Journal of university of Anbar for Pure science

The current study aims to study biodegradation for plastic waste as one of the ways of treatment of plastic pollution by using isolated bacterial isolates from plastic waste collection and landfill areas in the city of Ramadi and surrounding areas during different periods. Diagnosis of bacterial isolates was performed based on phenotypic and physiological tests as well as testing on the VITEK 2 system, isolates were selected that go back to the type Pseudomonas sp. and Streptomyces sp. Bacterial isolates have been studied for its ability to breakdown plastic waste used in the manufacturing of drinking bottles and shopping bags by collecting samples of plastic waste and assured they are washed and sterilized perfectly. Another experiment was conducted through a second decomposition (A carbon deficient) medium as well as the second decomposition medium contains some chemicals that are thought to help accelerate the process of decomposition. Results showed that the highest polyethylene breakdown occurred due to isolate P1 (Pseudomonas fluorescens) by the degradation rate 8.83% on the first decomposition medium and 30.5% on the second decomposition medium, while the degradation rate to isolated P4 (Streptomyces) was 4.83% on the first medium and 19% on the second medium. The genetic study results showed existence of the enzyme PETase gene on Pseudomonas fluorescens chromosome in an expected size 119bp and it was absent on plasmid

In this study and for the first time there are the use of the specific electrical conductivity, acidity function, difference potential for salicylic and acetyl salicylic acids (Aspirin) solution before and after adsorption to describe and elicit adsorption mechanism as followed :-
MO¯ + H2O → MOH (first step)
MOH + H+ → MOH2+
MOH2+ + Anion L¯ → MOH2+ -------- ¯ L (second step)
Mo¯ ( alumina surface ) , ¯ L ( anione )
The adsorption mechanism is represented by two steps the first is to change the charge of the alumina surface from the negative polarized charge to the positive polarized charge by adsorption of hydrogen ions and water molecules from the acid solution to the surface of the alumina by adsorption and the second step represented by the adsorption of the negative anion of the acid to the surface. Salicylic acid give (H+) and salicylate ions (anione) and the presence of hydroxyl group on ortho position helps in the stabilization of anion and increase acidity compared with acetyl group. The adsorption process leads to an increase of acidity function by means of the decrease of (H+) ions in the solution by transition from solution to surface of alumina. This is the first step of adsorption and the second step represented by the transition of salicylate ions. This in turn causes decrease of difference potential between the acidic solution and alumina surface. Decrease of (H+) ions in solution causes decrease in electrical conductivity of solution. All these changes clarify mechanism of ions transition and their type from the solution to surface.

Nowadays, Carbon nanotubes have been widely used in industry, engineering, science, and many other fields. The CNTs are formed of two classes, the first class is single-wall (SWCNTs) and the second is multi-wall (MWCNTs). Their synthesis is implemented using various methods such as Arc discharge and chemical vapor deposition processes. These methods produce stripping carbon atoms which exist as carbon whiskers formed as a side product in the air that could be breathed by human in the factories. These broad applications directly affect the human health because they are related to important areas involving direct influence to human health for example, in the pharmaceutical and food industries. One of the main risks facing the use of carbon nanotubes is to study the toxicity and the possibility of causing serious diseases such as lung cancer and skin cancer. As mentioned in the results of published researches explored in this review, especially those related to studying the effect of carbon nanotube on rat groups, for instance, direct exposure to specific amounts of carbon nanoparticles has caused serious complications, fibrosis and the emergence of carcinogenic infections in lung cells. Studies have shown that the toxicity of carbon nanotubes exceeded the toxicity of known toxic compounds such as quartz. These results, which have been discussed in the research, indicate that nanoparticles are considered as a toxic substance and we should be very cautious when dealing with them and take the necessary precautions in the laboratory especially those related to human health and food industries.

This study consists of two parts; the first part is measuring the temperature and relative humidity of twenty pharmacy shops and pharmacy refrigerators in Erbil city. The temperature inside nine types of different drug bottles is also measured. The results show that temperature and humidity inside pharmacy places and refrigerators are higher than the standard temperature (25C) and relative humidity (35%) of drugs. The temperature inside the drug bottles would be higher if compared with environment temperature. Second parts, the optical properties of the drug bottles are studied by using UV-VIS spectrophotometer, where they are used to analyze the optical properties of the drug bottles. The result shows a maximum value of transmittance ranging from 0% to 88% depending on the types of the drug bottles. Optical transmittance of 25–88% in the visible range has been observed in all samples, high UV transmittance (5%-70%) in %77 samples and infrared (up to 38%-88 % are observed in %88 samples.).

