Midad Al-Adab Refereed Journal

In Alias Grace, a book by Margaret Atwood, the author delves into feminist topics and storytelling techniques. By dissecting the text, the study delves into the following topics: female characters' acts of resistance and subversion; marginalised women's struggles; the relationship between gender and other social identities; the strength of storytelling as a tool for resistance and empowerment; and the creative licence used to reimagine historical events. Examining Alias Grace through a feminist lens, this research draws on feminist theory and literary criticism to examine how Atwood uses narrative strategies to express feminist themes, how the blurring of reality and fiction affects feminist interpretations, and how a feminist viewpoint enhances our comprehension of the novel. This study offers fresh perspectives on the book by shedding light on the intricacies of gendered power relations via the lens of women's experiences and agency within patriarchal structures.

The current paper aims to compare Samuel Beckett’s Waiting for Godot, originally published in 1952, and Tom Stoppard’s Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead, which was also published in the 1900s, specifically in 1966, by carefully considering the themes of the absurdity of existence, humor, and the meaninglessness of life to illustrate how these themes are represented by each of the playwrights in the theatre of the absurd in these two plays. In addition to how the cultural backgrounds of the authors play a role in the way they convey their thoughts throughout their plays and how this might affect how they deploy the themes mentioned above in their works. Thus, making it abundantly clear how similar themes can find their way into the works of different authors who don’t share the same cultural backgrounds but whom each may be seated in a position where their creativity may be stimulated in a similar manner, therefore, producing works that have common comparable elements.

Anti-Americanization in poetry is a stance adopted by poets who resist and oppose the impact of enforcing American standards on other cultures and traditions. These poets question the concept of the melting pot society and interrogate the method by which the notion of Americanness marginalizes experiences, obliterates identities, and wipes out other people’s history for multi-cultural erasure.
The study underlines the problematic aspect of this hegemonizing force that attempts to erode cultural diversity. This force promotes made-in-USA consumerism; prevents others from using their language through mobilizing all means to make English the only official language in the United States, and imposes certain standards on external appearance and fashion to eliminate the identity of the immigrants.
The role of those poets, who support anti-Americanism, is to challenge mainstream narratives and give alternative perspectives. They concentrate on marginalized voices, explore the complexities of American society, and question dominant power structures. The study discusses selected poems by four American poets, including Pablo Neruda, Martin Espada, Lucille Clifton, and Mohja Kahf.
The study sheds light on these poets, who, among others, foreground anti-Americanism and support multicultural communities. They resist normative assumptions, refuse stereotypical identifications, and provide a counterpoint to prevailing American mindsets.

Brecht’s play, “Mother Courage and Her Children” shows that capitalism influences the life of individuals and society. Against the background of the Thirty Years’ War, the play presents the adventures of Mother Courage, a canny and realistic entrepreneur, while she moves across war-torn territory. Mother Courage's actions are often connected to the capitalist way of thinking as she is looking for profit and economic survival during the war in her head. With the help of characters that the main character met, Brecht exposes the unscrupulous nature of capitalism and its harmful results on human relations. The play presents several ideas such as the ethics of benefiting from war, and how capitalism makes rich people richer. Brecht employed ''epic theater'' techniques, such as alienation effects, for the audience to see the capitalist system and its effects with a critical eye. But, the play also demonstrates the complexities of capitalism since Mother Courage's capitalist force is both an element that sustains her and a tragic flaw. Overall, "Mother Courage and Her Children" is a figurative representation of the capital minting that not only courts destruction, but also presents particularly difficult moral dilemmas in times of war.

It is a well known fact that nature and literature have always shared a close and intimate relationship. This intimacy can be witnessed through the writings of Indian authors. Ecology and ecological consciousness are among the significant and vital aspects discussed and debated in the corridors of Indian writing in English. Nowadays, in this globalised world, the idea of environmental balance is the topic frequently discussed by Indian writers many writers who have contributed a great deal in direction.
R. K. Narayan’s novel, The Guide is a powerful exploration of the concept of ecology through the flowing Saryu River and ruined temples which are responsible for Raju's transformation into a saint. In his novel, Kanthapura, Raja Rao, through the depiction of rivers, mountains and other natural elements, has delineated peoples’ respect for nature through their religious beliefs by exploiting natural imagery.
Kamala Markandaya, in her novel, Nectar in a Sieve, illustrates the idea of environmental consciousness through the use of strong natural images. So Many Hunger by Bhabani Bhattacharya is a realistic portrayal of ecological concerns through the effect of famine produced on its inhabitants.
In addition to it, the North East authors including Temsula Ao, Monalisa Changkija, Mamang Dai and Mitra Phukan redefine human relationship with nature by challenging the dualistic construct of the Western thought in their works. They retrieve and preserve the world views and traditional ecological knowledge of their communities. These writers propound the idea that two components of nature-organism and their environment are not only much complex and dynamic, but also interdependent mutually reactive and related.

