Adab AL Rafidayn

The story of the birth and early life of Moses who is supposed to have lived in the thirteenth century B.C. is a well known story both in the Old Testament and the Holey Qurān. But the discovery of cuneiform tablets that record a simillar story attributed to King Sargon of Akkad has raised many arguments since Sargon lived in the 24th century B.C., i.e., more than nine centeries before Moses. Many scholars, some of them are muslims, believe that the authers of the Old Testament have borrowed sargon’s story and at tributed it to their prophet Moses during their captivity in Babylonia in the sixth century B.C. Consequently the story of the Holey Qurān was borrowed from the Old Testament.
It is the aim of this paper to explain the reasons behind the resemblence between the stories. It is beyond doubt that the story as is told in the Holey Qurān is the real and exact story and that of the Old Testament is related to the same story but was written by the authers of the Old Testament six centeries after the life of Moses.
As for the story of Sargon it is believed that it was borrowed by the Assyrians during the seventh centuty B.C. from jews who lived in Palestine at that time and was attributed to Sargon of Akkad, one of their famous previous personalaties although he lived several centuries before that. This is proved by the fact that the date of cuneiform tablets which record Sargons’ story belong to the seventh and sixth centuries B.C. and not to the time of Sargon himself.
Moreover, even if it was supposed that Sargon’s story was a real one it does not saise any question as it was customary in those days for unwanted children, whether in Egypt or Iraq, to be thrown in the river in almost the same manner that is told in both stories.

The present paper aims at (1) studying the past tense forms in the
Glorious Qur'a:nic verses, (2) showing how these forms are rendered into
English by different translators, (3) finding out if there are any significant
differences between a new effective rendering whenever the syntactic
structure of these forms do not coincide with their semantic functions.
In an attempt to solve the problems that arise from translating the
past tense forms, it is hypothesized that an effective translation can be
achieved when a translator is familiar with tense system as well as the uses
of past tense in Arabic and English. It is also hypothesized that translators
of these forms who adopt communicative translation are more successful
than the translators who adopt semantic translation.

The human terracotta figures are considered to be one of main features of ancient Mesopotamian civilization. They reflected how the ancient Iraqi Artist advanced in two advanced areas, in terms of technical and artisan and how much it influences on intellectual, social and religious aspects.
This topic will discuss unpublished human terracotta figures which are uncovered by the University of Musil at Tell Halawa, Hamrin, between 1978-1980 A.D. Thirty eight human figures (female and male) and ten pottery plaques were uncovered. Most of these figures are dated to the Old Babylonian Period.

This paper examines problems of rendering collocations which a group of student translators faced in the process of translating from Arabic into English. The main problem was how to render appropriate target language (TL) equivalents of some collocations as used in the source language (SL) text. The student's translations of collocation were studied and analyzed, and this revealed weaknesses in adopting various strategies in their renditions. The investigation has shown that the collocations were inappropriately rendered by most of the students. The study concludes that inappropriate renditions of collocations may weaken cohesiveness of (TT) text and its texture, and lead to unnaturalness.

This research endeavors to explore the reality of democracy of modern Iraqi society by shedding lights upon the difficulties that faces it's application in the Iraqi society. It also tries to demonstrate the most vital effects that it may leave on the society. It came as a result of the noticeable deficiency of Iraqi literatures tackling democracy.
This research concluded that we need a deepened Iraqi scientific study to acquaint democracy, including its mechanism, criteria and components when practicing it in our society.
The outcomes of this research are the following:
1- Democracy is not an existing revolution in a certain people culture, it is in fact the result of multiple internal and external factors.
2- The current democracy in Iraq is considered to be an advanced step stemming from expanding the political participation. The insurance of democracy is only achieved when institutional multiplicity in its different forms and patterns is there.
3- Democracy in our Iraqi society is originally the birth of the growing social powers that pursues the political participation, in addition to political institutions failure to comprehend and meets its need.

This paper sets up to find a relationship between humorous discourse and Gricean Maxims. Arabic humorous texts have been chosen for analysis. It is found that the violations of the maxims are interdependent and that the maxim of relevance subsumes the other three maxims: Quantity, Quality and Manner.

