Alustath Journal for Human and Social Sciences

This research paper comprises the d and dh books of the Quartet Dictionary reiterated in the Arabic Language . We mean by reiterated quartet is that in a word the first consonant and the third are the same, and the second consonant and the fourth are the same, without being assimilated . the d book consists of sixteen utterances. They are : dada , dabdab , dajdaj , dahdah, dakhdakh , dardar , dasdas , dada , dafdaf , daqdaq , dakdak , daldal , damdam , dandan. The dh book consists of ten utterances . They are : dhadha , dhabdhab , dhahdhah , dhakhdhakh , dhardhar , dhadha , dhafdhaf, dhaqdhaq , dhaldhal , dhamdham .

Whomonitoredseveralmanifestations , Have hadan important role inArab societyinthe era in whichthey lived .When readingnovelsMunifnoticed thatan important aspect studentsdid not care abouthim (other) ,Whichis often arecipehero andhiscounterpartin the novel ,Munif used his sense ofdelicateturns totheimportant thingsof whichhe made( other ) in some novelsas inanimate or things.
And made his human beingsinother novels ,but who tracks (other ) in his novels Whichaffectsthe life ofthe hero andinfluencedby him, The heroin the novel ( the Eastern Mediterranean ) Live aloneinthe darksadscientist; So it wasnecessary to havethe ( other ) inanimate ,Thecaseis similar tothe hero in thenovel(now here) , Inthe dark of his worldin which they livealone ,So it wasthe otherinanimateandsomething different ,asMunifexpert inthe field of petroleumand worked inmany of theoil companies , Making himawareof the economics ofoil ,ownedbecauseof thatunderstandingandchangingthe size ofsensations ,that the oil wealthmade different ofthe structure ofthe ArabGulf societies .

Search was held on a single water and significance in the Arab Maajimna in the water element of human existence and the survival of a mystery of human communities and the sustainability of the rally and the basis of our civilization and the building projects and major milestones of civilization, referring to it dictionaries, including Arabic
Dams - backfill - Paving - channels and their synonyms eyes and synonyms .. wells and related docks .

Language is a list of words and from that they finished whatever abounded, and that the meanings open list is limited, the development of the meanings of words or change and transition showed what is in the evolution of the system of language at all levels; acoustic and morphological and grammatical that are semi-fixed to a large extent, this does not mean that development in the form of words is the reality, but it remains much lower than in the semantic evolution, and this is a common phenomenon in all languages because of social factors and life changes that matched languages impose it. The case of changing the meaning, and the metaphor was the most important influences in the interpretations of the Koran, and were the main sticking points between the teams and schools of thought Quranic; the engaged interpretation of the Qur'an divided into teams, among those in favor of a literal reading of the text of the Qur'an and ather team is flying in the sky of metaphors, so different interpretations of Quranic text .In this Search we discussed this in trying to stand on the aesthetic function of the evolution of semantic words in the Koran, and we are noted semantic developments

This study investigates the transformation of literary and aesthetic genres from one civilization to another in a global scheme despite their local and national peculiarity; examines the stages through which the story of Hausa underwent—from the naivety of admiration, tradition and imitation to creativity and prosperity. In addition, this study is concerned with the literary works produced by al-Haj Abu Bakr on short stories and how this oeuvre has been influenced by the Arabic-Islamic heritage; first in terms of the usage of Arabic-Islamic models; second in terms of the usage of mechanisms and symbols of that heritage so as to express a similar vision and sometimes contradictive. This, as a matter of fact, suggests that there is a unity of human emotion and thought, in the realm of literary arts

The theory of analytical procedure can be considered one of the speech literary theory in recent time for its contribution in giving an addition to the linguistic lesson. This theory of Hans Robert yaws and Volvang Iscor has concentrated on the relation of the text with the addressee (reader) . For this reason Iscor had established for the tentative reader a concept that reforms the text all the abilities for better explanation and it fills all the gaps that prevent or obstacle such clear explanation.
Arab linguists have concentrated on the relation of the text to the reader when they clarify the necessity of the exactness of the speech that applies to the necessity of the reader . All the metaphorical expressions are for the service of the text explanation to rise to the level of creativity , so to let the explanation process creative , the one who explains should own all the factors that enable him to reach creativity and if he did not possess such factors and recognize such spaces, this will lead the explanation to the process of weak text analysis with many defects.