Given the significance of puppet theater and its impactful role.
This paper delves into the intricate artistry and rich cultural significance of
Al-Hattab Puppet Play, examining its historical roots, artistic techniques, and societal impact. It will explore how this traditional form of puppetry reflects and preserves cultural values, narratives, and traditions, offering insights into its enduring relevance and evolving role in contemporary society.
The paper will delve into the historical origins, artistic intricacies, and cultural resonance of Al-Hattab Puppet Play, a traditional form of puppetry deeply rooted in heritage and storytelling. Through an exploration of its techniques, themes, and societal impact, this study seeks to illuminate the enduring significance and evolving artistic expressions within this cherished cultural tradition.

Lives of Girls and Women is a compelling exploration of the multifaceted journey from girlhood to womanhood. Through the protagonist's experiences, Del Jordan, the narrative unfolds with a keen examination of societal expectations, familial dynamics, and personal growth. Munro's storytelling intricately weaves together the challenges and triumphs of female development, offering a nuanced portrayal of the complexities inherent in this transformative process. As Del navigates the intricacies of identity, relationships, and societal norms, the narrative becomes a mirror reflecting universal themes of resilience, self-discovery, and the negotiation of individual agency amidst external pressures. The abstract concludes with recognizing the enduring strength depicted in Munro's characters, inviting readers to contemplate the profound implications of the girl-to-woman journey portrayed in this literary work.

Life of Galileo by Bertolt Brecht is a reflection on the concept/relation of freedom with ‘truth/s’. The play depicts the representation of ‘truth’ and how it sets free the oppressed (at least in ideological sense if not regarding the control of power system/state) and how an unjust social structure is supported by a "false ideology”, (ideas believed to be true but are not). The play focusses on the struggle of Galileo to establish the Heliocentric theory proposed by Copernican, as well as the struggle between science and dogmatism during that era. It also explores important themes of courage, religion, science, betrayal, and truth. In terms of viewpoints, the play can be analyzed through different focal points, like for example: a Marxist scholarly hypothesis can be utilized to look at how the play studies capitalism and its effect on society. The researcher in this paper has worked on the concept of belief system, after that explained, and pointed out important points from the play Life of Galileo to get it the specificities and subtleties. The paper is implied to get it how belief system works both obviously and latently inside a structure whether recognized or obviously worked for. Life of Galileo is a thought-provoking play that invites investigations regarding different topics such as truth, flexibility, science, religion etc. Here in this paper, it has been analyzed through a general philosophical point of view and Marxist theory for a profound understanding of its meaning and centrality, which is not constrained to the Marxist tradition only.

"Musée des Beaux Arts" is a powerful meditation on the limitations of human empathy and the ways in which art can help us overcome them. Through its vivid imagery and thoughtful observations, the poem encourages us to look beyond the surface of our everyday lives and connect more deeply with the experiences of others. This research examines how Auden's works have a power in limitation and meditation inside human soul. It puts human in a comparison with a chaotic world, human suffers with less abilities to face this world by meditation. The type of power, which Auden intends, is the power of art to pass limitations like using imagery and allusion.

D. H. Lawrence was one of the most important English writers of the 20th century. He wrote great works, one of his most popular novels; "Sons and Lovers", .The novel is an autobiographical sketch of his life. "Sons and Lovers", appears to be primarily directed to women, who form the focus of Lawrence’s writings. Moreover, through looking closely at his works one can see that his interests also included men who suffer from human frailty.
The main idea of this study is to examine the role of father and mother in D.H. Lawrence’s "Sons and Lovers". In addition to the parents’ role, this paper seeks to assess how mother’s desires challenge her husband authority inside their home to change the life of her children. The paper will examine some questions .The first one the role of man and his behavior in this novel, the father. This study analyses the desire of keeping someone under his control, as the case with the mother here. The paper tries to prove this idea from the emotional and symbolical relationships inside the family. The paper is dedicated on deep psychological analysis of the mother’s custody of her two children, namely, William and Paul, as a source of conflict with her husband. In the final part of this paper we shall review all the important aspects of these relationships. Lawrence was one of the modernist novelists whose characters were from the working class.
In English literature, a working class novel portrays sympathetically the problems and the economic conditions of the workers. It also explained the struggle between these opposing classes. "Sons and Lovers" as a novel submitted the conflict between two contrasting social classes, the working class people who have less education than their morally conservative counterparts of middle class. Walter Morel and Gertrude Morel are considered as the key element for this story. The novel is set against a working class society and it is supported by class-conflict. Walter morel incarnates the working class as he possesses a typical set of features such instinct, incorrupt, and good natured. While His wife, Gertrude, descends from the middle class, they believe in intellectual society that is full of ambitions. Gertrude and Walter, represent the conflict between the aforementioned classes, i.e. the lower and middle classes as they cannot get along. Thus, Mrs. Morel became stronger than her husband because, she fells and consider herself comes from the upper, superior class. She is highly educated and interested in philosophy and politics like all educated people.1

