Engineering and Technology Journal

The performance of membranes for a specific application can be determined with the help of structural properties such as molecular weight cut-off (MWCO), morphology, and pore statistics. Heavy metal ions from aqueous streams can be separated with the help of ultrafiltration membranes. In the presence and absence of the various components of the additive poly (ethylene glycol) 600, MWCOs and pore statistics of polyurethane (PU) and carboxylated polysulfone (CPSf) blend ultrafiltration (Total Polymer Concentration = 17.5 wt %) were studied with the help of dextran of various molecular weights ranging from 19 to 150 kDa. The derived pore size, pores number, and porosity have a remarkable relationship with the MWCO, morphology, and the flux of the membranes. The blend membranes rejected certain toxic divalent heavy metal ions such as copper, cadmium, nickel, and zinc by complexing them into a polymeric ligand, poly(ethyleneimine) (PEI). The influence of the compositions of the polymer blend and concentrations of the additive on metal ions' removel and permeate flux are discussed.

High traffic could result in load imbalance or network congestion, which
degrades the network’s performance and efficiency. Thus, it is crucial to adopt
efficient routing and load balancing models to face these challenging issues.
Additionally, when investigating a new approach, it is essential to consider the
most important metrics to evaluate this potential approach precisely. This paper
presents an intensive analysis of recently available SDN-based load balancing
and routing techniques. Furthermore, the features and issues of each technique
are stated. Moreover, the most important metrics that should be evaluated are
statically analyzed. Also, a brief survey of available network congestion
solutions is shown. Additionally, taxonomies of available load balancing, routing
techniques, and congestion solutions are presented. Finally, we shed light on the
trends, promising techniques, and future directions’ suggestions that could be
utilized further in research. Investigating SDN-based research published by wellknown
academic publishers in the last six years shows that enhancing network
performance and AI-based approaches are the highest investigated topics with
28% and 27%, respectively, of the total investigated issues. Other topics took
lower percentages. As far as we know, this study is the first work that jointly
surveys and categorizes all existing approaches in the field of decreasing delay
and congestion in SDN-based networks

Digital image processing is a field that is included in many journals due to its
importance and the fact that it facilitates the achievement of many scientific and
engineering applications worldwide. This specialization is linked with other
disciplines, whether medical, engineering, sports, and others, as it facilitates the
completion of applications quickly and efficiently. Researchers have discovered
and garnered notice as a promising analytic tool in image processing using the idea
of fractal dimension. In this effort, a new Multi-Dimensional Fractal (MDF) in
view of the rectangle function was introduced a. As an application, the MDF to
improve and enhance the images was employed, and found that there is a
connection between MDF and image processing, where the self-similarity
property, for example, is one of several features in the new definition. Other
properties are discussed in the sequel, including image noise reduction. The
presence of noise is responsible for properly operating these images in various
applications. Several academics have created and applied a strategy for
minimizing noise in features multiplicatively throughout the last several years.
The outcomes reveal that the proposed strategy is successful. The method is based
on the definition of the rectangular function (the elementary component of all
digital signals, videos, and images), where this function indicates a rectangularformed
rhythm that is concentrated at the origin. For example, the suggested
process received a rate of 97% for PNSR and 95% for RMSD.

In recent years, biologists, chemists, materials scientists, and engineers have
become interested in Nano-sized particles because of their unique properties. In
this paper, ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized using an Nd: YAG laser with 800
mJ at 1064 nm and 532 nm (the fundamental and second harmonic wavelengths).
The characteristics of optical, morphological, structural, wettability and
antibacterial activity have been studied. The used technique of PLAL was
successful in nanoparticle formation. It was proved in color changes, which was
an indication of ZnO nanoparticle formation. The optical measurements show a
decrease in absorption wavelength and an increase in the band gap, an indication
of the formation of quantum confinement due to nanoparticle formation. The XRD
involves the formation of polycrystalline ZnO at both wavelengths. Also, the FESEM
proved the formation of nanoparticles with a semispherical shape and little
agglomeration on the surface. However, the EDX shows Zn and O in the film,
which means the formation of ZnO. The low contact angle indicates high
wettability, which means that the material has high biocompatibility. Finally, the
antibacterial test was done on two types of bacteria (E. coli and S. aurous) and
showed an antibacterial effect on both types with different NP concentrations

In the context of decision support systems, bi-capacities were introduced as an
extension of classical capacities. Many bipolar fuzzy integrals related to the bicapacities
have been presented in recent years. One of these integrals is the Sugeno
integral concerning aggregation on bipolar scales. The paper aims to build an
equivalent representation of the bipolar Sugeno integral. Therefore, we first
employ in this paper the framework based on a ternary-criterion set for proposing
an alternative formula of the bipolar Sugeno integral to be suitable for bipolar
scales. Then, we discuss some basic properties and give an illustrative example of
this representation. This representation is consistent as an extension of the
representation concerning the classical capacities and aggregation on the Sugeno
integral unipolar scales.

