Adab AL Rafidayn

This research aims to reveal an important aspect of creativity in the literature of the Jordanian poet Haider Mahmoud, which is represented by talking about self-criticism (criticism of rulers and peoples) in his poetry. Perhaps it is useful to point out, before starting to talk about our poet, that this subject (self-criticism) was and still is in our modern Arabic poetry a prominent feature that distinguishes most Arab poets who have always believed in the importance of fulfilling their noble mission, and realize that literature is a living image of the society to which they belong, and that Commitment is a huge consequence not to be ignored by any means, and they have to bear this liability if they want to be committed ... and to communicate with what is around them and to be close to people and to portray all their emotions and prey in the crucible of their feelings and needs, and not be isolated from the problems of their time in order to be able to penetrate into the depths of These problems with their feelings, thinking, and culture, so that they can participate in the search for the solutions you need.

INTRO DUCTION The : elation of language to world view is an issuc over which nuecrous heated a guments have been run for over the last two centuries. Akkough Humbolet's philosophy of language, which later influenced linguistics, is often equated with the concept of world view, "the idea that a system of language shaped the thinking of its speakers was first formulated by Herder" (Schaff 1973, 8 cited in Al- Sheikh 1985, 8). It was Boas, the anthropologist and then linguist, who brought the seeds of Humboldtian structuralism, however, to America and passed them over to Sapir with whom whorf worked during his last years. Boas beliceved that languages of the world are to a large extent structurally the same irrespective of respective cultures or ethnic groups (see, eg Wardaugh 1986 [1987), 207). Conversely, Sapir believed that languages are structurally different, ic there are no limits to the differences among languages of the world. Therefore, their respective speakers see the world differently ; hence relativity A more extreme view is held by whorf who, like Herder, believed that the language we use wholly determines (or shapes) the categories in which we think as if language and thought were equivalent (cf. Mazor 1989 and Chatterjee 1985) ; hence determinism', a term with which the name of F. de Saussure as a neo- Humboldtian is also associated in current debates (see Mazor 1989 for a critical

Contrary to what Saussure tried to "establish with his distinction between langue' and 'parole', the nature of the primary speech acts that are performed in the use of a natural language is determined by the semantic structure of that language" (Vanderveken, 1990: 166). Actual natural languages like English and Arabic offer a great number of speech act verbs whose meanings serve to identify the possible illocutionary forces of the utterances (Vanderveken, 1990: 166). In this paper, we will apply the illocutionary logic of general semantics to Arabic and to proceed to the lexical analysis of about thirty important commissive verbs "/Paf fa:l - ul - wulu:d/" which have an illocutionary point as part of their meaning. We will give à description of their meaning and confine ourselvės to a 'direct semantic analysis' of these verbs. We will also give a description of their logical fomm and specify the actual components of the illocutionary forces or acts which they name. In analysing Arabic commissive verbs "af Ja:l - ul - wuluad/", our aim is to study how the set of illocutionary forces is lexicalized in the Arabic vocabulary. analysis of English speech act verbs that have been made by Searle and Vanderveken (1985), and Vanderveken (1990

This paper is a theoretical study of the speech act of advising. Its aim is twofold. First, it attempts to formulate a set of felicity conditions for the speech act in question taking into consideration the general framework suggested by Searle (1969), Allwood (1987), Mey (1994), and Al- Sulaimaan (1997) for the. speech act of promising . Second, (1969) for the speech act of advising for the use of the illocutionary force indicating device