The intricacies of identity among individuals of Arabic origin in America are further complicated when Islamic ideology gets a stranglehold on their minds. John Updike’s novel provides a fertile ground to observe, analyse and come to a conclusion regarding Orientalism - which is defined as Arabs and Islam in the novels context - and what it comprises of and its contribution to the American society. The indoctrination and radicalization of Ahmad, the eighteen year old protagonist and the negative influence of the company he keeps gives a contrary impression of Orientalism and typecasts Muslims as terrorists. Such branding ups the ante of hostility leaving hatred in its wake. However, brainwashing can be made ineffective and neutralized by rational thought and reason and the true essence of Orientalism can be depicted before the world. A rebirth of Orientalism in America can be brought about when the Arab Muslims, through their action present an accurate and correct picture of their beliefs.

The following paper presents a post-feminist reading of Disney's animation film Mulan (1998). It discusses how Mulan stands apart from other Disney princess films due to its Chinese origins and the potential appeal to viewers from that culture. It provides a comprehensive view of the three female characters in the film, including Mulan's mother and grandmother, expanding the analysis beyond the protagonist. The importance of the paper lies in its contribution to the understanding of post-feminist ideology in popular culture and its representation of female agency by focusing on Mulan, a character who defies societal expectations and challenges patriarchal norms. The key post-feminist concepts are post-feminist individualism, empowerment, and choice based on the theorists McRobbie and Grill. By exploring how Mulan handles her identity as a warrior and a woman in a patriarchal society, this study investigates how the film adheres to and challenges feminist ideals and the cultural shift from Chinese to American. Finally, this study highlights post-feminism as exemplified in Disney's Mulan. While the film depicts a progressive story of females being empowered, it also supports certain gender stereotypes and reinforces traditional understandings of femininity. The study contributes to the enduring debate about gender representation in popular media by investigating the relationship between feminist and post-feminist ideologies within the film. It additionally offers a comprehension of post-feminism in the context of Disney princess stories.

Arab American literature is a comprehensive subject in which researchers examine and analyze several topics that are considered controversial in the Arab world, highlighting the numerous conflicts it has experienced and continues to face. Palestinians are considered one of the most common victims of Zionist occupation-related violence, assassinations, child snatching, and home demolitions. Many Arab American novelists, such as Susan Abulhawa, emphasized that religion is a fundamental element in the development and preservation of one's identity in a certain community. Mornings in Jenin (2010) is a literary work that explores the repercussions of social, ethnic, and war crimes in contemporary literature. It is the best example of portraying the impact of Israeli attacks on Palestinians over many years, affecting their psychology and religious identities. Religion often plays a significant role in shaping personal identity, social connections, cultural norms, and moral values. This paper aims to explore the religious identity crisis of Abulhuja's family and how religion significantly influences the formation and reformation of their religious identity, focusing on Amal's and Ismael's loss of religious identity in particular. Therefore, the study explores the novel's portrayal of identity status and the factors contributing to religious identity loss.

This research paper will critically analyze the themes of the American Dream and materialism in The Great Gatsby. By delineating the characters' motivations and the impact of their pursuit of material success, we seek to understand the underlying implications for individuals and society as a whole. Furthermore, we will examine the novel's exploration of the devastating consequences that arise from intertwining personal identity with the pursuit of wealth, ultimately shedding light on the fragility of the supposed path to happiness.

To accomplish this analysis, we will draw upon a range of literary sources, scholarly articles, and contextual research, which will enable a comprehensive understanding of Fitzgerald's craft and the socio-cultural environment in which he wrote.