Due to the significance of Nb2O5 as a promising industrial and biomedical material
and the importance of Raman analyses to identify nanostructural molecular
responsivity for various applications, this study aims to investigate Nb2O5
molecular bands that emerged under the impact of the Raman scattering
phenomenon. Besides other advantages, Raman scattering analyses can provide a
further investigation of the nanostructural polycrystalline phases supporting the
XRD analyses. A pulsed laser was selected as the deposition technique for Nb2O5
thin films prepared with four different parameters. The selection of the pulsed laser
deposition (PLD) method was due to the insufficient studies and investigations of
Nb2O5 nanostructures prepared via this method. The deposition parameters
included the laser energy per pulse, substrate temperature, laser wavelength, and
the number of laser pulses. Each preparation parameter was studied in a range, and
one obtained value was optimized or selected for investigating the next parameter.
Q-switched Nd:YAG pulsed laser was employed for this purpose. Orthorhombic
(T-Nb2O5) and monoclinic (H-Nb2O5) were obtained and investigated. XRD
analysis was incorporated to confirm the resulting Nb2O5 phases. Previous studies
and observations of Niobium (V) oxide molecular Raman scattering bands were
also listed for comparison purposes. The results of this study were well-agreed
with the previously obtained results.

The coherent oscillation of electrons at contact among a dielectric and metal when
the metal is exposed to incoming plasmon is known as “surface Plasmon
resonance”. To achieve the best surface plasmon resonance (SPR) signal, several
aspects must be considered, including the excitation wavelength, the sort of metals
used, and the thickness of the metal layer. The modification of the surface plasmon
resonance (SPR) depending on the thickness of metallic gold was investigated in
this study. The reflection spectrum is determined as a function of metal thickness
and dielectric medium (air), which is fixed in this case, and measuring the
resonance angle for each size (length of the gold layer) to visualize the influence
of the metal film on the resonance angle. The analysis concentrated on the impact
of gold layer thickness variations on resonance angle shift. SPR's ideal thickness
was discovered to be 45-50 nm. We used the spin coating method to create a thin
layer. The thickness of thin films is measured by scanning the sample with an
atomic force microscope (AFM) tip. The optimum SPR angle profile with the
minimum amount of reflection and dip reflection is achieved with this film
thickness. The reflectance and resonance angle performance features of gold layers
were analyzed utilizing plasmonic Kretschmann configurations at a wavelength
(632.8 nm) in sensing media (air). In an experimental analysis of the improved
surface plasmon resonance characteristics of the gold/air coupling, they also
showed a significant shift in resonance angle due to the film thickness variation.
Biomedical science, optics, biosensing, and medicine are just a few of the domains
where the (SPR) has been applied.

In the present work, polymer and surfactant solutions (Xanthan Gum-
Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide) were formulated and tested in a micro-flow
system (microchannel) carrying octanoic acid as the hydrocarbon phase to
determine the droplets formation capabilities of the two different additives. The
purpose is to compare the droplet-generated size, shape, and distance between the
droplets forming from the individual additives solutions. The jetting phenomenon
that happens during droplet generation was also investigated. The solution of the
polymer (XG) and surfactant (CTAB) was prepared in 5 different concentrations
(50, 100, 150, 200, and 250) ppm and (500, 1000, 1500, 2000, and 2500) ppm,
respectively. The continuous and dispersed phases' flow was controlled by
controlling the inlet pressure of both phases. Direct-writing lithography was used
to fabricate the microchannels using polydimethylsiloxane polymer. The
microfluidic chip was connected to an open-loop fluid circulation system, and the
produced by polymer and surfactant solutions droplets size was recorded using a
high-resolution microscope. The droplet generated using the XG solution was
larger, and the distance between droplets was shorter as concentration increased.
In contrast, the CTAB solutions showed smaller droplets, and the distance between
droplets increased as the concentration increased. The possibility of coalescence
of the droplet was also higher as the distance between droplets was shorter. In
terms of jetting regime, as the pressure ratio increases, the jet breakup length
increases before forming the droplet until, at some limit, the dispersed phase was
failed to generate droplets.