Diyala Agricultural Sciences Journal

Isolates Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Staphylococcus albus, Streptococcus Pyogenes and Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from different clinical infections were activated. Results of susceptibility test showed that Staphylococcus aureus have resistance to antibiotics of erythromycin, azithromycin and clindomycin with percentage 45%, 45% 25% respectively, while Staphylococcus epidermidis resistant to erythromycin, azithromycin and clindomycin with ratio 66.6%, 44%, 22.2%, respectively. The resistance of erythromycin and azithromycin by Streptococcus pyogenes reached 25% and 37.5% respectively, whereas all isolates sensitive to clindomycin. The outcome disclosed that the values of minimum inhibitory concentrations of erythromycin ranged between 32 - ≥ 64 μg/ mL for all isolates. The results outcomes to 13(65%) isolates of Staphylococcus aureus produced Staphylokinase, 6(66.6%) isolates of Staphylococcus epidermidis able to produce the same enzyme. The results proved that 3(37.5%) isolates of Streptococcus pyogenes able to produce
Streptokinase enzyme, but Streptococcus agalactiae could not produce streptokinase. The PCR-based assay, gene was detected in erm (A) gene was detected in 33.3% isolate of Staphylococcus spp. and 50% of Streptococcus spp,
whereas mef (A) was detected in 46.6 % isolates of Staphylococcus spp. and 50% of Streptococcus spp .These findings demonstated the variable phenotypic expression when compared to genotypic detection .

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the uses of different levels of golden colored high protein corn distillers dried grains with soluble (Hp-DDGS) in broiler diets throughout 42d. This study included (0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5) % in the treatments T0, T1, T2 and T3 HP-DDGS successively. A total of 600 chicks of acommercial broiler strain Ross-308 were randomly distribute to three replicate in each treatment. At the end of the study five representative birds per replicates in each treatment were processed to determine physiological and immunological characteristics. The results showed that use of HP-DDGS in broilers diet is presented significantly increase (P<0.05) in performance traits: body weight and body weight gain, the percentage weight of: dressing, carcass cuts (breast, thigh and drumstick) and internal organs (liver, proventriculus, heart and gizzard) at 42 days in the treatments T2 and T3 as compared to the T1 and the control (T0). FCR differed significantly (P<0.05) among treatments, better feed conversion was found in T3, T2 and T1, respectively as compared to T0 at 42 days. But, the results showed significantly decrease (P<0.05) in mortality, neck and back percentages at the end of the experiment in T3 and T2 as compared to T1 and T0, while, there were non-significant differences among all treatments in feed consumption and wings weight percentage. The results also showed a significant increase (P<0.05) in total count of red blood cells (RBCs), hemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV), total protein, globulin concentration and high density lipoprotein (HDL) in the treatments T3 and T2 as compared to T1 and control (T0), while, shown significant reduction (p<0.05) in H/L ratio and albumin, total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein (LDL) concentration in blood serum in the treatments T1, T2 and T3 as compared to T0. The immunological traits also shown high significant increase (p<0.05) in the antibodies titer of Newcastle disease (ND), Gumboro disease (IBD) and Infectious Bronchitis Viral (IBV), the ileum of small intestine histology also shown high significant increase (P<0.05) in Villi height (μm), crypt depth (μm) and V/C ratio in the treatments T3 then T2 compared to the control T0 at the age 42. These results indicated that HP DDGS could be used at the level of 7.5% in broiler diets by its significant effect on productive performance, physiological and immunological traits.

Redescription of checkered beetles, Trichodes ephippiger Chevrolate, 1874 is reviewed from Iraq. The species was collected from the flowers of some weeds during the period of March until July- 2014. Some important taxonomic
parts, labrum, mandibles, antenna and male genitalia have been drawn. Localities, plant hosts and date of the collection have been mentioned.

This investigation was conducted to study the nutrient status of different lakes and to determine the productivity status of lakes by comparing the results of DRIS approach with the lakes productivity equations. Data for application of DRIS and TSI equations were collected from previous studies for Dukan and Duhok Lakes that conducted at different studies periods while water samples were taken and analyzed during 2013. The results of nutrient index showed that the Dokan Lake was more balance or adequate status of nutrient in 1980 compared with 2014, because there imbalance of nutrients indices recorded lower value (193.60) in 1980 compared with 2014 which attained (413.34). However data analysis was revealed that the lower value of NBI (129.52) was recorded in 2013 in comparison to the higher value NBI in 2000 in Duhok Lake. The DRIS also computed an overall index, which is the sum of the absolute sum of all DRIS indices, the lesser NBI the imbalance among nutrient referred to more productivity. In general the result indicate that nutrient index and nutrients imbalance index showed more balance in Dukan Lake in previous period in comparison with the recent period, vice versa for Duhok Lake. From TSI value revealed that the productivity of Dukan Lake decreased from (56.41) to (53.07) during 1980 and 2014, while the productivity of the Duhok Lake increased from (30.11) to (32.63) during 2000 to 2013.