This research analyzes the novel "Homegoing" by Yaa Gyasi through the lenses of intergenerational trauma and the quest for a sense of belonging. The purpose is to examine the manner in which the book's characters confront the enduring consequences of trauma that has been transmitted across generations, as well as their unyielding quest for a sense of identity and belonging. The study employs a qualitative methodology to examine the characters' experiences in relation to significant historical occurrences, including slavery, colonialism, and the African diaspora. The study investigates the psychological and affective consequences of these distressing occurrences on the lives, relationships, and self-perception of the characters. By employing critical textual examination, thematic analysis, and theoretical frameworks pertaining to trauma and identity, this research elucidates the manner in which intergenerational trauma influences the characters' perception of what constitutes home. This work delves into the challenges they faced in terms of displacement, cultural alienation, and the yearning for a permanent residence. The results of this research illuminate the significant impacts that historical trauma has had on both individuals and communities, underscoring the criticality of recognizing and confronting intergenerational trauma. The text underscores the characters' fortitude and fortitude as they traverse their intricate paths to restoration, self-realization, and the quest for a genuine sense of belonging. This study makes a valuable contribution to the extant literature concerning intergenerational trauma and its ramifications for both communities and individuals. Furthermore, it sheds light on the capacity of narratives to confront and mend historical traumas, as exemplified in "Homegoing" by Yaa Gyasi. The overarching objective of this research is to enhance our comprehension of the enduring consequences of trauma and the inherent human longing for a secure abode.

Sherko Bekas (1940-2013) is a contemporary poet whose father, Faiq Bekas (1905-1948), was a well-known poet within traditional Kurdish poetry. Sherko's resistance activities and fight against Saddam’s Baath regime in Iraq are clear in The Small Mirrors. However, despite his worldwide reputation, his poetry has never been clearly studied in the field of stylistic analysis.
The Small Mirrors consists of several poems written during 1988-1987 and mainly deals with war on north of Iraq. This study aims to create a version of the Critical Stylistic model that helps me to show the constructions of patriotism, the ideologies behind such constructions and the fictional world in The Small Mirrors. This work aims to apply five textual conceptual functions: Naming and Describing; Equating and Contrasting; Representing Processes/Events/States of being; Assuming and Implying and Prioritizing on The Small Mirrors. I also analyse how these textual consceptual functions construct metaphors.
The study reveals that three textual conceptual functions construct metaphors. Also, the results suggest that the speaker aims to draw the attention and support of the readers/hearers and that all textual conceptual functions are consistent in the construction of this aim. However, the use of critical stylistic analysis of poetry proved problematic and raises considerations for how poems should be analysis. Various methods given tentatively in the analysis also offer opportunities for further research.

The study endeavors to shed light on the influential contribution of fiction on culture as well as the positive function that it plays in the process of acquiring morals. It strives to investigate the secret of the fictitious contribution to the dissemination of culture. Consequently, it focuses on Aesop's fables since they have a significant amount of popularity all over the world. These narratives have been playing vital contributions to transculturality even since ancient times when there were no technological advancements readily available. It has been observed that Aesop's characterization, which acquires relationships between animals, regardless of whether they are harmonious or not, as well as those between humans and nonhumans, has a major impact on Aesop's fables. Several stories that have been included in this collection have been written with a sarcastic tone. It is possible to conclude that Aesop's power resides in his great craft of teaching people the value of moderation and wisdom, how to overcome difficulties and fulfill their aspirations, and how to trust in themselves more fully. This is all accomplished via the use of his fables.

The first section was an introduction to the movement of feminism, its significance, and the challenges facing this study. Feminism's influence transcends superficial changes, delving into the legal and policy realms to secure tangible advancements in gender equality. Legislative measures addressing workplace discrimination, reproductive rights, and domestic violence bear the imprints of feminist advocacy. The movement's commitment to intersectionality further ensures that the struggle for equality is inclusive, recognizing the interconnected nature of gender with other social categories. Feminism is a powerful force that has fundamentally reshaped societal structures, cultural narratives, and individual perspectives. The movement's impact is multifaceted, challenging entrenched norms and fostering a seismic shift in understanding gender roles. Central to this transformation is the heightened awareness and discourse surrounding gender inequality, sparking conversations that permeate all facets of modern life. Feminism has become a driving force behind increased representation of women in diverse fields, breaking down barriers that once limited their participation and influence. The last section involves some of the novels and writings that talk about the concept of feminism and its movement and mentions some of its quotations.

