Journal of International studies

In the early 1970s, the State of Qatar became more independent than its counterparts in the Gulf States. The political leadership in Qatar had paid great attention to the issue of advancement in all fields. The Constitution of 2005, because it was like the spirit of reform before the political leadership in Qatar, "Hamad bin Khalifa" to the Authority and his determination to respond to the demands of the people of Qatar in terms of space for freedom of opinion and the issuance of new newspapers and the space for NGOs to volunteer work and service, and succeeded by Sheikh "Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani," which is one of the ambitious personalities to make the State of Qatar According to the global

Since 2003, Iraq has faced many challenges, foremost of which are the security challenges that have greatly affected the lives of Iraqi citizens, which were mainly aimed at disrupting the political process. Many countries, including some neighboring Iraq, opposed the political change that took place in Iraq in 2003, in which democracy and its mechanisms were adopted as a basis for reaching power and peaceful handling of it. Iraq has been subjected to the positions of some countries to major challenges aimed at the political process in order to disrupt the success. Qatar is one of the countries whose policies and attitudes towards Iraq for the period 2003-2017 have posed major challenges to its political process. However, the crisis that took place between Qatar on the one hand and Saudi Arabia, the UAE, Bahrain and Egypt on the other, and Qatar's boycott and siege since June 2017 can be a good opportunity to advance the relations between the two countries to acceptable levels of cooperation and coordination in various fields, More than Iraq, which is always ready to improve its relations with all countries, especially neighboring countries.

This critical theory research, in its sample of German Frankfurt School, tries to provide rereading, analyzing, and comparison between the characters and thoughts of that school in the fields of cultural criticism and its impact on the political action, practice, and their achievement for huge shift in Marxism and Freudianism concept which contributed in the criticism concept transition from its first generation to third generation.
It can be said that the bases of the article focus on revealing the production of concepts and theories characterized somehow with originality in the fields of philosophy and policy using the review and criticism tools. With the first generation the critical concepts appear as: liberality, alienation, instrumental rationality, art and imagination outlet, traditional theory and critical theory, therefore it is a generation cared about restoration of modified Marxist discourse and Formulation of theoretical foundations for their school to make it ideologically unique and to gain its philosophical position globally. With the second generation the concepts were going and coming in the sphere of: criticizing the instrumental rationality, Communicative rationality, Psychoanalysis and liberality, art and expression, language and ethics. So we reveal the generation concerns to product balanced and consistent discourse in the level of theory and addressing the reality, although it remains a subject of criticism, retraction, and addressing. With the third one of the school generations the concepts seemed less popular; because it cared about filling gaps or changed little paths to make the theory applicable and take its social moral sphere, after the generation made its Epistemological foundations. Therefore the generation concepts stayed limited to: ethics and against the contempt and disrespect, human rights, recognition and relationships, and solidarities.

The political and international transformations of the early nineties of the last century produced a number of complexities and changes in international relations, political systems or ideological structures. The world began to look forward to a new historical era after the influence of traditional intellectual, political and military forces left the field of international competition. To dominate the international decision. All this was accompanied by the emergence of global challenges that were not entirely absent in the past but were not a priority because of the nature of the ideological conflict at the time, which divided the entire globe into two parts (North and South) East and West). After the demise of the influences of the era and its instruments of conflict and access to the international situation is different, many talk about American hegemony and the transformation of the structure and nature of the international system coincided with the nature of international mobility and challenges, which still cast a shadow on the international scene.

Different countries in their form from a simple central state to a decentralized state or a federal state. This difference is due to the diversity of societies in which these forms are based to reflect their political, economic and social reality. To regulate the shape of the state and the distribution of power in it is known as (the semi-federal system), which Iraq towards It with the enactment of the law (21) amended in 2008.

After The Iraqi Represent Council Voted On The most of The Articles of Electoral governments law for Government of Election at 2018, By adopting The proportion of system with Ammanded sant lak (1.7), in Addition to reducing The Government of seats numbers.
This Research will dealing with Forecasting interduce for Electoral system impact based on Reducing The seats number on The Election Results.
So That this Research Focucing on use the governorate Election Results 2013 and adopting these Results by Articles of new law 2018, to try to comparn the diffrineas of Results from won party to another this Research acheived to approned the hypothesis as due to (The adopting Amended Sant lak (1.7) with Reduction the number of seats leading to negatively effects on the small and middle Parties to win by seats.

The research tackled the strategic importance of the African continent and the continent's important natural resources along with the new wealth of oil, which made the African continent in the field of fierce international competition to secure these resources due to the internal challenges and difficulties experienced by most of the countries of the region, And the lack of political stability that has made the African continent a turbulent security environment, as the nature given to some countries by the grace of resources may become a curse and a plague on countries or the region. As well as to explain the reasons for the increase of international and regional attention to this continent, in particular, within the geographical importance, strategic and economic of the continent, which is one of the promising areas of oil production, as well as other mineral resources: gold, diamonds ... etc, which is rich in the region, : The security of the Red Sea, which tops the list of the world's seas because of its inherent natural and mineral resources, and piracy, which constitute the greatest threat to maritime security, helped to impose guardianship and external intervention from other countries in the African continent. The study concluded that the importance of the strategic bases underlying the international strategy towards the countries of this continent has increased in the era of globalization and political and economic developments, as well as changing the international visions regarding the crises and conflicts experienced by the continent and its understanding of the importance of focusing on the political and military entrance.