This study was done to compare between the skin of buffaloes and cows. Six samples from different regions of the body were collected from local abattoirs in Baghdad. The skin specimens were fixed in formalin solution. Routine histological techniques were carried out on these samples. For staining, hematoxylin and eosin stains were used then samples were examined under light microscope. Even the excretory ducts of sweat glands in both cows and buffaloes were stratified cuboidal epithelium, the sweat glands in buffaloes were poorly developed, less numerous, smaller in size and lies deeply in the dermis with longer duct comparing to that of the cows. Their secretory acini
were surrounded by fewer number of myoepithelial cells. The apocrine sweat glands were distributed all over the body regions while the merocrine sweat glands were distributed in limited body regions. On the other hand, the
sebaceous glands of buffaloes were well developed and appeared as larger in size and more lobulated comparing to the cows. The above thoughts explain why the buffaloes considered as poor thermoregulator animals. In regard to the mechanism of thermoregulation, the present study concluded that there was a reverse relationship between the function of sebaceous and sweat glands.

The aim of this study wasto study the morphology of the air sacs (Saccipneumatici) in mature pigeons (Colombialavia Domestica). Post euthanized the birds; cold acrylic was injected by way of trachea and left several days for polymerization. Then they were macerated with 3% potassium hydroxide at 40 °C, cleaned with tap water, colored and examined. The cervical air sacs are paired sacs. They communicated with the lung via the first Medio- ventral secondary bronchi grow and had two diverticula. Clavicular air sac was formed by the fusion of the bilaterally diverticula and had connection with the lungs through the third Medio-ventral bronchi. The cranial thoracic air sacs were smaller than the caudal sacs pneumatising the second to seventh ribs by their diverticula. The caudal thoracic air sacs had no diverticulum. The left abdominal air sac consists of two parts cranial and caudal.

This study was conducted in poultry house - Animal production Department- College of Agriculture/ University of Diyala, for the period from 3/7 until 30/10/2015. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of diallel cross (3×3) between japanese quail varieties (Coturnix coturnix japonica), white (W), black (B) and brown (N) on meat production traits, estimation the main effects of sire and dam, effect of interaction between sire and dam, general
combining ability (GCA), specific combining ability (SCA), reciprocal effect (RES), heterosis and maternal effect on body weight, weight gain, food consumption and feed conversion. The results showed significant effect of sire
main effect on body weight during six and seven weeks of age, the superiority of black variety sire main effect compared with the white variety sire main effect, and nonsignificant of dam variety main effect on body weight at all
weeks of age. The interaction between variety of sire and dam showed a superiority of cross (B×N) on cross of white purebred and some crossbred and reciprocal on body weight at 3 and 7 week .The results showed the important of
additive genes effects in black and brown varieties, the important of dominant effect in the hybrid (white× brown) compared with the other hybrids in body weight traits when cross male white variety with female brown variety,
reciprocal effect showed nonsignificant differences in body weight at all weeks. The result of cumulative traits showed nonsignificant differences between all crosses in cumulative food consumption, cumulative feed conversation and
significant differences in cumulative weight gain. Hence the cross (B×N) had high weight gain compared with white purebred and some reciprocal crosses. Black and brown varieties showed superiority on white variety in GCA in
cumulative weight gain. The hybrid (black × brown) had less SCA compared with the other hybrids. Reciprocal crosses showed nonsignificant differences in all cumulative traits.

The fruits source of this study was a commercial orchard of peach Dixired cv. located at Sartang village in Semel- Duhok- Kurdistan Region-Iraq, during growing season (2012). Harvested fruit transferred to central laboratory of
Agriculture College - Duhok University, to study the effect of harvest stage (first harvest stage at35% red color and second harvest stage at 75% red color) and dipped in water at room temperature (24˚C) as control, 45, 55˚C and 2% fungicide (Bravo) for two minutes then stored in cold storage at 0±1˚C and 85-90% RH for 25 and 55 days period on quality of peach fruit during cold storage. The results revealed that peach fruit harvested at second harvest stage had significantly lower fruit firmness, titratable acidity, higher vitamin C, total sugar, juice % and decay as compared with first harvest stage. Peach fruit dipped at 45 and 55˚C hot waterrecorded significantly the higher weight loss in compression with control; fruit of postharvest treatment had a significant increase in fruit firmness total acidity and decrease in fruit decay compared to control. Fruit dipped in hot water at 55˚Cand 2% fungicide had a significant increase in fruit vitamin C and total sugar content. The interaction between factors under the study had significantly positive effect on most storage characteristic especially fruit firmness, TA, vitamin C, and decay.