Many translators from a variety of religious, dogmatic, linguistic, cultural, ideological, political and sectarian backgrounds have translated the Qur’an. Those translators deviated, to a great degree, in the ways by which they approach the scripture, and the manners by which they deal with it. Such a deviation manifested in a number of aspects, most important of which are the dogmatic, methodological, formal, and stylistic aspects. This paper focuses on the last two aspects, i.e., the formal and stylistic aspects. It adopts the comparative descriptive approach, and aims at tracing the major formal and stylistic aspects of disagreement among translators of the Qur’an. It also aims at highlighting the major characteristics of those aspects, and the factors that motivated the translators to adopt them. The paper is made up of an introduction, two sections, and a conclusion. The first section deals with the formal aspects of disagreement among the translators of the Qur’an. It includes seven subsections. They are: on translating the title of the scripture and its adjectives, on ordering the Qur’anic Ayas (verses) and Surahs (chapters), on numbering the Qur’anic Ayas, on employing the punctuation marks and the paragraphing system utilized in English, on presenting the original Arabic text next to the English translation of the Qur’an, on applying italics, and on the ways by which the translators introduced their translations.
The second section, on the other hand, deals with the stylistic aspects of disagreement among the translators of the Qur’an. It includes three subsections. They are: on using archaic English, on using poetic and/or prose language, and on the issue of consistency in employing the vocabulary.
It is worth mentioning that this study does not cover all the available translations of the Qur’an into English. It, however, covers twenty translations, which are considered the most important and the most circulated ones among academics and stakeholders.

The Grammarians and linguists stipulated in codification some of grammatical and linguistics issue “The reason mark”, according to their induction to Arab`s speech, and under the influence of juristic and logical studies, such as the jurisprudents that stipulated the obligated (Almukalaf) to be sane to act the ordinances of Islam, the grammarians and linguists stipulated that in some of the derivation and the structures, so I have tried here to trace some of these issues.
The jurisprudents definition to “Reason” is different from the grammarians and linguists definition. The jurisprudents meant by sane: “The person who realized the matters, and distinguished the useful things from harmful, and they confined the meaning of (Rational) just on the human. Whereas the grammarians think the (Rational) includes “the rational like the human and Angels, so this definition will contain the mad who lost his mind.

There is no doubt that the issue of the meaning of the issues that preoccupied scientists from philosophers and linguists since the early, and remained this issue arena fertile ground for curriculum thinking that tried to determine what effect, and it was the Arabs posts and clear was her prized in going into this field since the emergence of the Arab Studies that took place in the orbit of the Quranic text after the coming of Islam. In the modern era crystallized many of the ideas that have addressed the subject of semantics, Vtaddt theories that were discussed this aspect of the language, and this research is an attempt to shed light on these theories, which focused on the issue of the challenge of meaning through a brief presentation to her and how they coped Bhama this topic.

Quran through his speech and presentation - Btnoath different - establishes a means of expression achieved by the consistency between units of construction and style , To brighten the windows of a variety of indications exceeding the standard to multiple readings, Broadened significance depending on the shifts in style and diversity of the components of the structure, To give context to the first reference to extrapolate the role of discourse and knowledge Madaha functionally through diversity in the structure of the image , Because of this diversity leaves the images ready and significance of conventional spin that remain in the lexicon millstone, Or remain hostage vision interpreted to conform with the taste and spirit without flying in space image, And beyond the perceived limits of the world; Tstafa image to read the exuberant visions and perceptions, Read involving the character and the word and the context and the receiver together, What makes the Quranic discourse Taatsahir where relationships and compositional formats prepared in advance, Or stomach to unpack specific cognitive or semantic, which cancels thinking and meditation disclosed for the new attitudes that would regulate relations communicative; they approach more than the soul and emotions.
Valoslob manner and dimensions that would awaken the self-contained self embodies the aspirations abroad , Which in turn is almost a sense of meaning, including the effectiveness of owned channels raise awareness of the recipient when it turns to the Quranic discourse is aware of significant or audible or imagined or connoisseur depending on the openness of the fields of the senses and its repercussions in the mailing and receiving while Nt oblique images in front of him, Became an impact to make the recipient opens the fields of meditation and interpretation, The Taataalq expressive compositions and overlap, Do not let the viewer determine Alaúgaha restrictions and ties.