This study offers an in-depth analysis of narrative techniques in Kazuo Ishiguro's Klara and the Sun and Annalee Newitz's Autonomous, with the primary objective of investigating how these techniques shape the reader perceptions of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and posthuman identity. Employing a comparative approach, the paper reveals contrasting narrative strategies: Ishiguro's novel utilizes a singular perspective to evoke emotional engagement and personalize ethical considerations concerning AI, whereas Newitz employs multi-perspectival narration, provocative dialogue, and temporal fluidity to challenge conventional notions of autonomy and agency in posthuman entities. The findings indicate that narrative techniques serve not merely as storytelling devices but as potent tools that significantly influence the reader engagement due thematic depth. The analysis contributes to the scholarly discourse on posthuman literature by highlighting how differing narrative techniques can serve unique thematic and interpretative purposes. Future research may extend this work by incorporating a broader range of posthuman narratives or examining reader responses to deepen our understanding of this evolving genre.

This case study deals with Robert Frost as an American poet from the perspective of his symbolism. Robert Frost's poetry is notable for its use of symbolism. Frost's extensive experience in using literary expressions to critique the material world and write about the beauty of nature is evident in his use of symbolism in his poems. This study aims to reveal the skillfulness of Frost in poetry writing and his love of nature. However, this research argues the gap between modern societies and the beauty of nature through an analysis of Frost’s poem "Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening". This study examines the symbols and images that Frost used in his poetry. Moreover, this study analyses the spiritual relationship between Frost's poetry and the romance of nature. These images will be studied through his poem "Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening" as an analytical study. The qualitative method of analysis sheds light on how Robert Frost used the images of nature to criticize modern society and his role in destroying pure nature.

This paper is mainly concerned with the profound Greek touches in A View from the Bridge by Arthur Miller that is considered as a modern tragedy. It aims at finding out whether it shares certain Greek touches like values, conflict, catharsis, hamartia and suffering. Ancient playwrights, like modern playwrights take on their shoulders the task of portraying man's state in the world where nothing is certain; a world that is disturbed by the terrifying effects of war and technology. Man is now the victim of the rapid progress, the new civilization, the social classes, unemployment and pollution. Hence, a number of modern dramatists present a modern man as a helpless creature, looking for a shelter in the corners of a destructed society.

War always leaves its indelible imprints on all realms of life and it produces sad memorable stories that cause an endless suffering. It is commonplace that women are susceptible to the atrocious nature of war and they have to pay high costs in time of war. They never forget how they endure the great brunt of war. Unimpeachably, the American wars have caused a great sensation and controversy at home and internationally, for these wars have never brought security and stability to all the parties concerned. Rather, they have brought to the fore what is shocking, negative, and destructive. The women in particular are often seriously affected during the outbreak of armed conflicts and civil strife. The traumatic experiences of women are encapsulated in a number of stories which betray the impact of war on the individual and the group just the same. Such women’s thrilling narratives are best mirrored in contemporary literature. Jack Hilton Cunningham’s Women and War (2012) demonstrates and documents women’s reactions to the ghastly phantoms of war. This paper examines how Cunningham presents the female experience in his play Women and War. He weaves into the structure of the play many stories that showcase the horrific nature of modern American wars which brought destruction, chaos, and disintegration. These stories are closely related to female characters in this play. The research adopts a psychological approach to analyze the text under question, focusing on the PTSD syndromes that follow the catastrophic experiences of war.

This article explores the concept of Xenophobia as a sociological phenomenon. It takes a psychological turn while carrying out the examining process. Xenophobia is a multifaceted concept that takes into account forms such as biology, society, ethnicity and culture. However, as a concept, xenophobia has been the core matter of societal examination within societies regardless class and race. Part from this article, xenophobic elements within this phenomenon can be seen as biological, societal, ethnic and cultural as well. Being a qualitative study, it applies an exploratory approach to achieve the analysis. The framework of this study is scapegoating theory as well as being manifested in the society as a post-product of the western colonialism of Africa. The article resulted in exploring as xenophobic element as a critical encounter obstructing people from taking their active role within their communities. This article, sheds light on the literature on Xenophobia as was reviewed right from its starting point and was reflected in the review. The of scapegoating theory displays how restricted gender is when it comes to Hamlet. This article concludes that the drives and consequences of breaking the obstacles appear to be invalid due to people’s indecisiveness.

This research examines the semiotics of icons in Facebook posts regarding events in Gaza, utilizing Peirce's theory to decipher visual symbols. This analysis examines the manner in which images effectively communicate intricate emotions, ideas, and ideologies, surpassing plain visual depiction. The study demonstrates the diverse and nuanced ability of images to function as icons. The research emphasizes the importance of visual semiotics in digital communication, particularly in the setting of social media. The results illustrate the dynamic characteristics of online communication and the influence of visuals on molding public opinion. This research enhances our comprehension of the influence of visual communication in a connected digital environment.