Phylogentic relationships among seven genotypes of Vitis were analyzed by RAPD-PCR markers, DNA of fresh young leaves was extracted from each sample for RAPD analysis. Performed with 20 decamer primers selected six primers that showed clear results. A total sixty eight bands were produced out of which forty eight bands were polymorphic, The dendrogram reveals that grapevine taxa separated to main groups (A and B), the first group includes the most of taxa were Vitis hissarica Vass., V. hissarica subsp. rechingeri, V. sylvestris Fl. Bed., V. vinifera L. (Native), and V. vinifera var. sativa Beck., while group B contains 2 species were V. coignetiae Planch., and V. berlandieri Pulliatt. The taxa V. hissarica and V. hissarica subsp. rechingeri have been recorded closest genetic distance matrix among taxa under study with similarity range 0.11. The results of this study were offered an important data in taxonomy and may be can be a phylogenetic key to isolating the taxa. Moreover it is provide basic information for future genetic studies such as gene expression profiling.

In order to evaluate the effect of seed size, plant growth regulators and some chemical materials on seed vigour and seedling growth of rice (Oryza sativa L.) an experiment was conducted in 2015 at Laboratories of Agriculture and
Marshes College, University of Thi-Qar. Factorial experiment in CRD was used with four replications in two factors. The first factor included three seed sizes (4.6-5.1, 5.2-5.7 and 5.8-6.3 mm). The second factor was seeds soaking
treatments (KNO3 6 g.l-1 , CaCl2 20 g l -1 , salicylic acid 20 mg l -1 , cytokinin 40 mg l -1 , gibberllic acid 400 mg l -1
, ascorbic acid 40 mg l -1 and seeds soaked in distilled water). The results showed that the largest seed size influenced significantly and gave the higher averages of germination percentage in ageing acceleration test , germination speed index, germination percentage, radical length, plumule length and seedling vigour. The seeds rice that were soaked with gibberellic acid gave the higher averages of germination percentage in ageing
acceleration test, germination speed index, germination percentage, radical length, plumule length and seedling vigour. The largest seed size which was soaked with gibberellic acid gave the higher averages of germination percentage in ageing acceleration test, germination speed index, germination percentage, radical length, plumule length and seedling vigour.

This study was conducted to investigate ionic composition and some chemical properties of some wells water in Wadi Al-Shatti region, South-West of Libya, to assess its suitability for irrigation. The obtained results indicated that most studied samples have been slightly acid to neutral pH with range of 6.5-7.0. Three samples only had slightly alkaline pH with rang of 7.1-7.8. Most samples had high salt content. Electrical conductivity of samples was ranged from 940 to 4890 µS cm-1 . Sodium was the dominant cation. As anion, sulphate dominated in most samples whereas chloride in few. The concentrations of cations in the studied samples were in the order: Na+> Ca2+> K+> Mg2+. Results indicated noticeable low magnesium, and high to very high potassium concentrations. Chloride concentrations were moderately to extremely high. All samples had low concentration of boron, but some have significant amount of nitrate. Most samples had high total hardness which may cause foliar deposits of calcium or
magnesium carbonate under overhead irrigation. PHc confirmed that none of the studied samples had a tendency for scaling or corrosion.

This study aimed to evaluate using of feed supplementation of probiotic with different levels of citric acid as a promoter for productive performance of Lohmman Brown layers. Field experiment continued for five months. One hundred and ninety five laying hens at 20 weeks age were reared equal numbers in 15 floor pins, area of each one were 1.5 × 2 m by 13 hens per pin, and distributed randomly into 5 equal treatments (3 replicates per treatment). First treatment was fed a standard diet without supplementation as control, second treatment was fed a standard diet with probiotic 0.25%, third treatment was fed a standard diet with citric acid 0.3%, while fourth and fifth treatments were fed a standard diet with probiotic 0.25% and different levels of citric acid 0.3 and 0.45% respectively. The results showed an improvement in the productive performance of birds fedwith the probiotic and citric acid, since it got significantly higher (P<0.05) in each of egg production (Hen Day%), egg mass, feed intake, and food conversion factor compared with control group. This effect has been enhanced for additiontreatments on the productive performance when fed birds from the addition combination probiotic with citric acid compared with birds fed from each of the individual added probiotic or citric acid. This improvement to productive performance of treatment birds was a reflection of the improvement in both the microbial balance of the gut, internal environment of the gut, tissue properties of the gut and immune response. The counts of coliform and the counts of lactic acid bacteria were increased significantly (P <0.05), while the counts of total bacteria in the intestines not affected, whereas the pH of intestines dropped significantly.
Both the length of villi and depth of the crypts of the intestines increased significantly, also the titer of antibody against Newcastle disease in birds fed the probiotic and citric acid increased significantly compared with the control birds.