The objective of this research is to study the effect of volume fraction of short carbon fibers, distilled water and diluted HCl on the mechanical properties of the composite material, and determine the diffusion coefficient. The composite material was prepared from the epoxy resin as a matrix material and the short carbon fibers as a reinforcing material at volume fractions of 3%, 5% and 7%, respectively. Bending strength, Tensile strength and Absorption Tests were carried out on the samples of the composites .The results showed that adding carbon fibers to the polymer has increased the composite material strength and consequently raised the elasticity coefficient and the tensile strength proportionally with the volume fraction. Moreover, the results showed that immersing the samples in water and acid decreased the elasticity coefficient and tensile resistance in a manner proportional to the duration of immersion, whereby the effect of acid was greater than that of water.

In the present study, a modification for iterative methods of three order is presented by means of mean anomaly to calculate the values of E and e (true anomaly and eccentricity) respectively, for a planet in an elliptical orbit around the sun. We find that the improved methods converge to the true anomaly value E, solution with less iteration. The efficiency of the modified third order algorithms are examined on many cases of the values of M and e. It is observed that methods are more efficient than third order methods presented by Weerakoon [1], Homerier [2] and Ababneh [3] and classical Newton's method.

The Crystalline Salts classification is important for the diagnosis of pebbles in human kidneys. The aim of this study, classified and diagnosed the Urine crystals by using a computer program.
In this study, 128 samples, these samples consist of monocrystalline oxalate crystals, ammonium chlorate crystals and cysteine crystals. The sixty samples of crystal crystals were collected to have twenty for each of the types of crystals mentioned above. They were later classified into different groups depending on the difference in form and size. The method of matching image was applied to obtain the results of classification of crystals management which reached 98%.

In this work, the concentration effect of mixed tin dioxide and zinc oxide on optical properties of titanium dioxide thin films was studied. Thin films were prepared by using spray chemical pyrolysis technique on glass substrate at 350 ͦC. The optical results revealed a weak optical transmittance for Un-doped TiO2 at the end of ultraviolet spectrum followed by an increase, more than 48%, at the near IR spectrum. TiO2 thin films revealed more transparent with blue shift in the absorption edge when the SnO2-ZnO mixed increased. A significant decrease in the absorption coefficient with increasing the mixed of SnO2-ZnO. According to the results of the electronic transition of TiO2, thin films have direct and indirect energy gap, about 3.2 eV and 2.11 eV, respectively. An increase in both types of energy gap was observed with the mixing concentrations of SnO2-ZnO increase. In addition, a significant decrease also was in the refractive index and extinction coefficient with the increasing SnO2-ZnO concentration.

The speed of formaldehyde decomposition has been studied using catalysts (vanadium nanoparticles, nano vanadium oxide with nano hydroxyapatite and vanadium oxide). The catalysts have been made with three different concentrations (100, 500 and 1000) ppm and at three different temperatures (25, 50 and 75) ° C. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) images were used to study the structural and engineering properties of the prepared catalysts, which were nanostructured materials. The increase in the concentration of the catalysts and the temperature led to increasing the chemical reactions rate. However, it decreased the activation energy, which was calculated using the Arrhenius equation. The catalyst NV2O5 showed a better reaction rate compared to other prepared catalysts 100.1 x 〖10〗^(-3) and 112.5 x 〖10〗^(-3) ) for the catalysts such as nano vanadium oxide and nano vanadium oxide with nano hydroxyapatite, respectively.

This research includes the preparation of polymeric composites by (Hand lay-up method) of unsaturated polyester resin as a matrix material and (iron, copper) particles as strengthening materials with different weight ratios (5%, 10%, 15%, 20%). The hardness and impact strength properties are studied before and after immersion in (NaOH) solution and (HCl) solution at a normality of (0.3N) and for a period of one immersion (30 days). The results showed that the hardness and impact values increased with the increase in the percentage of iron and copper before immersion, after immersion, that hardness and impact strength values increased with increasing the iron and copper ratio of the compounds For all samples, but their value was lower than in normal conditions. And also these values in the (HCL) solution were lower than the (NaOH) solution.

A composite materials were prepared using a polymeric blend of epoxy resin and unsaturated polyester as a matrix material, and using a nanoceramic powder Lead Zirconium Titanate as a reinforcement material in different adding ratios( 2wt % & 6wt % ). Impact strength, surface hardness, thermal conductivity and solutions absorption tests were carried out for the polymeric blend and composite samples. The pre-immersion results showed that adding the ceramic powder to the polymeric blend improved the surface hardness, increased thermal conductivity as well as reduced impact strength. Immersing the samples in H2SO4 acid and kerosene caused of decrease in impact strength and surface hardness as well as increase in thermal conductivity. It was also noticed an increase in the absorption rate of acid and kerosene solutions in a manner proportional to the duration of immersion.