The monitoring Researchers importance of tracking historical vocabulary, and its development, and growth; to see the assets and branches of them, the "stand on assets first semantics in Arabic requires Back to the image as it was those words in the beginning to use within its semantic one, and was symbolized by their votes, it indicates between speakers ".
And looks great importance to the glossary comparative detection of the historical development of the Single within the scope of her family to which they belong, thus blocking the lexicon of comparative gap in the lexicon of a language one; being seen researchers unless made in a language one out walking across the generations, history and diverse cultures pregnant change, and influence mutual speaking in tongues by revealing the voice changes, morphological, and semantic that have taken place it on according to the culture of all belonged language need.
Did not show another study combines vocabulary Quran in a dictionary comparative until noon Lexicon A comparative Lexical Study Of Qur'ānic Arabic, followed dictionary comparative words of the Koran to Prof. Dr. Khaled Ismail Ali, They were the first , Reveal for Capacity informed in Specialization flour, and the proportion of languages, and the statement of chronological order. The first dictionary of them in English, Arabic and the second, which is the subject of this research study.
This research tries to read some notes cash analytical reading in the light of the comparative approach. Having examined the important observations about the general meaning in the dictionary, Dr. Khaled Ismail, including:
- First: select the language affecting the meaning-making year.
- Second: the sensory meaning, and abstract sense, industry and the general meaning.
- Other observations.

The present paper sheds light on the context and its influence to change the meaning of utterances in Glorious Quran. It further shows how Semantics has a strong relation with the context and its types. The paper studies the grammatical, phonological and morphological aspects of utterances in alKahaf chapter and how these effect the meaning

Praise be to (Allah), and the best peace and prayers be to His honorable prophet (Mohammed) and upon whose followers and companions .
Allah had supported this nation with witness to be as a means to maintain His Prophet Sunnah from corruption, substitution and any disgraceful thing, so the eldest scholars used to write down , keep and study them in a narrative, knowledge critical, and examining way. Thus I aimed in thus research to focus light on one aspect which Allah had saved the Prophet's Sunnah ; that is the men science, and I focus on one of its partial of its parts; that is the word "Accepted" for IBN HAJAR which is upon the female narrators whom are described with and mentioned in Alsaheehain . This research is divided in to a foreword and three sections and an end. In the foreword I mentioned the reason of choosing this title and its importance, while in the first section I introduced IBN HAJAR and his book "Altaqreeb" , while in the second section I introduced the rank "accepted" for IBN HAJAR and his condition upon it. The third section consists the practical application upon the Accepted female Narrators by applying a summarized study about their status and the scholar's opinion upon them, then I end the with an end in which I stated the main results of the research and the recommendation I concluded. I pray (Allah) to accept this work pure to His Face.

This paper consists of three sections , the first includes three issues : the meaning of what is used as brie like gift or bestowal , giving , fee , reward ,expenditures , tip , and the difference between bestowal and gift; and between bestowal and giving and what refers to these words which imply the meaning of the words used for bribery in the Holy Quran .
The second section also includes the rules of what is paid in the synonymous names of bribery to raise oppression and the rules of gifts paid to officials and common people .
The third section enfolds sayings of scientists in prohibiting what is paid as bribes to rulers , officials and so on , not devoting in accepting bribes and their effects in the administration of the state , prevention of the impacts of accepting bribes and their synonymous names.