Much has been written on Poe's merits as a man of letters, a poet and as a literary critic. Since the beginning of Poe's literary career, there has been a steady flow of books, articles and studies on his life, poetry and prose. However, biographers and critics have paid little attention to the oriental aspects of his works. The problem whether Poe was, in a way or another, influenced by the East and indebted to its culture, has given rise to much controversy. The available literature does not say much on the extent to which Poe was influenced by the East. Some critics, to mention only two, Edward Wagenkneht and Edward H. Davidson have given passing remarks affirming thai poe fell under the spell of the East and that this aspect is considerably of little significance. (1) This study, therefore, aims at investigating Poe's interest in the East and Easterm literature. It is an attempt to detect the possible sources which Poe had exploited and from which he derived his material. Special attention will be paid to one of the major sources, The AÁrabian Nights. This paper also tries to give a rapid review of Poe's oriental tales. More attention will be devoted to one of the most important tales of Poe, namely "The Thousarid- and- Second Tale of Scheherazed", (1845)

as in other language activities (e.g. language teaching) which involve two language or more, it is very difficult to avoid interference or more specifically negative transfer which affects the performance, in our case the translated text, in a way that reproduces inaccurate linguistic structures and poor collocations on the semantic level, sometimes. This study gains support from Selinker's view of interlanguage [Selinker (1986) vs.(Gorgis, 1994)) that control over meaning of a target language text rather than grammatical stuctures comes first in nguage activities. Relevant to the notion of negative transfer is that of "fossilization" where it could be more abvious at advanced stages of learning; where the properties of the native language, in our case the kurdish language, combine together with the target language, Arabic, to form an intermediate system which is to be used persistently and consistently by the learner, in our case the translator (Gorgis, 1994). Still, the identification of the likely fossilized patterns (grammatical structures) in a given performance (the translated text) remains difficult (ibid).

This paper discusses some issues in the translation of Arabic emotive expressions into English . In order to achieve an emotive effect in the target language, English as the case in point, an Arab translator may heighten the emotiveness by using expressions with suitable connotations Some examples of translation from Arabic into English are given to that end.

Strictly speaking, the term "setting" refers to the physical surroundings of a literary work these items are associated with the characters; they shed light on the characters as well as on the events in a fiction, simply because characters cannot be separated from setting --- their effect is mutual, Broadly speaking, setting goes fürther than that the physical surroundings but also the timé of action. The background against which we see the characters or the happenings may be specified as morning or evening, spring or fall!IThe clement of time is important in "Araby". In fact, time is important in almost all the stoties of Dubliners. the fumiture, the architecture, the landscape, the climate.

L'amour paternel est un des. principaux thèmes dans quelques romans; mais cet amour n'a jamais été assez réussi à cause de quelques difficultés racontreés lors de la progression du roman. Le roman en question notamment le Père Goriot est un bon exemple de cet échec imprévisible. En fait, Balzac đémontre clairement une transformation aussi choquante qú impitoyable de tel genre d'amour en drame. C'est ainsi le Père Goriot raconte l'histoire d'un père abandonné par ses filles, il est aussi d'une grand: complexité, mnais ce qui-nous intéresse dams cette étude, c'est le drame de l'amour paternel du père Goriot, le calvaire et la dégradation du lien père- enfants. Nous allons mettre en relief la mauvaise situațion de ce père, ses