Shakespeare's sonnet sequence consists of 154 sonnets. It is unanimously divided into two parts. The first part (sonnets 1-126) is addressed to a young man, the second (sonnets 127-154) to a dark lady. The sonnets of the first part deal with such traditional themes as love, beauty, fear of time, fear of death, immortality of beauty through poetry, and survival in spite of the cruelty of time and death, some of which overlap and are related to the major theme of love in one way or another. The type of love explored in the whole sequence is unsatisfied. "Neither of the poet's loves", Michael Alexander writes, "can be satisfied: the worship of the young man, because he is a man; the love of a woman because it is lust",(1). This paper claims that the love the sonnets of the second part express is of uncoventional nature, i.e. it is physical, uncourlty love or lust. It is beyond the scope of such a short paper to discuss all the twenty-eight sonnets that are about or addressed to the dark lady. Hence only those sonnets which are as representative of the theme of love as possible have been selected for discussion. They are sonnets 127-135. 137, 144, 147, 151 and 153-154.
Sonnet 127. the opening sonnet of the second part which is related

This study attempt to investigate the gregarious environment in Bādoosh Jail. The study shows how this environment plays a role in rehabilitating the prisoners. The department of rehabilitation of adults in Bādoosh as a society for the present paper.
The paper includes three sections, the first one handles the methodology of the paper including determining the problem and aims of the paper as well as the devices used in collecting data such as interviews and observation, time, place. and human fields of the paper as well as the most important concepts of the paper have also been determined.
Section two defines the reform firms and physical environment of that firm as well as social relations among prisoners...
Finally, sections three summarizes some conclusions and recommendations based on the results achieved.

Legal translators frequently come across two juxtaposed words with closely related meaning during the translation of legal texts. Grammatically, these words can be nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs. This paper aims at investigating this phenomenon and the problems that face legal translators while translating one type of these juxtapositions: juxtaposed synonymous adjectives in legal texts. Seven sentences are collected from different English legal texts and given to twenty-five translators. Each one of them contains pairs of synonymous adjectives for which the subjects are asked to pay attention. First, the paper sheds the light on the phenomenon of juxtaposition and synonymy and gives a theoretical background on the use of juxtaposed synonymy in legal English. It also investigates the strategies adopted by translators to solve such problems and proposes alternative strategies if the existing one is inappropriate. The analyses of the data show that the subjects adopt one strategy in which they provide two words as equivalents to the juxtaposed synonymous adjectives. Moreover the study has found out that such rendering constitutes a redundancy in Arabic and is due to the ignorance of the historical reason which is behind the use of such pairs of synonymous adjectives.

The group is regarded as the limited framework of the social action and the core of conflict between the desires of the individual and the requirements of the society, and hence many problems which requires the interference of the social specialist arise.
It is necessary to tackle a study through which the importance of the social specialist appears in order to improve the performance of the group. It is essential to take into consideration how to deal with the university students because they are considered to be social groups. Added to that, the need of these groups to help by social specialists, especially such groups are to be dealt with according to their size, classification, and type by using the method of serving the group, being one of the three methods of social service (the serving of the
individual, the serving of the group, and the organization of the society).
The study aims at showing a mechanism of work with the groups in addition to the possibility of applying this mechanism to work with the groups starting from small groups (class groups) to big groups (college groups).
Finally, in this study we aim at introducing a project through which we discuss (a staff of taking care of the students) in order to take care or to look after and to direct the group activities of the university students in order to achieve the educational objectives of the university and to serve its social environment .

It is worth mentioning that David Daiches and in a brilliant introduction, to a new edition of Wuthering Heights, which was published in 1965, refers to the domestic routine' used by Emily Bronte in Wuthering Heights namely' food' and 'fire
This research sheds light on the natural elements: fire, water, air earth and animals used by Bronte in her classics. These elements are used metaphorically and conventionally to reflect the way Emily Broute conceived of the romantic atmosphere in which her characters lived, which are in turn a reflection of her world experience and speculations. Emily seems to have been happy only at home and in the inner world of imagination

Arab and Muslim historians, geoahraphers and philosophers have dealt, and through their Writings, with archetetural thought in the Islamic city. Among them is Abu Zakereya Al–’Azdei (died 945/334 H), the auther of (the History of Mosul). The second part of the book is available only. AL – ’Azdei dealt with the archetecture of the society, economy and buildings. He speaks about archetecture of the seciety, through his description of Mosul tribes and their inhabitance. He mentions, too Mosul scientists and Wala’at and their achievements. Besides, his reference to the lineage of Mosul people. His economic thought lurks in his dealing with economy and his mentioning the money of Bait-AL-Mal. He mentions also Mosul revenue. Futher more, he speaks about Mosul’s markets and their functions and activities.
His archetectural thought concerning buildings is presented through his reference to the expansion of the city and its content of: Mosques, churches... AL-A zdei refers to Mosul streets, markets and dwelling places.