This research tackles Almunasaba the science of matching in Al-Muajdala Sura. We showed the meaning of the Science of Matching, which is the branch of science that shows the interpretation of the connections among the verses and suras within the system of inimitable. The choice of the subjectivity in the social and domestic and legislative. The research proves that the term is one of the Quranic sciences which arranges the verses and the sauras. It tackles the aspects of the vocal suitability of the semantic in the Quranic rhetoric.
The Almunasaba is an important pillar in the curricle of the interpretation of the verse. Both try to the construct the Book of Allah in which the unity of the Quranic suras are proved and the miracles nature. The researcher shows that the sura of Almujadala is like other suras in the holy Quran has been linked to the content and the essence with the theme of the Sura.

That God created man in the best stature and was filed instinct adornment and beautification , but Islam did not leave a free rein to these instincts , but tuned according to the rules of Islam and Islamic law .
Although the motivation for taking this subject is opening up to the outside world and Ancharalvesad in the country and for the generation and abandon the customs and traditions , has been scientifically proven and legitimate that the tattoo several risks , including infection Pfyrus hepatitis and AIDS ... etc. .
Among the most important results :
The tattoo is not a recent phenomenon , but is an old phenomenon was prevalent in earlier civilizations , and a tattoo of a large role in the demolition of the values and behaviors , and this in turn affects all areas of life , whether it is health or physical, mental or moral .
The most important recommendations :
- Be on the lookout for this phenomenon and the statement of risks in all areas .
- Scientists must show us that the phenomenon of tattoo is not an ornament, but is changing the creation of God, and that by holding seminars and courses .
- Activating the role of institutions and educating young people the dangers of cross tattoo and modern means of communication and internet TV

Eating this search a range of women, who are girls, study
the prophetic education and care, which shows the position of street
Karim  girls. Include on the education of girls only, do not address the disproportionately female, as it does not address the conversations related to the education of children in general, because the research seeks to highlight privacy in the education of girls, and the extent of Islam care for them.
As analytical approach of the study, examining the graduation talk, then judge him, and then a strange statement from him and then explained, and then the most important statement instructs him. Were these conversations either in the charity for girls, or forbidding and anoint, or in playing education, or the virtue brought up. The search is divided these divisions, followed by the conclusion set out the main findings and recommendations.

Puts Koran tidy great for science and reason and thought in Islam in terms of prestige and foremost is the light of science and a decent life for the well-off societies Ataattor only ignorant of science and knowledge. I knew in my research of this science and thought the language and idiomatically and showed the status of science in Islamic thought Fbalalm fear God and are getting it closer and looked forward to the greatness of his creation of the universe Budaiya in the system , accuracy and science come out of the darkness of ignorance the light of science Wen polytheism to monotheism and from slavery to freedom and cited Koranic verses that urges the flag and the honor and prestige of science is the highest honors it oversees science has gained much luck of the world and the status of a large and respect in the hearts of people and high status with Allah .

The study aims to highlight the urban population in Iraq for the period between the years 1997-2009.
To achieve the objectives of the study, required to show three Detectives first one devoted to the study of urbanization trends in Iraq while eating II volumetric mattresses for Iraq's cities, and came in third section the geographical distribution of thirty major cities in Iraq.
The study found among other conclusions, including the presence of 12 Iraqi city in 2009 exceeded the number of population of the urban 12%, as noted declining share of the province, which represents the capital was attended by the country in 2009, as demonstrated by the trends of the urban population it is less toward category volumetric first (5000 -10000) people in favor of the volumetric Category sacond and third, which is reflected in the forms of urban Ahram her. And that most of the provinces includes the city of one major, while popping three provinces with more than a city like Basra included (4) Cities and Nasiriyah (3) Cities and Mosul (3) cities, and finally "showed the geographical distribution of Iraq's cities and presence (19) major city in the alluvial plain and (5) major cities in the semi-mountainous region and (3) cities in the mountainous region whil the west dosert includ (2) majer cities .