Whoever lived Zia al-Din Ibn al-Atheer for nearly eighty years, a long and rich life With experiments in politics, administration, construction, authoring and teaching, his book “The Moving Example” was the most important thing he authored, studied and associated with his name, and it was evidenced by scholars of his time. The material of the book came in an introduction and two articles, and perhaps the most important thing included in the introduction is the subject of the science of statement, its tools, the pillars of writing, and paving the way for those who want to learn it. As for the first article (verbal), it talked about the characteristics of single and compound words, and the second article (the intangible) came in the meanings outlined. And detailed where it is coined and coined.
The purpose of the “proverb is to teach writing and poetry, and Ibn al-Atheer may be the first in drawing this goal of authorship in the science of the statement, because those who composed before him, such as al-Ami, Ibn Sinan, Abdul-Qaher al-Jarjani and al-Askari, did not aim to teach writing or poetry. Lousy. Ibn al-Atheer stipulated two conditions for education or discipline that he found in himself: good taste or temperament (what is called today Qatari readiness in psychology or talent in literary criticism) and offspring, and an implicit condition related to them is the material in which this education is carried out from the verbal and moral industry and how Submit this article.
Ibn al-Atheer had written material in an eloquent language, selected vocabulary, strong compositions, coherent, thoughts, connected periods, devoid of assonance. Among the advantages of his also is that he did not make a lot of transmission and did not refer to his book a group of I say, and he used to discuss his predecessors, showing their mistakes and shortcomings, which allowed a wide scope for the appearances of his character.
Ibn al-Atheer singled out pride among the old and modern authors during his book, direct and indirect pride, so he often declared himself, distinguished and uniqueness, a statement that led him to the individual, the transcendence, the arrogance and the neglect of others and the evidence for them, and therefore he provoked the researchers until they came out with it to the most extreme limits of defect. There is no doubt that Ibn al-Atheer’s intelligence, acumen, and adult social feeling, his good thinking about people, and what he found in terms of deficiency, confusion and turmoil in the graphic studies, all of this increased his self-confidence, and this confidence pushed him beyond its limits, thus claiming and arrogance became impossible, knowing that he did not pride himself on emptiness and did not boast of falsehood. The first is for him to govern his will in his tongue and let his work speak.
For each of the above related to the personality of Ibn al-Atheer and his valuable book, I set out to elaborate this research and made it divided into four chapters and a conclusion, translated at the beginning by Ibn al-Atheer, and talked about his sheikhs, culture, attributes and morals, and mentioned its classifications and effects. In the second chapter, I presented the subject of the Book of the Parable, and showed that it is based on an introduction to the pillars and components of writing, and on two articles, one of which is in the verbal industry and the other in the moral industry. The scholars of rhetoric before him, the second in his positions on the book, the third in his positions on Arab scholars, the fourth in his influence by previous critics, the fifth in his talk about talent, and the sixth in his judgment on literature. The fourth chapter authorized the ether son. Writer: The conclusion is a summary of the most prominent results of this research.

This research looks into the theme of intoxicating drink in Arar's poetry. The researcher has come to the conclusion that Arar is the master poet of intoxicating drink in this age. In spite of the mature ideas and the new meanings the poet has achieved in the poetry of intoxicating drink, he remained tied to the roots of this subject which extend into the past, specially that of the poet Abu-Noas and the influnce of Al-Khiam's ideas on Rime.
The research treats the theme of intoxicating drink in Azar's poetry, its causes, meanings and thoughts. It also emphasises the new significances which it attempts to achieve, such as the social, human, and moral significances. It treats as well the formal aspects related to this theme, as imagery, language and rhetorical devices. In addition it investigates the question of artistic fidelity in its treatment.

I wrote this poem, in the year fifty-two and three hundred for the emigration, at that time Saif al-Dawla sent him a messenger from Aleppo to Kufa, inviting him with a gift, and this was after his departure from Egypt and his departure from Egypt as an act of disbelief. Then his satire of him did not return to Aleppo, for he felt his suffering with his envious people there, and Saif Al-Dawla listened to them, although Al-Mutanabi loved him the most sincere love, praised him with the most wonderful poetry, and saw in him the example of the nation and fortified it against its enemies, but the words of the envious found their way to the prince's ear Reflecting on the poet's warning, hinting at him once and again.

A priori .. The place in the short story, as the physical framework in which its characters move, its features and features are not formed in a neutral or separate way from the nature of the atmosphere, or the intellectual or psychological position that dominates its real world or the palm trees, and it is the position in which the central character features or the sum total of Active figures in the movement of the event, whether on its external or internal level, through the cause or the humanitarian issues that represent the essence of their concerns, sufferings, concerns and aspirations. The place has a semantic artistic function closely related to the intellectual dimension of the short story. Since the place has its own importance in the short story, and it is also a dependent importance of its artistic value in crystallizing its inner dimension, it calls for, in its use, the realization of a possible degree of consistency with its specific characteristics such as density, focus, economy and unity of impression.
The narrator's formulation of place features that are external, objective physical features - lie, in
An interesting paradox is that the storyteller forms these features internally, meaning that, more clearly, he draws on the feelings and thoughts that work in his mind and mind in drawing the dimensions of the place and its details in a specific way. And the quality of its responses to the outside world with its events and positions find their echoes in the form or form in which the place appears. However, the appearance of the place does not take in relation to the interior of the personality or the group of characters, an absolute necessary formula. The closed space is not the constant equivalent of the introverted personality, just as the open space is not an absolute indication of the extroversion of the personality and its openness is spiritual, so the relationship between the personality or characters and the place is not static, so it can be described as "logical - a dynamic that has a dialectical character ...

