Journals geographic

The development of desert areas, depending on the natural resources available in them, enhances the national economy, as well as filling the population vacuum, which represents a weakness in terms of security and a strategic imbalance in terms of military. Also, finding centers to attract population in the desert areas makes it easier for the administrative authorities to implement social and administrative development programmes. Therefore, this research came to shed light on the natural potentials owned by the Western Badia of Iraq, and to know the areas of investing in the natural potentials in the study area with the aim of setting development plans that enable them to have an impact in attracting the population and various economic activities. These factors have an impact on the development of the Western Badia, attracting the population, and affecting the strength of the state.

The study of quality of life indicators is of great importance in geographical studies as it represents a recent trend in it, as well as the many spatial dimensions that it includes economically, socially, planning and developmental, and the aim of the research is to focus on environmental indicators in Iraq in 2018, because the general reality indicates the decline of these indicators. Indicators in most of the governorates, in order to shed light on them to find appropriate solutions, and to achieve this, the research has taken the analytical and comparative approaches, as well as using many statistical methods and means,

*البحث مستل من رسالة الماجستير : ابتهال عبد الله عزيز , (الأنماط المكانية لمؤشرات جودة الحياة في محافظات العراق ما بعد عام 2003 ) كلية التربية للبنات – جامعة الكوفة , 2022

including the (Exele) and (Spss) program for the purpose of data analysis, mapping and the distribution of spatial patterns on them. The research represented (6) enironmental variables, and came out with a set of conclusions and recommendations that concern the subject of the study.

The study of the population composition mapping and the development of its social characteristics gives a clear picture of the reality of the characteristics of the population, so the study seeks through this chapter to identify the most important elements of the population structure in Karbala province through the three investigations that dealt with environmental, qualitative, age, educational and economic analysis to illustrate the spatial variability of these elements, which have their own significance at all levels and for any society that affects and affects different demographic elements as well as the most important cartographic symbols used in Represented .

This study aims to clarify the spatial variation of slum dwellers and their economic, social and demographic characteristics in the Hashemite district, and to show the danger of slum dwellers to urban areas. These characteristics and what are the most important effects of the spread of slums in the study area and do the population growth elements of slums affect the increase in the population of the Hashemite district.
Can the phenomenon of random housing be addressed? Also, by understanding the environmental reality of these areas, the relevant authorities can get rid of this problem by developing programs to improve it and get rid of its risks. Therefore, the study aimed to search for the most important reasons behind the establishment of slums and know their demographic, economic and social characteristics of slum dwellers in terms of knowing their growth, distribution, composition, and structure. Knowing the reasons behind its spread and studying the most important ways of urban planning to get rid of it or reduce it.
Then the descriptive approach was used to describe the slums and study their internal and external surroundings, as well as the adoption of the analytical method. The historical method was also adopted to describe the emergence and development of the areas in the judiciary.
The study found that the increase in the number of slums in 2018 was 1833, and in 2021 the increase in the number of residents in slums was 10,233 people. The study, the study revealed a discrepancy in demographic characteristics in terms of the discrepancy in the gender ratio between rural and urban residents and the high proportion of young people less than 15 years old, so the slum community is considered a young society and this is the result of the high crude birth rate as well as the study proved and the study showed that most of the slums in the area The study is unplanned, inconsistent, and most of its streets are characterized by narrow, meandering, lack of green space, the spread of diseases and waste, and pollution of all kinds, fauna and home, so we find that most of its residents suffer from diseases and that most of them have limited income and they have tried to find solutions to the problem of random housing through the state using several means and methods .
As well as studying the reality of slums and their negative effects and knowing the risks as for them. Therefore, the study aimed to search for the methods behind the establishment of these slums and try to find solutions to limit their spread, by reviewing the most important methods and policies adopted to address this phenomenon in the Hashemite district.