The mapping of the human distributions big role in the analysis of quantitative aspects represented on the maps . Among the most prominent types of maps of human are maps of the population that help professionals in the geographic population to analyze geographic information , in order for this geographical analysis right had to be maps Representative by the population distribution and density is very accurate (and relying on satellite images ) to give the actual picture of the population. Among the most prominent methods used to represent the population maps conscious , my way of charts , and the spatial gradient , has been used in digital G.I.S software that was given so that the outputs of accurate maps showed points of concentration of population and density and growth . Through the analysis of maps of the population in the Amil district between censuses (1997-2009) m shows that the biggest number of residents in the locality ( 805 ) , and the growth rate was negative in the neighborhood except the locality ( 801 ) was credited , and recorded the highest population density in the neighborhood in the locality ( 813 ) amounted to more than 300 people / hectare while the actual density in this camp to the ( 368 ) p / h in 2009.

The lack of housing units is considered as a weakness in the housing sector which is formed one of the basic sectors in the national economy. Housing demand mast be studied and scientifically estimated by the factors affecting it in order to demolish the gap between the existed assets of housing and the expected demanded assets, during the followed period.
Therefore this paper attempts to present the scientific principles to estimate the housing need and housing demand ib one of Iraqi cities which has a lack in its housing assets, because of the increasing need for housing units.

The estimated number of Muslims in the Americas, including nearly four million Muslims .And includes the Muslim community in North America more than three million Muslims from more than two million of them of African descent.
The estimated number of Muslims in South and Central America about 400 thousand Muslims. There are many Islamic organizations in the United States have significant activity , such as the Muslim Students Federation and the Union branches in most states, and this has helped in the establishment of the Union other associations such as the Union of Muslim Social Scientists . The Union of Concerned Scientists and engineers Muslims and the Federation of Muslim doctors. In addition to these unions there are numerous Islamic centers and associations.
Perhaps the biggest problems facing the Muslim minorities in the United States , the problem of partisanship or fragmentation due to regional differences , which they carried with them from their homes , in addition to cluttering and lack of concentration in certain areas because of the breadth of the United States.

Enjoy the Arab world potential human and material is enormous, in addition to the strategic location qualify him to play a leading role in the contemporary international system, at a time has the Fed several Arab countries a huge stock of oil is accounted for (45%) of the global stock of this wealth, and reaches the value of investment Arabic external to the ( 1400 Billion $).
A number of Arab backwardness of scientific, cultural, social and weigh the debt burden of a number of other Arab countries, with an estimated total debt Arab in 2006, about (800 billion $).
In this paper we will review the challenges facing the Arab world countries, which are many and serious, as a part of Geopolitics is designed to examine the elements of strength and weakness in the construction of Arab States, therefore embarked study to discuss and diagnose phenomena geopolitical and down to determine effective solutions to insure that the Arab world a bright future among the nations of the earth through the debate and simulate minds and purpose solutions according to in-depth understanding of the problems of political and tracks the economic and its social. Through study of the challenge of civilization faced by the Arabs and the crisis of Arab identity in a changing world and a and renewed and discussed issues of development and underdevelopment in the Arab world , then the implications of the new international order on the Geopolitical realities Arab, and finally challenge the Zionist, which is (motivation contrast). The sustainability of the Arab nation and the loss or fragmentation of identity in a globalized world , with other nations enjoy the distinct character of civilization , spread over continents of this planet.

The Future Anxiety phenomcna is Shaping ahuge danagerous for students univer sity especially for the Fourth Class that’s the Finally stage in the study ther fore the aim of this research is idcntifying ffect of the connseling program in Reducing .
The Future anxiety for those students sothat to replay the amblance state and to veduce the psychological Disorders there fore the researcher used Alabadi scale (2012) then investigated the validty and reliability and The item power of Discrimination . The statistical Tools that the rescar cher used are Man whl they Test – Qi squar .Ttest for cne sample by using and constructing the counseling pvogram by using 1- Rational 2- Emotive 3- therapy for (Ellise) consisted of (12th) sessions . The period on one session (45) minutes for the Fourth classes.
The Researcher veached to the Folloing Results :
The Connseling program affected in Reducing the Future anxity For the students university
Tinally the researcher sets many suggestions 8 Recommendations.

