AL-Rafidain Engineering Journal (AREJ)

Digital Elevation Models (DEM) comprise valuable source of data required for many
engineering applications. Contour lines, slope - aspect maps are part of their many uses.
Moreover, a DEM theme is an essential layer to be included in most GIS analysis operations.
Recent scientific achievements aim to automate acquiring DEMs with the most possible speed
and accuracy. This paper studies two methods of DEM data extraction from sample aerial
stereopairs, the analytical plotter method versus the digital photogrammetric method (DP).
The DEM output of the analytical plotter is used as a reference. This is compared to the work
performed using the DP method on the sample photos in digital format. Comparison covers
various steps of image orientation followed by DEM collection. Numerical outputs of speed
and accuracy are presented and discussed. The tests show that errors in automatically
extracted DEMs may result from areas representing ground surface of poor texture or contrast
conditions, or it may appear due to imperfect photographic processing. Editing time of the
product is a major factor especially in urban/ forest areas. Depending on the specified needs
of the user, an erroneous DEM output might be accepted as appropriate digital surface model
DSM. Statistical tests detect marginal error types in the output. The paper gives conclusions
about some problematic sources with recommendations to improve the product.

The aim of this research is to study the effect of (Used Engine Oil) (UEO) on the
properties of fresh and hardened concrete and its effect on the properties of the hardened
concrete under high temperature, the (UEO) used as a plasticizer material, adding an airentrained
to the fresh concrete, thus improving workability of the fresh concrete. The (UEO)
is used as percentage of cement weight (0.1,0.15, 0.2%) ,the 28 day concrete is exposed to
different levels of high temperature (200,400,600 ) for 1.0 hr, the concrete samples were
tested after
24 hr of cooling, two methods were used to add the (UEO), First Method: adding the (UEO)
during the mixing process (mixing the dry materials and water after that the used engine oil
was added), The Second Method: An emulsion mixture consisting of oil and water was
prepared for the different percentages of additions this emulsion was used after mixing the dry
materials, the mixing time was 4 minutes. Results showed that the effect of using the (UEO)
is similar to that of air-entraining chemical to fresh concrete, its effect appears on the (initial
& final setting time, slump and air content) and also affects the properties of hardened
concrete.

During the latest decades there has been a significant increase in using FRP (Fiber
Reinforced Polymers) as a main material for external reinforcement in the construction
industry.Externally bonded FRP sheets have been used to increase moment capacity of
flexural members and to improve confinement in compression members. This paper
summarizes the result of experimental and analytical studies on the flexural strengthening of
reinforced concrete beams by external bonding of glass fiber reinforced polymer sheets to the
tension face of the beam. Four beams, three with different thickness of GFRP sheets and one
without GFRP sheets were tested using third-point loading over a span of 900mm.The tests
were carried out under load control. The results indicate that the flexural strength of the
beams increased significantly as the thickness of the sheet increased. Analytical study using a
computer program based on strain compatibility is presented to predict the ultimate strength
and load-deflection behavior of the beams. When the experimental results were compared
with theoretical ones, good acceptable agreement was obtained which make it possible to
consider and recommended this model in the design.

In this research the effect of cavities on the stability of foundation has been studied
using non-linear finite elements analysis through the programs PLAXIS2D, and
PLAXIS3D. The study included a number of variables represented by shape, size, sectional
area, location, and depth of a single cavity under the base of footings. The effect of the above
variables on settlement and stress distribution was studied on isolated square, round and strip
footing.
Results showed that the shape and volume of the cavity has an effect on the settlement
and concentration of stress under the footing for the chosen cavity sections (Circular,
Ellipse1, Ellipes2, Loaf, Square) when the cavity is situated at a depth less than twice the
width of strip foundation or 1.5 times the width/diameter of isolated square/circular footings.
The study also showed an increase in the values of settlement and concentration of stress at
what may be termed as the critical depth under the footing. It was also concluded that there
exists a zone that may be called the critical zone below the footing (zone of radial shear and
failure plane). If a cavity is situated within this zone then it will have a serious effect. Large
value of settlement were recorded for cavities situated within this zone under the footing