This study aims to clarify the spatial variation of slum dwellers and their economic, social and demographic characteristics in the Hashemite district, and to show the danger of slum dwellers to urban areas. These characteristics and what are the most important effects of the spread of slums in the study area and do the population growth elements of slums affect the increase in the population of the Hashemite district.
Can the phenomenon of random housing be addressed? Also, by understanding the environmental reality of these areas, the relevant authorities can get rid of this problem by developing programs to improve it and get rid of its risks. Therefore, the study aimed to search for the most important reasons behind the establishment of slums and know their demographic, economic and social characteristics of slum dwellers in terms of knowing their growth, distribution, composition, and structure. Knowing the reasons behind its spread and studying the most important ways of urban planning to get rid of it or reduce it.
Then the descriptive approach was used to describe the slums and study their internal and external surroundings, as well as the adoption of the analytical method. The historical method was also adopted to describe the emergence and development of the areas in the judiciary.
The study found that the increase in the number of slums in 2018 was 1833, and in 2021 the increase in the number of residents in slums was 10,233 people. The study, the study revealed a discrepancy in demographic characteristics in terms of the discrepancy in the gender ratio between rural and urban residents and the high proportion of young people less than 15 years old, so the slum community is considered a young society and this is the result of the high crude birth rate as well as the study proved and the study showed that most of the slums in the area The study is unplanned, inconsistent, and most of its streets are characterized by narrow, meandering, lack of green space, the spread of diseases and waste, and pollution of all kinds, fauna and home, so we find that most of its residents suffer from diseases and that most of them have limited income and they have tried to find solutions to the problem of random housing through the state using several means and methods .
As well as studying the reality of slums and their negative effects and knowing the risks as for them. Therefore, the study aimed to search for the methods behind the establishment of these slums and try to find solutions to limit their spread, by reviewing the most important methods and policies adopted to address this phenomenon in the Hashemite district.

The research deals with the climate characteristics affecting the cultivation of the yellow corn crop in terms of determining the best lands for cultivation based on those characteristics. In addition to plant production, specialists began searching for the best means and methods to reach the optimal areas for crop cultivation, and among these methods is the technology of geographic information systems (GIS). Geographical lands are defined and classified according to the suitability of their climate. In light of this, the climatic characteristics were evaluated and classified as (solar radiation, temperature and relative humidity). The evaluation and classification process was carried out in the Geographic Information Systems (GIS) program, by reclassifying it with the Reclassify tool, according to the requirements of The yellow corn crop from them based on the (SYS) standards approved by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), which set ideal limits for corn It was represented by five levels (N2-N1-S3-S2-S1), in addition to making a model for the final spatial fit by applying (Model Builder) and then using the (Overly Weighted) tool to give a weight for each of those properties depending on its importance and its impact on the crop. and its amount in the soil, and accordingly the research concluded that there are four levels of suitability which are (N2-S3-S2-S1), as the two categories (S2-S1) of high suitability and medium suitability recorded the highest percentages as they reached (79.6%) of the percentage of the area of the study area.

Residential function occupied the top of the pyramid of the functions that the city provides; the importance of this function does not restricted only to the area it occupied, it also concern being one of the most important requirements for live.
The study based on the three main dimensions: place, Man and time, which represent the essence of the geographic studies; where geography is a spatial science cares for the place where Man settle and its effect on framing the environment material elements such as residence, in addition to the continuous attempts of Man to adopt with the local environment conditions. The constructional increasing and the population growth of Al-Kufa city had changed many of the spatial relations of wide area of the city especially residence. GIS had been used in drawing the maps for the study area . Al-Kufa city is the center of Al-Kufa district, it is one of the important cultural centers of Al-Najaf Al-Ashraf governorate, it locates in the eastern north part of the governorate with an area of (1609,1 hectare) and (175562) population for 2017.

Climate is one of the most important natural factors affecting human life and the lives of other living organisms. The effect of climate on human health may be directly in terms of its suitability or lack of activity and effort to increase or weaken its ability to resist diseases, and its impact may be indirectly in terms of the proliferation of germs. The climate also affects in some way the infection of humans with some diseases. The effect of climate appears mainly in the case of a clear discrepancy between the seasons of the year, and the consequent seasonality of diseases Therefore, the subject of the study deals with the most important elements of the climate of Karbala governorate to highlight the relationship between the elements of climate and the extent of their impact on patients with diabetes and blood pressure, and the diseases and health complications they cause in the patients in the study area. The results of the study showed that there is an inverse relationship between the rates of patients visiting and all climatic factors with the exception of precipitation and humidity. While there was an inverse relationship between all climatic factors and those registered with diabetes except direct with the factors of humidity and precipitation, while those registered with high blood pressure appeared there is a direct relationship with the factors of radiation and temperature and inverse with the rest of the factors