Tropical cyclones formed between latitudes (10-20) north and south of the equator and sometimes wit hen (5) degree north and south of the equator, and composed without the lack of Coriolis force on the equater itself > The phenomenon liturgical do not occur only if a number of conditions with high temperature water to (27 degrees clesius) or more and the depth (50 meters),leading to low pressure to(850 mb) sometimes generators instability of the air column above the water ,which increases the evaporation process unit with a severe decrease in temperature to rise with no wind shear because it hinders the process of the evalution of cyclone.
The availability of these conditions consists hurricane eye component that of a few kilometers in diamter and features reposefully air and free of clouds revolve around cumulus clouds in a spiral pattern component huge wall with heavy rain clouds rising up to (150 miles).
The move hurricane in generally from west to east and fades once it enters the land.And be for the Intertropical Convergence Zone big role in control sites of hurricanes, and the phenomenon of the items in increasing occurrences hurricanes.
It also AL-Nino to increase reoccurence hurricane unlike lanina that reduces reoccurence ,in addition to the Global Warming has been instrumental in increasing frequency hurricane which is the largest repetitions in the Western Pacific Ocean , followed by East Ocean itself and then the North Atlantic and South Pacific and finally the Northern Indian Ocean

This research is aiming to stand on the nature of the herarichy of the urban centers in Baghdad province, through the size spreading of the centers, passing by the base of the rank-size, reaching to the relation among these centers and the distances among them, and identifying the layers of the urban centers and their services for one year period in 2012, i.e. putting general standards for the series of the urban centers in accordance to the population sizes reaching to an integrate urban system, depending on descriptive and quantities curriculum in analyzing the phenomenon.
The most important result reached by the thesis is that Baghdad civilization degree in 2012 was (87.3%) with inclination degree of (18.1) from the urbanism general level which is (69.2%), they represent the first class province among Iraq provinces. And the size category is (100001-500000) people, which the head of the rest of the categories, where it attract the greatest number of the urban centers which are (20) centers, to constitute a ratio (62.5%) and with a population of (4110687) people to reach a ration increasing of (56%) of the total population, and this category is the most spread on the area of Baghdad province, The urban centers do not take the relation between the size and the number which is said of the increase of the urban centers number in the small size category, where it appeared that numbers are increased by the size category increasing, i.e. the relation is direct, this depends on the power of influence the city of Baghdad in its provinces and districts.

IN these research was extract more important Geomorphologic features of Koi basin area which located Geographically south west Erbil government between latitude(40 00_39 70 ) and longitude (47 50_45 00 ) from Digital elevation model DEM was represented the area with DEM firstly then construct many types of map from it like contour line map, The Triangulated Irregular Network (TIN) ,fixing types of slopes in district which ranging from flat to steep , limitation hydrological drainage network was Determine four secondary basin in it within use GIS Geographical Information System Arc GIS.9 which include features of Spatial analysis, 3Danalysis.

The substantive study of the techniques of production and its relationship with relational determinants of interior design and its importance within the spaces of Interior is important in interior design, where lies the study, said in a statement that the awareness of the beneficiary of the techniques have become a necessity designed nature of this era that the aim of clarifying Alatarmufahilltqanyat productivity and its relationship with relational determinants of interior design to be texture Bmanihama integrated and comprehensive and their impact on interior designs , whether existing or new elements to the interior design components
For this researcher found that includes the ( first quarter ) formulation of the research problem which can be summarized by asking what is the effectiveness of the techniques in the determinants of productivity and internal spaces in terms of their relationship to interior design Kmather real terms ( form , function and material ) ?
In light of this objective researcher focused research on the role of technology productivity and wealth roles Matherlvkrh of ( form , function and material ) and within the interconnected relationships of the determinants of interior spaces .
Through study and exploratory .. The researcher found that the study did not address it one of the researchers .. This is found justified logically and scientifically focused on clarifying the goal of research ... As for the limits of research has identified in terms of the substantive study of the techniques of production and its relationship with relational determinants of interior design , while included limits the spatial and temporal study of determinants spaces interior length of 2000 m -2013 m .. As the researcher is also the definition of the most important terms related to the subject of thesearch .
In order to reach the objective of this research was to draw the second quarter your theoretical Blotar to include the study of the cognitive effects of technology on productivity Concept .. With reference also to the study of the sensory characteristics of the determinants and relationship to production techniques as well as the effects of technology between visual perception and visual sensation and the design components of an influential career and relationship with productivity techniques .
The third chapter specialization in determining the subject of research procedures , since it relied on the descriptive analytical approach has included research community determinants of construction , it has been relying on the method of selective intentional sample ( ceiling , walls and floor ) and it has been designed thoughtfully for interior design and architecture , as have been selected based on the opinions of experts in the field of scientific and professional competence . In order to achieve the goal of research and based on the descriptive approach and select axis analysis idea Altsamama and relational ties IT productivity
This is in addition to the experience of the researcher in the adoption of illustrative photos Models Search designs . In order to ensure the validity and comprehensiveness of the analysis tool , Mhoralthalil Images displayed on a group of competent experts to demonstrate the comprehensiveness and suitability for achieving the goal of research extract stability analysis and results.
The fourth chapter has included discussion of a number of results and in the light of the results and discuss the researcher to a range of results within this chapter and that was the most important : - unite the nature of the material and methods used in the construction of the shape the designer, the more widened knowledge of designer potential raw material and methods of its technology and processing led to increased imaginative ideas and his ability to formation to reach the performance of functional and aesthetic integrated and inspiring authenticity and luxury Finally, research recommendations included proposals as well as a list of Arab and foreign sources and a summary of the study in English .