The objective of this study was to demonstrate a real-time chlorine decay with
enhancement of simulation program (EPANET 2.0) developed for drinking water supply
networks. Periodically samples, two runs/week at various time intervals, were tested at (20)
locations in water distribution system of Mosul University and analyzed in site with
chlorinator instrument. First the system hydraulic model (EPANET) was used with the entire
pipe and junction data which was obtained from university’s records, while chlorine decay
coefficients (both bulk and wall) were used from previous literatures and some model runs. A
value of the bulk decay coefficient of (-1.0 d-1) was chosen, as for the wall decay coefficient,
it was set to zero.
The study demonstrated that most of the highly water consumption nodes have a residual
chlorine concentration within (0.25 -1.2) mg/l. Moreover, the simulation program shows that
from (12 – 5 A.M) chlorine concentration has nil values .However, due to the lack of
maintenance works in both storage tank and piping network, about 93% of the reaction rates
of the chlorine were happened in, so it is recommended to add an adequate dosing of chlorine
with appropriate mixing in the high elevated tank.

The sequencing batch reactor (SBR) method was used throughout this research, for
the treatment of hospital waste water in mosul. This system has also the advantages of
low initial and performance costs. Different time periods were used in this study ranging
(6-24) hrs for 6 months . The tests has been conducted in the environmental laboratory of
the civil engineering department at the university of Mosul. Efficiency of PO4 removal
from waste water depends on the change of anoxic conditions to aerobic. The efficiency is
maximum when the periods of the two types of conditions are equal.. NO3 removal
depend on food supply for micro- organisms to convert nitrates to nitrogen gas under
anoxic conditions so it is change able.
According to the results gained, this kind of treatment could be used to remove
phosphates & nitrates from hospitals wastewaters, and could be used for other cases when
the discharge is relatively low, or unstable percentages of removal were 67% & 99% for
SO4 & NH3 relatively.

A s imple analytic design procedure for bireciprocal lattice wave digital filters
(bireciprocal LWDFs) is presented with approximate linear phase. The design is started by
replacing the odd order all-pass filter branch in the bireciprocal LWDF with a pure delay,
leaving the other branch as an all-pass even function of z -2. Analytic design procedure is then
formulated. Several design examples using such procedure are given for verifications.

The current study investigate the use of satellite image data and their potential to
detect and determine the flood areas of Lake Al- Tharthar ( Eastern region of Iraq)), by
using of the satellite image data ,such as Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer
(MODIS) from the Aqua MODIS Satellite during the period of 7 days (29 Jan. to 6 Feb.
2006) , by using a pattern of software to identification and classification of land uses of
the studied area, also identify the Ratios of quantitative amounts flood levels during the
period proposed as well as giving a pattern or style proposal for the future of flood
control lake.
The data which can be obtained from the satellite Aqua MODIS of the studied area gave
a good accuracy in a style or system for tracking facilities for the flood wave with the
time, during the period of active flood, and thus give the calculated values of the water
filled the lake with time, we used a pattern of software (ISMIC) Integrated Software
Multispectral Image Classification ver. 1.0 , at Which represents one of the most current
programs used in digital image processing, the studied area were Classified into six main
group and estimate the flooded areas during this period .

P a rallel port interface circuit is designed, fabricated and tested for programmable
control of electrical motor actuators used in a cylindrical robotic manipulator. The robotic arm
built in – house has four degrees of freedom through the use of five electrical motors (four for
joint actuating and one for end–effector). The interface circuit consists of relays as output
devices, an octal bus transceiver, and a quad 2-input exclusive-XOR gate as input devices. An
optical mouse – sensor (one for each joint) is used to indicate the actual position of the joint
and uses it as a feedback signal. A menu driven QBASIC program is developed for
controlling the robotic arm using the manipulator kinematics. The program contains a counter
for counting the variation in digital signal (changing times of the state). The entire circuits,
devices, and the program worked accurately. The result shows that the optical mouse sensors
function properly in the controlling system and displacement measuring.

The objective of this research is to investigate the effect of each of the average
organic load, the mixed liquor suspended solids(MLSS) in aeration tank and the ratio of
concentration of metal to the MLSS on removal of cadmium and lead in activated sludge
unit. Bench scale unit was used to conduct this study. Four glasses container were used,
one for monitoring and others for examination of specific doses of lead and cadmium
(5,10,20)mg/l. The capacity of sludge for metal under conditions of study were calculated.
Dynamic constant of removal was computed depending on the result of study
demonstrated as Frendlich and Langmuir equations, it is clearly shown that the
relationship between capacity of sludge for cadmium to organic load is strong at three
initial doses while lead was less correlated at the upper initial doses. As a result
concentration of metals doesn't affect the removal efficiency of organic material at the
range of the organic load used.