His life between birth and death: It is a life from which we present Ghat from what we have learned about in the sources of his biography, namely: Muhammad bin Mustafa bin Ali Abu al-Makarem al-Ghulaimi al-Najmi al-Zubaidi R (al-Taghli) al-Mawsili. And Al-Ghulami is attributed to a boy, the father of Ali to Al-Makarem, the grandfather of his translator, and he was the first to know from this Mosul family.
In our study, we have relied on the book bulletin issued by the Iraqi Scientific Academy in the year (18/13) with the investigation of Dr. Salim Al-Nuaimi, may God Almighty have mercy on him. It seems that it was edited in the year (1755/1169), and this is evidenced by the words of the poet Qassem Al-Rami Al-Mawsili (d. 1186/1752), a historian of Al-Shamama.

This research deals with Surat Al-Lahib, which is Surat Makiya, the number of which is five, and it was narrated that it was revealed in the fourth year of the mission. The reason for its revelation is that when the words of the Most High was revealed: “And warn your closest clan” (PBUH) called his people and not the closest, so he warned them and said to them: (I am a warning to you in my hands severe torment) So Abu Lahab said: A news for you is this our call? And he took a stone to throw it, and this surah was removed. When his wife heard about what was going on in her husband and in her from the Qur’an, the Messenger of God (PBUH) came while he was sitting in the mosque at the Kaaba with Abu Bakr, may God Almighty be pleased with him - and in her hand he ran away from stones. O Abu Bakr, your friend has told me that he is humiliating me, and by God, if I found him, I would have struck this loud mouth, and by God, I would say:
He disobeyed us, and our father ordered him, and his religion told us. Then she left and Abu Bakr said: O Messenger of God, did you not see her? He said: She did not see me, God took her sight from me, and Quraysh used to call the Messenger of God a mudhah, then they insult him, meaning he has blood and a sincere covenant.
And it was narrated on the authority of Tariq Al-Maharbi who said: “I am in the market of Dhul-Hijaz, since I am a young man who says: O people: Say there is no god but God, and you will prosper, and if a man behind him throws his legs and veins - the back of the foot - he says: O people, he is a liar, do not believe him.” I said: who is this? So they said he is Muhammad, claiming that he is a prophet, and this is his uncle (Abu Lahab), and he claims that he is a liar.
It was narrated on the authority of the woman of Abu Lahab (Umm Jamil) that she was carrying a bundle of polytheism and thistle, and scattered it at night in the way of the Prophet (PBUH), to harm him, as she was very bad and harmed - like her husband to the Messenger (PBUH).
In this introduction, we have intended to narrate these narrations about the reasons for the revelation of Surat al-Lahb because of its utmost importance in illuminating the style of the surah on which it is based, and it also shows colors of the methods of harm that the Messenger (PBUH) suffered from among his greatest enemies who led a relentless psychological and material war It is against the Messenger (PBUH) in particular and Muslims in general.
Therefore, this image is one of the prominent examples that depict this hostility on the one hand, and on the other hand the surah represents a psychological warfare used by the Qur’an against its enemies - including Abu Lahab and his wife
The Syrian issue - a war that destroys them in spirit and meaning before material and image destroy them. So the surah aims to destroy it and ridicule it, and this is one of the goals of the surah, God the Noble Qur’an and its planning, to be a weapon against the enemies of Islam, and for Muslims to resist the psychological warfare waged by the enemies against them, and mockery is nothing but a kind of psychological warfare.