This paper entitled " twin-authored poems" which is a new subject and plays a significant role in promoting and increasing the poetic genres. At first , the paper attracts attention to an old-rooted Kurdish poetic subject never been tackled previously. Such papers, clearly , broaden the scope of Kurdish literary studies and develops our poetic genres at the same time.

It became clear that (drop) in the literature when it comes to writers and poets caused by social conditions, psychological and national, who was living under the brunt area Codrstan because they have suffered two things and they enjoyed Bashaourotunai and a national unrivaled for them as well as great sensitivity, there is a break social resulted in awareness of the poet (Dlaoh t Ge Rh Dagi) vigilant. Has varied reaction poet about the (drop) through the curriculum redemptive myself is to go back to childhood and the restoration of the past, on the other hand for Dlaor t Ge Rdaghi preferred through the pages of literature Kurdish;; and the streets and professor and grocery, which involved on the implications of emission and the link to the past and the anointing of the immortality and resistance fighter, he P new research from the Academy Vlassbak in subject matter and there are no models have been imitated, contemporary and modern, from the modern revival of memories, where the crisis models poetic taken from the bureau first since the beginnings and the stage of the rise from 1991 _ 2005. Put the first brick structure in the contemporary history of Kurdish.

Hussein Mahmud Ali .University of Garmian. Faculty of Education. School of Basic Education. Kurdish Department
The subjects of renovation, modernism, post-modernism, etc. attracted my attention greatly until I specialized in them in my M.A. study where I chose the topic of "Renovation in the Language and Poetic Picture and Music in the Poetry of Farhad Shakali". The poet (still alive) is one of the pioneers of Kifri Group of renovation in poetry like Rwanga Group in Suleimani led by the great Kurdish poet, Sherko Bekas.
The characteristics of renovation in this school can be decided upon these levels:
1. Language: Long and compound sentences were used that were characterized by questions, exclamations, conditional sentences in addition to metaphorical and quizi- metaphorical sentences.
2. The use of light poetic meters that are used inFree Verse. The group also combined the extended vowels of the light metrical units along with the use of local and syllabic feet.
3. They depended on the methods of forming poetic pictures that use direct description, simile, personification, correspondence of senses, imagination, fantasy and poetic picture. By fantasy, I do not mean surrealism that is an independent poetic school that appeared in Europe.
I believe that the group of renovation individually brought about an important and noteworthy development in the Kurdish contemporary poetry because renovation has started off in Europe and America since the 19th century. As a result the literature of the nations ruled by the Ottoman Empire was influenced by the European and American phenomenon and the Kurdish literature had its due from that new trend, but this by no means, means that renovation did not appear from within that literature.
Taking these notes into consideration, I wrote this paper entitled "The Caravan of renovation in the Kurdish poetry" with general and particular purposes in mind; It is general since such papers are cornerstones of the duties of the university staffs. Nevertheless, it has its own particular purpose because it aims at scientific promotion.
The paper is divided into (three) chapters each one of which is subdivided into ( 2,2,3) sections, hoping that I can come out with a new idea never tackled before.
Various sources are used in writing the paper and the researcher tried to analyze their contents and comment on them in order to come out with valuable results from the paper that can serve its intended purpose.