In our research, we seek to find an innovative computational method by which the researcher can determine the climatic regions of Iraq - according to an equation that will be clarified later. The researcher also created maps of the drought regions in Iraq based on this innovative method and using the "Arc GIS 9.3" program, and the "XL" program was used to find the results and variables of the equation.
The research included three axes, the first axis focused on the methodological theoretical basics of scientific research, while the second topic included the climatic characteristics of Iraq related to the innovative method, while the third axis came in a simplified review of the methods of determining drought and their applications on the climate of Iraq compared to the equation set by us. The last axis also included the identification and cartographic classification of these climatic classifications according to the innovative equation by us.
Key words: drought, Iraq, climate, alwaeli, classification, rain.

limited Iraq faces a serious challenge in the field of food, whose characteristics are
limited to its food production to meet the main food commodities, especially strategic grains,
as it imports most of these needs from abroad, which poses a serious threat to its food security
as one of the basic elements of Iraqi national security Analysis of the reality of the strategies
set by the state in the field of developing the production of the four strategic grains (wheat,
barley, rice and yellow corn) and their effectiveness in achieving food security in Iraq since
2008, and the research found that there are many external and internal obstacles and
challenges that prevented the achievement of most of those Strategies Despite the availability
of natural and human resource potentials for the establishment and advancement of
agriculture in Iraq.

Agricultural mechanization is the backbone of various agricultural operations for its great role in increasing production and reducing costs, effort and time. The research aims to study the spatial analysis of agricultural mechanization (pumps, harvesters, pullers and sprinkler irrigation systems) and their spatial relationship to the cultivation of grain crops (wheat, barley and rice) at the level of districts in Maysan Governorate for the year 2022. The spatial variation of the types of agricultural mechanization and the area of grain crops in the study area were shown through Representing them on maps using the 10.4 Arc GIS program after categorizing them into several categories using the (logarithmic transformation) method. And finding the spatial relationships between the types of mechanization and the area of grain crops using the statistical bag SPSS through the application of the technique of correlation and regression. And measuring the adequacy of this mechanization according to the areas planted with grain crops in the study area using mathematical equations. The Lawrence curve was also used to measure the degree of concentration in the spatial distributions of mechanization numbers relative to the area of grain crops. The research reached several conclusions, the most prominent of which is that there is a strong positive correlation between the variables of wheat and barley area with the independent variables, which amounted to 0.91 and 0.81. As for rice yield, it had a strong positive relationship with the pumps variable, which amounted to 0.83 for its need for water, and an inverse relationship with the rest of the variables with a multiple correlation coefficient of 0.95. The Lawrence curve also showed that the non-ideal distribution of mechanization for wheat and barley crops in the districts of Al-Salam, Al-Musharrah, Sayed Ahmed Al-Rifai, and Al-Mamouna is close to the ideal in the rest of the districts. While it was ideal for rice in Al-Musharrah and Al-Adl, and close to ideal in the rest of the districts. The research found insufficient mechanization of the areas planted with grains, as the governorate needs 478 harvesters and 6054 pullers to suffice the areas planted with grains

Agricultural production is the mainstay of building the national economy and an important pillar of the national income, and none of the development processes can succeed unless the development of this sector is adopted in the first place. And clothing for members of society, and the provision of raw materials needed for other economic sectors, not to mention providing a lot of job opportunities, and that studying the agricultural reality in the study area and being familiar with all the surrounding conditions is part of the characteristics of the economic position and helps to know the extent of development and deficit that afflicted this sector in order to formulate policies Spatial beyond failures and challenges and employ the possibilities to advance this sector and put it in the right place on the path of development.