The fictional work should be seen as an entity that contains a special poetic, we reveal its uniqueness and exceptionalism in the work of its tools, and it works comprehensively and wholly as a pure and pure system that does not involve a lost unit in the beginning. Some of them are in real hinges for the summit, and others work only to fill the spaces that separate the articulated narrative units, but the work is not straightforward except with them together.
This is reflected in the short language composed of the narrative pronoun. It is a sign language at its highest levels, which is full and deviates from the norm in methods of linking and forming relationships. A field that has public privacy.
The modern Iraqi fictional text established its aesthetic dimension by its decisive affiliation with modernity storytelling. This study has approached certain texts that have important capabilities to invest in the data of narration, and manifestations of its conscience in the production of poetry of storytelling, dreaming of storytelling, and chemistry of storytelling.

This research aims to investigate Ibn Zafar al-Skali, to know his biography and human activities, and to reveal the product of literature despite the scarcity of news that historians have narrated from him.
Everyone seeks to study his author Silwan Al-Ta'a in the glory of the followers, which he composed on the life of Samar majlis in which stories were narrated for the purpose of entertainment, and to spread comfort and joy in the soul of the mournful sheep, and they were silos.

That the Arab Islamic state whose history extended to more than two centuries, its rise until the emergence of the Turks on the political stage, had reached the strength of its greatness and its political and civilized glory until the coming of the Turks, which gave birth to a dangerous situation in the state, and was followed by the influence of the Daylamites, which was undoubtedly the inevitability of the situation that represented its influence The Turks, in spite of that, the Arab sovereignty did not diminish. Rather, the Arab nation remained the owner of the word, authority and influence, and the source of power and civilization.
The research must address the general features of the Turks in terms of their origin, their homeland, their upbringing, their tribes, the factors of contact with them, their use in the court and the army, and the political effects that were raised on the expansion of their influence in the Abbasid state.

The sons of Jouhair assumed the position of the ministry for four Abbasid caliphs, who were the Abbasid caliph Al-Qaim bi Amr Allah who pledged six (422 AH / 1030 AD) and died in (467 AH / 1074 AD), and for the Abbasid Caliph Al-Muqtadi bi Amr Allah, who was pledged in the year (467 AH) and died in (487 AH / 1094 AD), And for the Abbasid Caliph Al-Musnadhir Billah who was pledged in the year (478 AH) and died in the year (512 AH / 118 CE), and for the Abbasid Caliph Al-Muqtafi to the Order of God who pledged his year (530 AH / 1135 CE) and died in (555 AH / 1160 CE).
So they worked with some of the Seljuk sultans when they were removed from the Abbasid Caliphate Ministry, as well as with other political forces in Mosul, Aleppo and Diyarbakir.
It is worth noting that the position of the ministry is of great importance in the Arab Islamic state, and the minister had wide powers, so the caliphs were looking for those who possessed several qualities such as chastity, benevolence, honesty, and doing what was bestowed upon him, as well as courage, wisdom, dream and humility to assume this position, as it was The caliph chooses his minister based on his knowledge of him and his trust in him and the services he provided that prove his efficiency, or he may take the opinion of people and close associates in his choice. By plundering their money and that he brought the Basir, so the Caliph came down to the opinion of the people and thought about who would be his boss, so the test fell on the pride of the state after he had dismissed him, and thus the people accepted him and received him well, and the people of Baghdad scattered bags of dirhams and dinars for his coming, praising him. The credit for a poem beginning with:
- The truth has returned to its rightful place, and you, without the narration, were first given it
And the Abbasid caliphs used to give titles to senior statesmen, including ministers, to express their appreciation for their prestige, and this is what Al-Biruni confirmed - while he said: “... as well as the ministers of the caliphate, they were called the two wards, such as the two oaths, the two presidencies, the two swordsmen, the two swords, and the one who The titles of ministers continued to be granted by the Abbasid caliphs as a glorification and honor for the ministers, as happened to the sons of Jahir when the titles were awarded to them (pride of the state), (leader of the state) and r (leader of the presidents) and (planting the state), as will be explained ...
It should be noted that the minister receives a rate similar to the rest of the state employees, in addition to that he had an annual allowance with grants and gifts that the caliph gave him upon his appointment, and in addition to the salary in kind allocations were paid to him, including the sons of Jouhair, which indicates their status and importance when they assumed the position of the ministry And the role they played during their lives.