A Pragmatic View of Jocks – A Psycho – Pragmatic Analysis
Jokes are one of the most common types of humor, have not received
sufficient attention in the literature of the kurdish linguistic research.
This study suggests the study of jokes through a new vision based on scientific
methodology suitable for its understanding and knowing its meaning,
implications, functions, how to analyze it and use it in Community
Research consists to two axes: The first axis include the definition of joke, types, its language, its content, its purpose and joke between reality and creativity, joke and psychological war. The second axis includes dismantling jokes and analyzed.

If the International Court of Justice permanent emerged in the aftermath of the First World War and has exercised its judicial under the League of Nations had seen them do for a good role in that period, the International Court of Justice, which represents an extension of the Court of First had begun its activities in the light of the United Nations and emerged role more fully in the judicial field and starting from the eighties of the last century, where he was involved in the field of Altered to various aspects of legal rules of international human rights and then it can reach conclusions following in light of the activity of the Tribunal on human rights issues, and as a judicial organ of the United Nations, which apply international law according to the provisions of Article (38) of the Statute of the International Court of Justice: The increasing cases before the International Court of Justice reflects increased confidence in this international tribunal and the demise of a lot of objections or the circumstances that accompanied the work of the court throughout the nearly three decades of work . Development of international law of human rights, where signed many international conventions governing this issue on the level of criminal and civil reflecting the international community's attention growing this legal aspect is important, and the fact that this factor may in turn helped to activate the role of the court and sent the Spirit by increasing its judicial and. The emergence of the individual as an important factor working legal system to provide protection to him in that capacity as a result of the spread of awareness of the importance of ensuring the various human rights, and to punish those who commit international crimes associated with this modern branch of international law. The emergence of a new branch of public international law is international law of human rights who cares about various aspects of human rights and freedoms and safeguards that make these rights and freedoms into practice.

The literary criticism is considered as the most important departments of literature science for being of effective relevance to the literature history, the literature theory, the literature aesthetics and literary comparison. So, we can say that the prominence of literary criticism in the literature of any nation is a phenomenon promising of development and prosperity of literary genres in it, for the literary criticism in its reality is an analysis, assessment and evaluation of literary texts which consequently results in the text writer's surpassing his flaws, and also leads to an increase of the ordinary reader's understanding of criticized texts.
The Kurdish literature remained until the beginning of the last century lacking the literary criticism, which made the Kurdish poets of last centuries resort to the internal criticism in their poems. With the continual prosperity of Kurdish press at the beginning of the last century, Sheikh Nouri Al-Sheikh Saleh published twenty five episode of a critical article under the title (The Kurdish Literature) in (Zian) newspaper during 1926, which was headed by him. Despite their simple language, fluency of their writer's style and the use of many Arabic words and terms in writing them in an easy understandable Kurdish, those articles are really considered the best beginning of criticism in the Kurdish literature, where their writer sheds the lights on several literary aspects like poetry, elocution, meter, rhyme, literature, science, art, logic, and poetic style… etc.
Our research entitled (The Role of Sheikh Nouri Al-Sheikh Saleh in the Prosperity of the Kurdish Literary Criticism) is comprised of an introduction, two sections, a conclusion and a list of references from which we benefit. We dedicate the first section to talk about the beginnings of criticism in the Kurdish literature, the second section to address the aspects mentioned by Sheikh Nouri Al-Sheikh Saleh in the 25 episodes of his critical article which he published its first episode in the issue (20) of (Zian) newspaper issued on 10/6/1926. We benefit in our writing of our research from the deductive style to manifest the critical views of Sheikh Nouri Al-Sheikh Saleh.