The results of the study showed that cancer is a very serious health problem and the main cause of death in the study area as a result of the accumulation of geographical environmental factors (natural and human), especially the environmental pollution factor, which played an important role in the emergence of the disease and the high incidence of it and death, especially after the years of wars that followed on Iraq Since 1991, and the radioactive residues of the second Gulf War in 2003, Al-Qadisiyah governorate witnessed a spatial discrepancy between the decrease and increase in the number of deaths from cancerous diseases among its administrative units for the study period between (2010-2019), as the total number of deaths from cancerous tumors was recorded about (1233 cases). Al-Shamiya district ranked first with death rates amounting to about (1.2 per thousand), followed by Al-Hamza district with a percentage of (1.0 per thousand), then Al-Diwaniyah district with a percentage of (0.8 per thousand), then Afak district with a rate of about (0.7 per thousand), and this trend The irregular mortality in the study area is nothing but a reflection of the increasing rates of cancerous tumors and the variation in their general rates, which left a clear and tangible impact on the size of the population and its impact on the age structure and age. awareness of them.

The study represents an assessment of the levels of noise pollution and its effects. Noise pollution measurements were taken on two types (at the beginning, middle and end) of all neighborhoods of the study area, and inside buildings near the tools. It became clear that the sound intensity varied in the spatial monitoring sites and recorded a clear difference depending on the proximity and distance from the sound source and the different places, as the measurements of some sites exceeded the industrial environmental determinants of between (40-60) decibels out of a total of (35) sites, including (29) exceeded (70) The decibel level that causes exposure to permanent health damage. In the study, a questionnaire was distributed for workers in the neighborhoods of the study area, with a rate of (885) samples from a total of (1.757) workers, and it was shown that workers were exposed to the dangers of noise pollution and its health and psychological repercussions

The research aims to study the reasons for the separation of rock mass at
the edge of Bapshtyan Mount , which is located in northeastern Iraq near
the Haj Omran border crossing within the high mountainous region. As the
mountain area was studied and the area to investigate the reasons for the
separation of the mountain mass adjacent to the Bapshtyan road, the
research concluded that the shape of the slope is of medium to above
medium , and that most of the mountain’s geological formations, is of
(Sheranish), which is considered clastic the shearing the slope at a semi
vertical angle to establish a commercial road that reaches Haj Omran and
from there to Iran, which is called the (Kamarbandi) road, to end the
crowding inside the cities, and not to take into account the calculation of the
angle of stability of the slope, which led to the effect on the shear forces and
the vertical force of the slope .Consequently, the increased stress and
agitation in the presence of gravity, which is the main force, led to fracture,
separation and displacement of the rock mass adjacent to the road, which
was 1000 meters long and 20 meters deep.

The aim of the research is to estimate the environmental risks of erosion in the Ave Sirka
Basin according to the Gavrilovic Model (EPM), using GIS and remote sensing technology,
by extracting the stream, preparing the layers of geological formations and soil, regression,
and establishing isolines for precipitation and temperature, and then applying Gavrilovic
model through a series of equations within the spatial analysis functions in the (Arc GIS)
program.
The research concluded that the potential (severe) erosion prevailed in the Ave Sirka basin
through a coefficient (Z), which occupied an area of (108.4 km2) and a percentage (34.1%)
of the total area of the basin, while the dominance was in erosion according to the Gavrilovic
model (EPM). Also for severe erosion, as it occupied an area of (81.4 km2) and a rate of
(25.6%). While the risks in the basin were classified into four degrees (weak - medium -
high - very high), the risk category was high, which occupied an area (152.1 km2), at a rate
of (47.9%1)

Protected agriculture is intended to provide the appropriate atmosphere for the growth of
plants by controlling various environmental factors, of which temperature and relative
humidity are among the most important. Many of the developments and variables that
accompanied the geographical distribution of protected agriculture in the district. As for the
study area, it is represented in the district of Mahaweel. As for the sources of the study, it was
relied on data and statistics provided by the official authorities represented by the Directorate
of Agriculture of Babylon, Department of Agricultural Statistics. It was found through the
research that the expansion of protected agriculture can cover the need for vegetables.
Through it, it is possible to protect the soil from salinity, increase its fertility, rationalize water
consumption and grow vegetable crops throughout the year. The results of the study showed
that the project area occupied the first place in planting vegetable crops in tunnels and
greenhouses due to the large area of arable land.