The research is a political study of the position of the Hafsids regarding the Crusader invasion on the countries of the Maghreb for the period between 625 - 668 AH / 12 - 1950 AD, in which the eighth crusade against Tunisia was led by Louis IX, and its theater was the shores of Cartagena, and it was aimed at the occupation of Tunis, the Hafsid capital. I suffered a complete failure due to the violent popular resistance I found.
The Eighth Crusade against Tunisia occupies an important place in the history of the Crusades, if it was the last that ended the colonial presence in the Arab lands, and the Crusaders received an unforgettable lesson in it, as they lost their king, Louis IX, the organizer of the campaign and many notables, and they suffered heavy losses due to the resistance they faced. Continuous violent popularity and the siege that hit them until they were hit by starvation, thirst and epidemics. .
The research is based on an entry and four main paragraphs:
Lewis prepared for the campaign.
Al-Mustansir Billah’s readiness for confrontation.
The clash between the two parties.
Fights

The media has great importance in the history of countries, past and present, because of its effective and influential role, on the one hand it represents a form of the art of politics and war, with the seeds it carries with it from the seeds of the ongoing danger of conflict and in all its known forms, and on the other side is an image of civilization and a title of the organizational level of preparation that it reached Countries and nations include preventive propaganda (or defensive media) that are efficient in order to secure their national interests and cohesion, protect their security and stability, and confront the dangers facing them.
It is well established that the media has an impact on opinion formation and individuals' dependence on it, and as a result of this influence, these individuals become guided by the information they receive as a directed approach), and this influence increases whenever the media skills of those involved or individuals in charge of managing it efficiently through their practical experiences and their unique abilities to possess The characteristics and features of the imagination, creative fertility and farsightedness, inspiration and the ability to achieve goals and achieve goals successfully through the selection of the most accurate and appropriate media.
. Whereas Mesopotamia was a forerunner in establishing the oldest centers of civilization known to mankind in terms of conversion to agriculture, domestication, writing and other aspects of human activity in the field of building civilization, the issue of flags, like other aspects of life, witnessed an important development that became vital in its history and since ancient times.

There is no doubt that time and timings are of great importance in our daily life, and none of us are forgotten, because of the influence of time in probing our actions and organizing the movement of people and related matters.
So we must return to the origins of this system and to the foundations on which it is based and the roots of the timing divisions from which the vocabulary of our current timing has benefited in its most accurate details, and the starting point of our conversation depends mainly on the names of these divisions in ancient Iraq by dissecting the origins of these vocabulary in cuneiform sources, and comparing them with what We adopt it in our time from terminology regarding timing.
The timing system was of interest to the astronomers of ancient Iraq, for they have the merit in giving its names and controlling its divisions with extreme accuracy, and we should start with “today” where they divided it into two parts: light and dark. UD) and in the Akkadian language (umu), and the Akkadian word is closer to its synonym in Arabic
A day, the second part was the night, which was known in the Sumerian language (GE), while the Akkadians called it "Salamu or Salmur", meaning darkness and darkness, which corresponds to the same meaning and the Arabic term.