In translation, there are different kinds of problems which the translators face : linguistic and non-linguistic. When a translator is not a complete master of both the source language and the target language, linguistic difficulties may arise. The defective (substantive, incomplete, relative) verb is is syntactically and semantically problematic for it is illusionary; in form it indicates past, and in Arabic it is called isla Jei uali ( past defective verb ). Consequently, it is often rendered by most translators into the past. But the question is: Does it always indicate past or it can show other syntactic and semantic functions?

The railway has been used in land transportation and in the Othmani state since the 60's of the 19th century and specially in 1866, when the first railway was opened between Azmeer and lydeen cities and that was followed by building railways in different provinces (wilaya), in the Othmani state. The Syria province (wilaya) witnessed using of the first train when the railway: Yafa- AlQuds was opened in 1892.
In Iraq, although the great number of projects and the studies of the railways which competed by the great states in supporting them, but these projects didn't come into use, for political, technical and finance considerations. Germany comes at the beginning of the great states which tried to penetrate inside the state during the project of the railway.
Baghdad-Berlin railways was considered as an important project during building railway between Anadolia and Al-Basrah harbour at entrance of the Arab gulf, but the Germans succeeded to have this privilege with its final formula in March 1903, but this privilege faced many obstacles disrupted its carrying out. one of these obstacles was the British opposition to the project, which threatened the Germans arrival to the entrance of the Arab Gulf, and this threatened the British advantages in the area, and these problems were not settled until July 1914, the Germans started to carry out this project when the World War I started. The Germans achieved the extended part between Baghdad and Samarra at 80 mile, so the Iraqis did not get benefit from the transportation services by the railways.
At the beginning of the British occupation to Iraq in 1914, British realized the necessity of building railways in Iraq to achieve many aims such as: supplying a flexibility in its forces movement, arms and foods, in addition to the easiness of spreading these forces in occupying other parts in Iraq for the Benefit of the British occupation, and so far the Building of these lines was not for the Iraqis, but to achieve martial aims for the British occupation, one of the evidences against them is that these forces took off these lines after finishing their martial aims.

This research means a comparative study of the accent in both the Arabic and French languages, and he talked about the accent for both the Arabic and French languages ​​(as far as the research is concerned), a summary of the points of difference between the two systems, as well as the focus of the difference in which we have learned from which the students make mistakes Explaining their causes, then giving some modest advice to ensure that these mistakes are avoided by both the student and the teacher. One of them is that the student who wants to learn a new language must take into account his mother tongue system while learning the foreign language. Although what a new system learns cannot be compared to the mother tongue at all levels, each language has special rules and foundations that distinguish it from other languages ​​and this applies to the French language, as it is a language that cannot be compared to Arabic because it is a language that does not belong to the language family from which the language was born Arabic, however, applied linguistics focuses in one of its curricula on taking into account the aspects of agreement and difference in learning languages ​​while not belonging to one origin. The research also showed the role of the teacher and its importance in avoiding the student making mistakes, so he must be attentive to students ’mistakes and teach them the correct pronunciation for each sound. It focuses on new voices and thus avoids students making mistakes. In addition to the necessity for the teacher to be alert to students ’mistakes, he, in turn, must have received an intensive education that qualifies him to teach the foreign language. Levels. Each language has special rules and foundations that distinguish it from other languages, and this applies to the French language. It is a language that cannot be compared to Arabic because it is a language that does not belong to the language family from which the French language was born. Applied linguistics focuses in one of its curricula on taking into account the aspects of agreement and difference in learning languages ​​while not belonging to a single origin. The research also showed the role of the teacher and his importance in avoiding the student making mistakes, so he must be alert to students ’mistakes, focusing on them, thus avoiding students’ mistakes. .

Many cities and districts of Islamic state faced Earthquakes, which obliged our scientists to pay attention to geolog,cal dangers phenomenon and investigate its reasons and finding log,cal explanations for its reasons, kinds and modes. Also it motivated our historians to collect events of earthquake and recorded it in their writings which are benefited to find most Islamic cities that faced earthquake with its damages (economical and residential).
This search studies the earthquake which were happened in Mosul city, it is the biggest city among the Islamic cities which is characterized by its heavy residential. It is very importentcity from the geographical, economical, administration and military perspective. Also it finds out the economical and residential signs which were left by these earthquakes.
This search reached to a summary, that city of Mosul faced many repetition earthquakes varied its power between heavy and light, and the power one made great signs on its elevations and its construction builds, which has great trace on the economical side cause made damaged and destruction for houses, agriculture lands and irrigation projects. And happened great ruins in the bestial wealth. But in its residential effect, it happened great ruins in human-beings, many stories refereed to the numbers of dead but the most stories have no statical number and satisfy just in calling general expressions.

