with three keys in order to increase the security layer. In addition, according to the experimental results, the suggested method satisfied the imperceptibility requirement which is very important requirement in the image steganography field. The experiment results show that the value of all PSNR values (after embedding the secret message in more than cover image) are more than 50dB which mean that the suggested method reduced the distortion that may be occur in the cover after embedding the secret message.

Background:
The northern regions of the Babylon Governorate, located on the Hilla River, suffering from problems as the collapse and erosion of its banks, as well as the increase in sedimentation in the river, which reduces the River flow efficiency; due to the effect of the velocity river flow, which works on eroding one side of the river and sedimentation on the other side, forming meanders in the river.
Materials and Methods:
After the reconnaissance visit to determine the meandering sites.
A detailed study of the area was carried out by drilling (6) test boreholes representing three areas( Al-Sadda, Al-Mahaweel ,and Sinjar), two wells on both sides of the meander and at a depth of (10 m), for each borehole to observe the effect of the river flow velocity on the stability of slopes and to know the variation in soil properties, its bearing capacity and the consolidation on both sides of the river, and thus its effect on the engineering construction .
Soil samples have been taken to carry out physical tests including: (moisture content test , specific gravity test , Atterberg limits tests , sieve analysis and hydrometer tests) ,also carried out engineering tests including: (permeability test , unconfined & triaxial compressive strength test , direct shear test , consolidation test and bearing capacity) , soil chemical tests have been perform also which are (pH , total soluble salt , sulfate test , chloride test , gypsum test and organic matter test) .
A study was also conducted for the stability of the banks slopes for the three stations, where the cross-section was monitored by the M9 device, as well as the height of the banks from both sides by the (LEVEL) device, Using the Geo-Studio 2021 program with soil properties and by using (Bishop), method the safety factor was extracted for the three stations For erosion-prone areas.
Conclusion:
The highest result of the safety factor was in Sinjar Station (2.5), then the banks of Al-Sadda Station, with a value of (2.3), and the lowest value of Al-Mahaweel Station, which amounted to (1.4). Under natural conditions, the average river flow level reaches it in year is (28.7 m) above sea level.
Where all the stations were (safe), unless the water level increased or decreased. Also, the research reached a determination of the allowable bearing capacity The soil of the banks reaches it before the landslide.

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Background:
Improper use of antibiotics and an incomplete administration of the drug may assist to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Using the CRISPR-Cas9 system acts as a precision biological tool to remove resistance genes from the bacterial genome, thereby reducing the appearance of resistant bacterial strains. CRISPR and Cas9 genes work as an adaptive immune systems in widespread bacteria and Achaea. The fragments of invading DNA were integrated into the host genome at the CRISPR locus, where they serve as transcription templates for the synthesis of RNA that aim Cas nucleases to cut foreign nucleic acids. The Cas enzyme identifies target sites in chromosomal sequences, leading to destroy foreign DNA. In our review, we discuss the mechanism of DNA destruction achieved by CRISPR-Cas systems applied as a powerful technology to eliminate plasmids or destroy bacterial cell.

In this paper, we show that the kind of tournament Mn , which are indecomposable , then this type or tournament are (n-1) RECONSTRUCTION.

Information security has become the concern of the most famous researchers and the focus of their attention, as they are constantly trying to find the best and most secure way to transfer information through a secure channel to protect it from hacking attempts and common attacks on the Internet. This work is an attempt to suggest a security approach in protecting data by focusing on protection the text sent in Arabic and English from being noticed or modified by attackers, and it is efficiently hidden inside the cover video. the proposed method combines cryptography and steganography by encrypting the secret text before hiding it with the public key encryption system is named after the initials of its co-founders, Rivest - Shamir – Adleman (RSA). In addition, add an extra layer of security and confidentiality, a hash-based least significant bit mechanism that uses a pattern to choose the insertion sites in the least Significant Bit (LSB). In a spatial domain technique, the secret information is embedded in the LSB of the cover frames that are efficiently chosen based on the hash value of the secret key agreed upon between sender and receiver. The secret information is divided into eight bits and then embedded in the Red, Green, and Blue (RGB) pixel values of the cover frames. In comparison to the original cover video, the proposed method is analyzed in terms of both "Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) reached to scale (68.582) compared to the original cover video as well as the Mean Square Error (MSE) reached to scale (0.0115) through embedding message with size 2 KB in AVI video. When compared to other ways of concealing common information, the experimental results from our methodology show that it provides stronger embedding capacity as well as improved imperceptibility of stego-videos and boosts security and robustness.