Mankind witnessed the worst wars in history, especially the first and second world wars, and after the wars lasted long periods of time amounting to several years. Whatever the nature and duration of the war, it leaves negative economic, political and social effects on the belligerent countries, and these effects vary in quantity and quality through the self-strength of the warring state on the one hand, and the justice of the cause and victory on the other hand. Our just battle with the Iranian and American enemy and their allies proved this fact without doubt. As a natural result, our victories came to mitigate the negative effects on us at a time when this burden was transferred to the enemy itself. Perhaps the most prominent effects that must be wisely bypassed are the negative economic effects, which are considered fuel that cannot be depleted as a way to preserve the spirit of victory and the continuation of the battle and the defense of our unity and our lands. And that this duty is the responsibility of the individual on the one hand, and the state through its institutions on the other hand, through rationalizing consumption.
It is known that the concept of rationalization of consumption entered a new phase after the Second World War, as societies began to think more seriously and plan to rationalize consumption at the individual and governmental levels in support of economic resilience.
Rationalization has become one of the necessary requirements in the economic development processes, especially for third world countries, due to the low self-sufficiency rate of goods and services on the one hand, and directing the bulk of available resources to serve the national dependency on the other hand.
Thus, the concept of rationalization of consumption is freed from spontaneous linkages to the conditions of human groups in periods of wars and expected natural disasters, and has become associated with programs of economic development and rapid economic development and rejects all manifestations of extravagance and waste in a society that seeks to keep pace with progress in various areas of life.
The positive role that every Iraqi family in all its segments plays is behavioral rationalization of consumption
It must be compatible not only with the requirements of the blockade, but with the degree of maturity and sense of responsibility that the economic blockade creates and requires. This important and cruel experience must move the citizen to a new level of social maturity and a sense of public responsibility, which is reflected in the manifestations and details of his behavior everywhere. I hope that I have demonstrated some important aspects of the difficult equation in rationalizing consumption.

It has become known that information is especially important in our contemporary lives, individuals or societies. Information has a great role in successful administrative work and preventing decisions and taking them at various administrative, social and political levels .. and it has an active role in the success of national and national development plans, both economic and non-economic. In addition to its money of direct influence in the research and development of all activities related to the movement of society and the state, and catching up with science and technology. In addition to all this, the information has a clear and significant influence in the media towards changing, fixing or destabilizing positions in favor of or against the political system ... On the basis of the above, it has become almost unanimous that the age in which we live today is the age of information, after the world has passed through an era The industrial revolution in the first half of this century ... But some writers are free to describe the feature of the era by other names, such as the era of electronic computers, or the juice of satellites and communications, or the era of laser discs ... But we say to some of them that computers have found a basis to help people In storing the vast amount of information and expediting its handling, processing and retrieval, I found satellites and the rest of communication technologies to secure the transmission and circulation of information in its new global character, across continents and distant countries, and to deliver it to the beneficiaries as quickly as possible, and I found hoarded laser disks to enhance the role of computers and satellites. And lasers are what innovations and solutions existed for the sake of information and to facilitate the storage of its growing quantities, its processing and control, and then retrieving it accurately, quickly and appropriately, and the slogan of today in information centers and their banks, in various regions of the contemporary world is: Providing the appropriate information to the right user at the right time. In order to achieve this slogan, information centers and institutions should invest the required and appropriate information and communication technology to ensure the flow of the required quantity and the appropriate type of information planners, researchers, decision-makers and other beneficiaries.

As a result of the increase in beneficiaries' demands on information services, the increase in information sources and the magnitude of intellectual production, the emergence of electronic databases, and the decrease and shrinking of the budgets of libraries and information centers due to the inflation that most countries of the world suffer from virtually, the need for marketing information services has become necessary, so we see an increase in the emergence of numbers. A large number of books and periodical articles on marketing services for non-commercial enterprises in recent years, and through this, the technology and skills possessed by successful companies have been adapted to suit their products (which are publications). Non-commercial enterprises have become experts in differentiating between marketing methods that suit their needs and those that must actually be modified, and which must be rejected because they are not appropriate.
Libraries and information centers were slower than others in adopting marketing methods, and the literature that links marketing to information services directly is very little, yet we find information specialists facing reduced budgets, a change in the requests of the beneficiaries of the services, and the constant need to work on the basis of college coverage, and it is clear that this All factors are related to the market, and it is possible to benefit from technologies that have been developed to cope with such problems.