In the early Islamic age, linguistic exchange between the Moslem wife with her husband depended on a deep understanding of Islam and eschewed all manipulation of imagination. Most poet and poetesses studied in this paper are not famous, whose poetry reflected their emotions and true suffering written in the city-dwellers language that avoided the austere and ambiguous idiom of the Bedouins. This was a result of the influence of Islamic life and language. Most of this poetry was short stanzas full of repetition, antithesis, analogy, metonymy as well as short pieces of dialogue and brief accounts of events. Their eulogy differed from that of pre-Islam with a rhythm reflecting their psychological states.

Sheikh Muhi-Iddeen Ien Arabi who died at (638 A. H.) is a Sufi (Islamic Mystic), Philosopher and a great writer. He was born and grown up in Al-Andalus. Then he emigrated to the east. His poetry is predominantly marked with symbolic style who used to serve his mystical philosophical and gnositic way of thinking.
symbols of numbers, which are served by Ibn Arabi to support his gnositic way of life.
symbols of letters, which made up an important aspect used in a gnositic occupation. Hence, letters refer to the universe and they are the opposite side of it.

This research revealed the effort of (Al-Mu'tasilla Grammarians ) in studying Arabic grammar and pointed out that Al- Mu'tasilla grammarians formed a distinguished phenomenon in the history of Arabic grammar .In addition, it presented an index of the names of the most significant grammarians in order to facilitate tracing their efforts in the field of Arabic grammar study.

Colour has a special importance in human culture in general and Arab culture in particular. The Holy Quran uses colours according to its indications and signs. White colour, for example, indicates something to Arabs differs from that of other nations. According to Arabs, it indicates cheeriness, gladness and happiness, while black colour indicates sadness, sorrowness and gloominess. The Holy Quran uses white to refer to people of Paradise: their faces and clothes, while black is used to signify people of Hell; their sorrowness and gloominess. The same indication goes with other colours. Green colours. The green color indicates growth and fertility, while yellow indicates beauty. Hence, the researcher tries to find the relation between the Arab thought of colour and what the Holy Quran presents

The Islamic religion affected much all the ways of life , the levels of society as well as the man in general. Beside its affection on the ways of life in the pre-Islamic period. Therefore hn this research I concentrated on the influence of Islam on the Arabic poetry in general, and the elegies of sons in particular. The study tackled that type of poetry in both periods, the Beginning of Islam', and "Al,amany" Reviod. Becanse the second was the continuation of the first one. And the cause behind such a topic is to reveal what elegies, and especially the elegies of sons could provoke inside human-being. Through those elegies the sons managed to express their own inner-conflect, their suffering, pain, and sumpathy with those fathers whon lost their sons. Inaddition that type of poetry contains a stream of a true sympathy of those sons toward the lossing fathers who were suffering from absence of their own sons. Not to forget the principles that Islam emphasized on about the rights of fathers, and their treat ment to their sons. Finally there is a reference to a comparative study of the different images within the pre-Islamic period.

The research aims at knowing the actual informational, instructional, educational and rehabilitational services offered by special care and rehabilitation institutes in Nineveh province for the handicaps to amalgamate them within the society as normal people. The research depended on the field study method and the analytical descriptive method and used the subject literature, interviews, observation, questionnaire and statistical records as data collecting tools. The community studied was covered the special care and rehabilitation institutes in Nineveh. The main finding is that these institutes offer moderate services but they need qualified personnel, instructional aids and equipments to develop their services. The research ends with recommendations for advancing the services of these institutes.

This research deals with dangers in Iraq and Baghdad in particular, which include floods and earthquakes (575-656H). Baghdad and other states where subject to many floods and earthquakes which had left passive impacts on all fields of life. The research also tackles the measures taken by the Abbasid state against these dangers and lessened their effect by setting up dams and blocking holes and reconstructing what had been damaged particularly on the two sides of the river, inviting the public (common people) to cooperate with the authority in order to protect their life against all these disasters and reduce their destructive effects.

In this paper we concentrate on one of the linguistic phenomena which has been widely studied by other linguistics. This phenomena in puts permissibly the verb in the masculine and extends the feminine mark to it. It is well known that there are some cases confined to this allowance, these cases are: The subject or subject of the passive; Separated from the verb by an object rather than - excepting-; It is a plural; Interpretative infinitive; It is pronoun belongs to masculine or feminine; or It is taken in the consideration the phonation and the meaning.
The research takes from the Seven Readings evidence in order to apply these cases and to explain their reasons, It, in this aspect, emphasizes the rules that have been
approved by linguistics in this trend