The language employed in the realm of media, particularly in headlines, exhibits a diverse array of linguistic characteristics. This is due to the newspaper reporters' endeavor to convey more than what is written by utilizing certain linguistic elements. The issue at hand is predicated on the notion that the majority of newspapers utilize linguistic features that define their writing style. Moreover, these linguistic features engender ambiguity and complexity in comprehending and interpreting the core meaning of the headlines. The present study contributes to our comprehension of the variation in media language, the stylistic components in newspaper writing, the challenges in interpretation, the strategies employed in audience communication, the application of analytical models, and the underlying motives behind linguistic choices. The primary objective of this study is to analyze a selection of political headlines from English newspapers. It aims to demonstrate how newspaper writers communicate with the audience through the headlines, both explicitly and implicitly. The linguistic analysis of English political headlines in this study is focused on a renowned newspaper known as TIME. Four models, namely Westley's (1959), Abbott's (1981), Pehar's (2001), and Garst and Bernstein's (1961) are employed to analyze (30) selected headlines related to Brexit. The study concludes that linguistic features are deliberately and creatively utilized for various purposes, such as capturing the reader's attention, employing aesthetic language, and presenting vivid news, among others.

This study aims to assess the influence of peer interaction and language anxiety on speaking skills from the EFL 4th grade female students' perspectives. The participants were 28 female students from the Department of English (Evening Studies) from the College of Education for Women, University of Anbar. The pilot sample consists of 9 female students who were excluded from the participants who participated in the survey. The design of the study is a survey study. A questionnaire was built to collect the data for the study. The validity and the reliability of the questionnaire were verified. The results revealed that peer interaction has a significant positive influence on reducing students' language-speaking anxiety. Peer interactions have supported students' confidence during speaking activities, developed their speaking performance, and overcame students' language anxiety in communication orally, face to face, tasks inside and outside the classroom, meaning in an authentic context.

This research discusses Amiri Baraka's one-act play The Slave (1964) through which he reflects his revolutionary ideas about the traumatic past of slavery and the continuous oppression of black’s community. The Play clearly depicts the tension between the American blacks and the racial whites living in America. By portraying Walker Vessels, the African American protagonist, as both a revolutionary and a slave—apparently a rebel leader—who carries on the heritage of black armed resistance from the antebellum South, The Slave challenges received histories about the era of slavery by creatively dislocating and extending the scope of the militancy of the sixties. This study argues the haunting memory of race relations in the United States and acts of armed resistance by rewriting historical narratives as Baraka's modern revolutionary figure carries the history of slave revolts in The Slave. Moreover, Baraka ensures that even in its imaginary circumstances, The Slave portrays an unfulfilled revolution which encompasses the unfulfilled dreams of change and end of slavery.

Recently ,the use of technology is fast becoming a key instrument in language learning. In addition, the use of mobile devices for improving learning English in the foreign language (EFL) context is necessary to all language learners as it will help to motivate the learning through adding enjoyment and usefulness to the process of learning. The learners' motivation of using Mobile Assisted Language Learning (MALL) applications is one of the significant issues that may encounter the use of these applications by EFL learners. Adding to that, English speaking is considered as the most challenging aspect in the process of enhancing the language skills. The main purpose of this study is to present a conceptual model to motivate the English speaking learning by EFL learners using MALL applications. The conceptual model is proposed based on Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) supported by related theories and studies. MALL applications could motivate the English learner to enhance the speaking skills due to many factors such as self directed learning, variety of learning styles, and accessibility and availability of learning content. This study is important to explain the various factors that could help to motivate the use of MALL applications by EFL learners to improve their speaking skills. Based on the proposed conceptual model, the future work and recommendations are suggested in this study too.

This study aims to reveal the EFL fourth-grade female students' attitudes toward the influence of reading comprehension strategies on students' reading competence. The participants were 41 female students from the Department of English (Evening Studies) at the College of Education for Women, University of Anbar. Out of the total number of participants, only 11 female students participated in the pilot sample, the rest (30) students participated in the survey. The design of the study is a survey study. A questionnaire was built to collect the data for the study. The validity and the reliability of the questionnaire were verified. The results revealed that the students have positive attitudes toward the influence of reading comprehension strategies on students' reading competence, the strategies help the students in skimming and scanning texts helped them to quickly grasp the main ideas, also the note-taking strategy helps the students to retain the important information, and finally, the majority of the participants agree that the "Repeated Reading strategy" contributes to a better understanding over time.