In the first section, the researcher tries to conclude a specific definition of the concept of documentation, in addition to exposing the establishment and development of this science, the motives for it, its growth factors, and its position in the science of libraries, while identifying the most important activities carried out by documentation centers. As for the second section, it tries to answer the following question: Where do documentation centers in the Arab world stand compared to documentation centers in the developed world and third world countries, and what are the features that define their features and activities with a focus on their current situation and the great efforts made by the Arab Organization for Education, Culture and Science in order to establish And the development and support of documentation centers in the Arab countries and the obstacles that hinder those efforts. Then the research ends with reaching some important recommendations that aim at promoting documentation centers in Iraq and the Arab world.
The importance of research comes from the importance of documentation itself and its value as a basic element in creating a healthy scientific environment and providing the requirements for scientific research to solve the problems of society, because documentation is an important service imposed by the urgent needs of research and the huge flood of information, especially in the field of science and technology, as the amount of what is published increases at an almost impossible rate With it for the scientist or researcher to constantly follow up everything that happens in his field of specialization.
The goal that we seek from this research is to spread the documentary awareness necessary to prepare a generation of specialists in the field of documentary services at a level of knowledge and experience in documentation matters and its position in the science of libraries and bibliographies and its value in contemporary scientific and technological developments and to define a series of technical steps starting from the documentary work to the documentation service and the extraction Reproduction, translation, and a level of skillful experience so that they have the ability to practice documentary functions with adequacy and success. The research also aims to emphasize the importance of information, especially documentation services, as a vital element in the information system and as one of the components of the comprehensive development of any country so that information officials and decision-makers take responsibility for creating And the development of these information institutions will catch up with the developed countries in this regard.
The study relied on analyzing the documents related to the subject with regard to elaborating the concept of documentation, the activities it includes and the services it provides. It was also relied on the evidence issued by international and Arab documentation centers to identify the nature of the existing documentation centers, especially in the Arab countries, and the scope of their activities.

Many reasons have prompted me to write about this topic, the most important of which is that the topic “The Philosophy of Science has taken over a large area within the philosophical schools, in addition to the fact that philosophers’ perceptions of the important relationship between philosophy and science have been expanding since a long time ago, so that the philosophy of science has become an important branch or topic of philosophy, This is in general terms. As for the philosophy of science for “Karl Popper,” it has a special importance as it accommodates his entire philosophical doctrine with an awareness that will appear to us in the following paragraphs of this research.
After Nabeir completed his studies and scientific research in mathematics and physics, he started It draws for itself a scientific philosophical approach, as it deals with the subjects of cosmology, aesthetology, and "xenology," with a comprehensive scientific philosophical perspective that defines for each science and philosophy its special place among other human activities.
Now, we ask what is the relationship between the goal of science in "Karl Bauer" and his theory of method, so we answer first of the basic goal of his philosophy is to lay the correct foundations for a rational and critical approach, by which he rejects the distinction that exists between human and scientific studies, and his approach is related to what is called modern studies "with the scientific research method The aim of this approach is to reach “the unity of science, in a real way that serves philosophy and science, or what is called scientific research.” Indeed, when "Berber" talks about "the logic of scientific research, this is due to the fact that this philosopher possessed a special conception of science and had a distinct methodology in the field of logical and scientific studies, in addition to his clear ability to critique and scrutinize philosophical and ecstatic ideas and opinions." The importance of "Karl Popper, to his author of the spectacle, The Logic of Scientific Discovery," (۲), especially in the field of Estemological Studies, "is one of the main works of literature that dealt with the inferential aspect of physics and the examination of scientific particulates. () Boyer traced the research of scientists and the results of their theories to reveal the means, methods and ideas that help them build new scientific knowledge.