Porous media have considerable importance in improvement of heat transfer and storage.
This research includes an experimental and theoretical study of natural convection heat transfer
between two concentric cylinders filled with a porous medium, under condition of applying
uniform heat flux on the inner cylinder and constant outer surface temperature for the outer
cylinder. Two types of filling material were used as porous medium , iron and glass beads , the
study shows that the heat dissipated ability in the inner cylinder is function of Rayligh number ,
and the Nusselt number increase is directly proportional with the increase in Rayligh number .
Fluent program was used to show the heat dissipation and the flow lines inside the gap
between the two cylinders , the experimental results show that the nature of the heat distribution
depends greatly on Rayligh number , and the use of highly heat conductive materials as porous
medium will completely cancel the convection as a mean of heat transfer.

The photovoltaic (PV) generator exhibits non- linear characteristics and its maximum
power point varies with solar insolation and temperature, thus this work deals with the design
and implementation of a real time maximum power point tracker(MPPT)for photovoltaic
system aiming to improve energy conversion efficiency. A MPPT algorithm is developed
using PV array voltage and current information's and the incremental conductance of the PV
array, it's implemented by single chip 80C51 microcontroller to control the duty cycle of a
boost converter with pulse width modulation (PWM). The practical and Simulation results
shows the validity of the designed circuit to improve the tracking efficiencies to get the
maximum power point.

The goal of this paper is to prepare a field study for one of the famous weaving companies in
Mosul, so that arranging at the end a Total Quality Management System (T Q M) system .This
company is famous in producing one of the important national product YASHMAG, the head
cover for men wearied in most of the regions of Iraq.
T h is company (like other industrial companies)suffer from a lot of problems due to
circumstances in Iraq, as a result there products will accumulated in their stores, also there is a
great compotation from the similar products in the market, which imported to Iraq from different
places with different qualities..
In order to make a T Q M system , the study starts by collecting production data for a group of
weaving labor how produce Yashmag and for a certain period of time, then analysis of these data
using Pareto chart ,Ishikawa chart and Cause Analysis and Process Analysis chart.
This work could be a first step towards making T Q M system for this company in order to keep the company stand still against the great compations of similar products of Yashmag in the market.

Predicting the Self-Excited vibrations (Chatter) during the cutting process as a result
of the interaction between the cutting tool and work - piece is important as a guide for the
cutting machine user for an optimal selection of the back engagement of tool in work
piece(depth of cut), the rotational Speed for the specific feed rate which will produce
maximum chip removal with out these undesirable vibrations. Such undesirable vibrations can
spoil the cutting surface with chatter marks, which will have adverse effects on the whole
cutting system. This can be achieved by performing several experimental researches. In the
present study, a cutting process was performed by using the slide feeding of Hindustan lathe
machine and sintered carbide inserts to cut several cylindrical shafts of 32 mm in diameter
and 70cm long steel AISI1050 with out using coolant lubrication to specify the stability
limits that represented by curves with the rotational speeds which separate stable and unstable
zones for maximum productivity and accepted surface roughness. Also study the effect of
feed rate upon the stability and the amplitude of vibration for constant depth of cut and
rotational speed.

The aim of this study is to investigate the coefficient of discharge for a combined
hydraulic measuring device. For this purpose nine combined models were constructed and
manufactured of an aluminum plates of 2 mm thick, the shapes of the models are of
rectangular weir with different width ( B ???? 8,10,12cm)is used over a semi-circular gate of a
constant diameter ( d ???? 12cm )the distance below the weir edge and the semi-circular gate y is
changed three times( ( y ???? 5,10,15cm) . The analysis of results show that Cd increase as
( h / d) increase and for a constant value of ( h / d) Cd increase as the width B increase, the
values of Cd range from around 0.522 to 0.853 with an average of 0.695. Also Cda decrease
as the parameter ( y / d ) ,( B/ d ) and ( b /W ) increase and at a constant values of that
parameters Cda increase as y increase, and the values of Cda range from around 0.61 to
0.74. A multi regression model to estimate Cd for the combined device is estimated with
percentage of error ????10%.