This study was conducted to evaluate productivity of Shami goats raised at the Ruminate Research station (Abo Gharib 20 km North West of Baghdad). A total of 450 milk records of Shami goats were collected during the years 2009-2011. These records were used to investigate the effect of some genetic and non-genetic factors (parity, month of birth, presence of horns and years of birth) on total milk yield (TMY) and lactation period (LP) produced by 250 Shami goats and 35 buck. The aim of this investigation was to measure the genetic ability of goats and bucks
after the adjusted of fixed effect parity, month of birth, type of birth sex, presence of horns and years of birth).
General Linear Model (GLM) procedure was used to study the effect of nongenetics factors. Restricted Maximum Likelihood (REML) method was employed to determine the variance components of the random effects using mixed model. To measure genetic parameters and to evaluate animal for the TMP and LP (estimate the Best Linear Unbiased Prediction, BLUP). The overall means of TMPand LP were 178.57 kg and 174.08 day respectively. The effect of parity season and year of parturition on the TMP and LP was significant. The heritability of the TMP and LP were 0.38 and 0.31 respectively. Positive and significant genetic and phenotypic correlations between TMY and LP (0.79 and 0.85 respectively) were noticed. The wide range in estimate of BLUP values of bucks (-22.35 to 27.52 kg) for TMY (-14.83 to 21.84) for LP and for dose range were (-30.16 to 41.87) TMY and (-15.74 to 17.95) LP in this study were recorded depending on TMY and LP which indicate genetic additive variance in this traits in selection programs.

This study was carried out at the poultry farm of Animal Production Dept./ College of Agriculture/ University of Diyala during the period from 1/9/2015 to 1/1/2016 to study the effect of adding organic acids (lactic acid and acetic acid)
individually in the diets of laying hens and their impact on the productive performance of the chickens. In this study had used 150 hens laying Lohmann brown breed aged 18 weeks, and were weighed individually and distributed randomly at the age of 19 weeks on five treatments with three replicates (10 chickens/ replicate). The first
treatment represented control, the second and third included add 0.2% and 0.4% of lactic acid respectively, and the fourth and fifth had included the addition of 0.2 and 0.4% of acetic acid respectively. The results showed that all productive traits were significantly increased compared with control treatment. 34 weeks), as it outperformed added treatments was significantly (P <0.01) in the rate of egg production (% Hen day production) and the weight and mass of eggs. As moral differences between the treatment and comparison coefficients were not added when calculating feed rates of the consumer in terms of production and more at the expense of the overall rate, while the birds showed all supplementation on treatments, significant difference (P< 0.01) in converting food into eggs weight coefficient.

A study was conducted for the period from October 2015 to September 2016 to assess the fish community in the lower of the Euphrates River. Water temperature values of a wide range of monthly variations, the range of salinity values rates between 1.5 in December 2015 and 3.8 g / l in July. The pH values were always within alkaline direction, the rate of turbidity water 12.3 (NTU) in December 2015 and 30.4 (NTU) in September. Two fishing methods were adopted to collect fish, i.e. electro-fishing by generator engines (provides 300-400V and 10A) and gill nets (160 m to 200 with 6.4 mm) mesh size. Moreover, the adoption of commercial fishing samples was investigated, the types and numbers of fish caught by fishermen. A total of 9988 individual were collected during the study period ranged from 577 in July and 1095 in April and included 16 species and 15 genera belonging to seven families. The lowest diversity rate (1.464) in November 2015 and highest (2.046) in April. The minimum rate for the evenness index (J) 0.653 encountered in June and the highest (0 .861) in November. The lowest rate richness (D) value was (1.257) in November and highest (2.345) in June. The fish classified into two categories, the common species are 98.87% and the occasional are 1.12% of the total number.