The topic area of that’s paper dealing with Democracy as concept which its mean rule of people by the people, its divided into three kinds one of them which consider oldest direct democracy as in Greek cities, in that’s type the people rule directly by meting, second one indirect democracy its represented democracy which people elect some candidates in parliament, the third and last one its semi democracy, when the people elect their representatives and have some supervised authorities upon them.
In Iraq the accord democracy was adopted after 2003 by this kind of democracy the many communities in Iraq can formed the alliances represent the one community of Iraq, without subordinate the majority rule, that’s kind of democracy faced many challenges, yet they are many which can make the democracy in Iraq more adaptable with new changes in International system and more reasonable.

All laws convene on feminism, and the legislations are legislated around the world to be applied on all workers on private and public institutions without discrimination that based on gender.
The concept of affirmative action depends on the principle of priority to deal with minorities based on ethnicity, color, religion gender or origin. It is represented on distinguishing marginalized groups in employment, education or works to repair the discrimination that was carried out against them before. This concept was firstly used in The United States in 1962, under the President John.F Kennedy, when he signed an executive presidential order that required procedures to prohibit discrimination in employment and education against minorities based on ethnicity, gender, nationalism or color. It aims to distribute justice and equality, under pressure from American Civil Rights Movement which tries to eliminate the discrimination against minorities which was common in The United States in its formal and informal institutions including universities

The relations between Iraq and Saudi Arabia have been characterized by conflict and fragmentation at times and with cautious cooperation at times according to regional and international circumstances. After the change in Iraq in 2003, the two countries became increasingly divided despite repeated attempts to restore relations to their normal state. In a serious manner through which the role of Iraq can be restored in its Arab environment and relations between the two countries based on mutual respect and consideration of common interests.

This research debate the internal content for the Iraqi Political mind to acknowledge the dynamics behind its function and the reasons lies behind its failure and deformed its political reality after 2003, the deformed democracy, lost citizenship; all were political outcome by the Iraqi political mind.
Thus we cannot, if we wish to achieve political reform, to deal with these outcomes and left behind their causes, it takes returning back to the intellectual depth to reveal what linger in the recent memory for the Iraqi political mind of deposits that were the result of social transformations in the Iraqi modern history, then it shaped the Iraqi Political Mind in a three faced shape prism, compound mind between urbanism & tribalism, and a mind that is familiarized to subordination and a mind lacks patriotism, until this mind hatched in its prism-like shape, upon those outcome in its political shape.
As for reforming this mind it must return to the intellectual depth to re-shape the Iraqi political mind all over again, thus these reforms are based on three axes: citizenship, economy, education.

After the 1990 the international system has become closer to unipolarity represented by the United States of America .This in turn has led to the unilateralism of the USA to lead the world, taking advantage of its multiple elements of power and adopting at the same time to a new political policy, that is the American hegemony. This new policy, which was based on the use of force, was not successful. It led to failed and unacceptable result in many international issues. The concept of hegemony enticed the United States to intervene in the affairs of many countries across the world .Moreover ,it made it an occupying power just like what happened in Afghanistan 2001 as well as Iraq 2003.The policy has also failed to achieve tangible and successful results in intervening in other issues such as the Palestinian- Israeli conflict, and the Iranian nuclear file.

In Iraq, since 2003, the year of the fall of the former regime of Iraq, which imposed the style of the only party on Iraqi society, was the beginning of a new phase of its political history, one of the most important features of those parties that have begun to increase, and which bear the different orientations and ideas and goals. It sought to involve women in political work, in its various magazines, and therefore had its motives in the politics of these parties. If the propaganda was to give the public a sense of a civilized orientation that calls for equality between men and women, there are parties that are themselves convinced that women's participation can be achieved. The objectives of the party through this participation, and other such trends, and with the existence of those constitutional guarantees, expressed in the constitutional texts of 2005, as well as the laws that later embarked on the realization and activation of this political participation, and in particular the quota system ) As well as law Elections, and it can not be ignored that society has begun to recognize the growing importance of this participation, as the other half of society.

The strategy has emerged from the need of peoples to defeat their enemies and to discourage their rivals. Without enemies or rivals, there is no need for strategy. \"The only purpose of the strategy is to enable us to maximize the impact on our enemies and rivals as efficiently as possible, so when there are no enemies or rivals, there is no need to develop strategies.\" The strategy therefore focuses on understanding the war, its nature, how it is gained, and what are the goals and means used during the process.