In his "The Cask of Amontillado", Poe resorts to the use of rhetorical devices to attain various functions associated with persuasion, embellishment, entertainment and criticality. These devices are meant to emphasize their role in establishing a tense atmosphere, enrich character description, and enhance thematic representation to illustrate how these components represent various dimensions of society concerns and human psychology. Thus, this paper aims to detect the rhetorical devices used in “The Cask of Amontillado”, illustrating their behaviours and determining the functions behind their use. The data collection consists of five extracts drawn from “The Cask of Amontillado”; they are selected to be descriptively and qualitatively analysed focusing on the types and behaviours of the figures of speech used. The study concludes that through the use of irony, symbolism, and vivid descriptive language, Poe intricately captivates the reader in the story by establishing an atmosphere of suspense and terror. Overall, these rhetorical elements are integral to the story, enhancing its mood of foreboding and offering profound insights into themes of revenge, decline and deceit.

Mental and linguistic activity, asshown by Cardner, a scientist, is one of the multiple types of intelligence and consists of seven types of intelligence. It is measured by the cognitive performance of the individual who is responsible for acquiring and developing language.Many advanced linguistic studies agreed that it includes factors responsible for sounds, semantics and organization. Therefore, the importance of the current research was determined by measuring the linguistic intelligence while studying English and its relationship to achievement (getting high marks).
To achieve the objectives of this research a test of linguistic intelligence was conducted after determining its areas and the number of its items. In its initial form, the test includes 67 items for the total of three areas as identified by experts and multiple-choice formula.Then the psychometric characteristics of the test are verified, and paragraphs are determined through honesty, consistency, distinction, and difficulty.
The test, in its final version, was applied to the students of the third-grade intermediate in First Karkh Directrate of Education. Those students were chosen deliberately for their cooperation to accomplish the current research.
The researcher adopted the final degree of achievement for the academic year 2018-2019 for English to know its relationship with linguistic intelligence. The researcher has concluded a high correlation relationship between both linguistic intelligence and the degree of achievement (getting high marks). This explains the distinction of some of them in English without the other subjects and this is consistent with Gardner’s theory of seven types of intelligence adopted by the researcher.

This study showcases the multimodal discourses that undergird (underlie) how women are misrepresented in advertisements both verbally and visually. Adopting a qualitative research methodology, the study seeks to unveil the ingenious (subtle) ideological discourses that are naturalized, disseminated, and legitimized about women in advertisements through the verbal i.e. textual and visual semiotic choices. The study is mainly anchored in Kress and van Leeuwen's seminal model of visual grammar (2006) and Van Leeuwen's social actor theory (2008), as previous accounts fail to provide a holistic picture of how advertisers exploit visual and the linguistic resources to disseminate particular ideologies about women. The results manifest that advertisements hypersexualize, oversimplify, and objectify women, and also promote negative stereotypes on women, focusing on their physical attraction disregarding their potentialities. Moreover, women are associated with beauty products, accessories, and kitchen equipment; advertisements perpetuate the traditional view that elegance is a prerequisite for women, which in turn signifies their societal influence or power. In effect, they shape or mould, and reshape the society's view about women. The study is, in particular, crucial as it adds to the

Many prior research has examined diversities of themes portrayed in rap music, including, violence, drug abuse, glorifying alcohol, crime etc. The current study investigates the ways in which rap style uniquely implicates riches, wealth, and power through the strategic use of linguistic devices. By identifying metaphors, hyperbole, parallelism, personification, sarcasm and, irony etc., with slang as key elements, the study explores how these devices collectively shape the portrayal of economic experiences within rap communities.
The analysis provides a clear understanding of the economic and wealth theme embedded in rap lyrics, shedding light on how language is employed to critique societal structures, promote messages of economic empowerment, and express the realities of marginalized communities. Furthermore, the study examines how the rhythmic flow, word-choice, and storytelling emphasis inherent in rap style contribute to the thematic exploration of riches, wealth, and power.
This research enhances our comprehension of how rap, as an artistic form, engages with economic themes through language and style, offering insights into the unique ways in which rap communicates messages of economic significance and empowerment.

The study investigates the impact of employing brainstorming strategy, as a pre-writing strategy, on preparatory EFL students' writing ability. Moreover, the study sought to investigate the efficacy of brainstorming for developing writing performance. Forty four participants were participating in writing composition in fifth grade at Iraqi preparatory schools . In this study the quasi-experimental design for one sample was used. Based on the results of the pretest and posttest, the learners who were treated with brainstorming strategy made significant progress in writing. Furthermore, their scores indicated that the majority of the learners found brainstorming a useful strategy in enhancing their writing skills. The results of the current study highlight the effectiveness of employing brainstorming as a pre-writing strategy in developing EFL students’ writing skill.