The experiment was conducted in the lath house - College of AgricultureUniversity of Diyala during 2015 growth season to explain the effect of spraying with Carbolizer at concentration of 0, 2.5 and 3.5 ml l-1 on the indole alkaloids production. The results showed that spraying plants with Carbolizer at concentration of 2.5 ml l-1 gave highest contents of Vindoline and Catharanthine (251.35 and 528.2 µg ml-1 respectively), while spraying with Carbolizer concentration of 3.5 ml l-1 gave the highest quantity of Vincristine and Vinblastine (162.34 and 734.229 mg ml-1
respectively).

A field experiment was conducted at experimental farm, College of Agriculture, Anbar University in replace Location (Abu-Ghraib, 20 km west of Baghdad) during the spring and autumn seasons of 2015. The aim of this study was to find
out the effect of pyridoxine concentration (0, 2, 4 and 6) g l -1 and four periods of seed soaking (8, 16, 24, and 32) hour on some growth traits, grain yield and its components in sorghum (CV. Bohooth 70). The experiment was designed as a
split plot in RCBD with three replications. Pyridoxine concentrations were used as main plot, while soaking periods of seed were used as a sub plot. Results showed that in both seasons, seeds soaking with pyridoxine conc. 4 g l -1 was superior in most of traits (plant height, leaf area, biological yield, No. of seeds per head, seed weight and seed yield). Since it produced 2.972 t ha-1 and 4.332 t ha-1 in spring and autumn seasons respectively. In spring season, seed soaking for 24 hour before sowing significantly increased plant height and leaf area, thus positively reflected in increasing of biological yield, also this treatment produce highest seed weight, No. of seeds per head and seed yield (2.803 t ha-1 ). While in autumn season, seed soaking for 16 hour before sowing gave highest seed weight, No. of seeds per head, and seed yield (3.886 t ha-1 ). There were some traits significantly influenced by the interaction between pyridoxine conc. and soaking period's (leaf area, seed weight per head and No. of seeds per head) in autumn
season.

This study succeeded in establish cell suspension derived from callus hypocotyle Withania somnifera L. seedlings, induced in MS solid medium supplemented with 3.0 mg l -1 2,4-D Intertwined with 0.5 mg.L-1 Kin. Detection culture different densities (1.0, 1.52, 1.79, 2.03) ×104 cell cm-3 of these suspensions of plating and array method of agar solidified MS medium in the presence of concentrations 3.0 mg l -1 2,4-D + 0.5 mg l -1 Kin. Culture method by plating was exceeding the array method in the number of cellular colonies. It has reached the 27.600 colony dish-1 at the culture density 2.03 ×104 cell cm-3 compared with the initiation density which amounted to 8.125 colony dish-1
in plating method, while the number of these colonies by array method was 21.400 colony dish-1 using the same culture density compared with the initiation density which amounted to 10.400 colony dish-1 . Moral high density excelled significantelly on the rest of the densities opals giving 58 callus primordial after 20 days of culture of cells suspension using plating method, and giving 6 callus primordial after 25 days of culturing on cel suspension when array method was used.

Spatial patterns of species at different life stages are an important aspect for understanding causal mechanisms that facilitate species co-existence. Using Ripley's univariate L(r) and bivariate L12 functions, we analyzed the spatial
patterns of two canopy species at different life stages in mixed forest in Atroosh egion. By using program PASSAGE V.2, the analysis of L(r) function for species (a) and the three age class appear regular pattern population, since the type species ( b ) appear light cluster pattern, the relationship between two age classes for different species appear positive relate, we show the hardly positive relation appear to L(12) function between the age aj-bm, am-bm, but the negative appear in three pairs between the age aj-am, ap-am, aj-ap. The growth and develop of age class (aj) effected of different age class, we believe decreases of number in age class (aj) result of high competition among the different stages of age. The relation between species (a, b) for general is positive, both species growth and develop at
presence of the other, we believe the two species dominance in Atroosh forest stay for a long time.

A mixer laboratory was manufactured and tested, used for mix the feeds samples inside the laboratory. It consists a cylindrical metal body inside a fins spin provide the operator with the movement after the reduction of it by a small electric drive by Pulleys and belts. Provided the board electronic control with digital display to indicate the test period according to the time to be a process during it. The device has on the gate for the purpose of dictate the unloading Feed sample and the device has a little weight and easy to carry. Factorial experiment was implemented for testing included mix by mixer and mixing by hand with four times the mixing. A completely randomized design with three replicates was used. Results showed that the use of mixer significantly effected protein level as compared with manual whereas productivity and levels of calcium and phosphorus were not affected. Mechanical mixing is led to lower coefficient of variance and standard deviation. There is no significant effect of mixing periods on power consumption and levels of protein, calcium and phosphorus and significantly effected on efficiency and productivity, increasing periods of mixing decreased variation coefficient and standard deviation.