The study aimed to discuss the importance of using smartphone and tablets in supporting English language learning among secondary school students in Iraq. This study employed qualitative research through the investigation of the literature, a technique meant to first determine the present situation surrounding an event before attempting to explain it. The potential advantages of mobile learning are thoroughly discussed in the literature review, with special attention to how it can support a range of learning styles, meet a variety of needs, and improve student engagement and interaction. The study highlights prior research that highlights the favorable reception and acceptance of mobile-assisted language learning among students, teachers, and institutions. This indicates the potential of these devices to enhance language acquisition and teaching approaches. The recommendations call for a thorough investigation into the use of mobile devices in the classroom. They place a strong emphasis on contrasting traditional teaching methods with tablet/smartphone approaches, looking into specialized teacher training for technology-assisted language learning, analyzing inclusivity features for students with disabilities, examining the effects of culture and society on language instruction, investigating community and parental involvement, and conducting a cross-cultural analysis outside of Iraq to comprehend the effectiveness of mobile devices in a variety of educational settings worldwide.

This paper investigates metaphorical usages in advertising from a psycho-semantic perspective. It argues that metaphor is employed in advertising texts deliberately to conceptualize one concept in terms of another which has well-defined and structured experience-able effect. Semantically, one semantic domain is expanded to another in a process of simulation to the targeted concept. Psychologically, the paper attempts to show the positively achieved attitudes by the use of metaphor in ads texts. Metaphor provides relational or sentential innovations to map unpredictable yet meaningful imagistic textuality guaranteeing interactive quest in general. The data analyzed are ads texts collected randomly from net sources containing clear or implicit metaphorical usages. The approach is purely cognitive, qualitative one. Analysis depends on the theory of conceptual metaphor by Lackoff and Johnson 1980. The results show that advertising, as a genre, is a parable process of emulation and stimulation of one concept in terms of another, which is more familiar and affective by employing deviant's adds-on imagistic mosaic of metaphorical image. Per se, adverts' texting is dependent on the observeability, of the linguistic aspects of texts and on the persuasiveness of the discourse.

Verbal and nonverbal communication are essential components of human interaction, shaping how individuals convey meaning, establish relationships, and navigate social contexts. This paper provides a comprehensive examination of both verbal and nonverbal communication, elucidating their distinct features, interconnectedness, and impact on interpersonal dynamics. Through a review of theoretical frameworks, empirical research, and real-world examples, this study explores the roles of verbal and nonverbal cues in encoding and decoding messages, regulating social interactions, and expressing emotions. Furthermore, it examines the influence of cultural norms, individual differences, and technological advancements on communication patterns and effectiveness. By synthesizing insights from diverse disciplines such as psychology, linguistics, sociology, and communication studies, this paper offers a nuanced understanding of the complexities inherent in verbal and nonverbal communication processes.

Différentes langues utilisent des expressions de salutation pour exprimer les normes et les valeurs culturelles d'une société. Le but de cette étude est d'analyser et de confronter l'analyse sémantique des salutations en français, en anglais et en allemand. L'étude portera sur les disparités et les similarités dans les valeurs et les normes culturelles qui se manifestent dans les termes de salutation. Cette étude vise à découvrir quelles sont les différences et les similitudes culturelles dans l'analyse sémantique des salutations en français, en anglais et en allemand . L’étude essaye à Identifier et comparer les expressions de salutation utilisées en français, en anglais et en allemand, examiner les valeurs et les normes culturelles reflétées dans les expressions de salutation., étudier les variations dans l'utilisation des expressions de salutation en fonction de l'âge, du sexe et du statut social et explorer l'impact de la mondialisation et de la diffusion culturelle sur l'utilisation des expressions de salutation dans ces langues.
Une méthode mixte sera employée dans l'étude, combinant à la fois une analyse qualitative et quantitative des données. Il y aura une collecte d'expressions de salutation provenant de locuteurs natifs du français, de l'anglais et de l'allemand sur le terrain. On examinera les données en utilisant des méthodes d'analyse sémantique afin de repérer les valeurs et les normes culturelles qui se manifestent dans les expressions. Une étude sera aussi réalisée afin de collecter des informations quantitatives sur les fluctuations dans l'usage des salutations en fonction de l'âge, du genre et du statut social.