Adab AL Rafidayn

In this research and on its pages we try to shed light on a literary figure from those who did not get within the limits of the researcher’s knowledge of what she deserves from studying and looking at the literary effects that she left that is the character of Ibn al-Mughirah Abd al-Wahhab bin Hazm, through the texts reported by Ibn Bassam’s repertoire along with a number of sources The Eastern Andalusia, which included prose pieces and poetic collections embroidered with various types of verbal and moral decoration, various styles of dialogue colors, letters, and pictures from different positions with contemporaries by Abi Al-Mugheera from writers and scholars such as Abu Muhammad bin Hazm al-Faqih al-Adeeb and Ibn Shahid and others,
Perhaps one of the justifications for this writer was chosen in this study is that it was not addressed in detail by researchers in Andalusian literature if we exclude the references of a few of them in the context of talking about the literature of the entire period or talking about a special writer in his contemporaries like Ibn Hazm Ibn Muhammad, and these references were not enough To give a clear brief idea about the literature of marauding and the features of his dual queen.

From the beginning of the statement that is rich in itself from the evidence, the Arabic sciences towards it, its spending, and its rhetoric, as well as its lexicography and linguistic topics are built on what scholars gathered from the words of the Arabs: their poetry and prose.
Hence, it was superfluous for the eloquent text to be documented in its legal capacity in building rules and setting scientific controls, and in resolving the differences that arise in order to establish the correct and sadistic. And beware of error and error, as well as drawing on the findings of the scholars in this field of defining linguistic, stylistic and critical features to know the eloquent and the eloquent. The eloquent and the eloquent, the beautiful and the most beautiful. For us to have a way to imitate and act.
Therefore, in the total of these rules and controls there is room for opinion and its difference, not in the way of a desire for difference and arguments in the dispute, but rather in consideration of what the texts lead to after the meditation then and the sedate induction of things that differ in few or many with what has settled from the rules and rules.
I am not refusing to demonstrate different examples of what I went to, but rather, my goal is that the subject that I compelled myself to treat is from this beating, which exposes his chest, the difference with what the rhetoric went to in what they decided from the rules and named the origins.

Structure has two concepts in linguistic convention: it may be intended to construct a single word, i.e. the formula, as it was also expressed. And it may be intended by the syntax in the speech systems, which is the compositional syntax such as that between the initiator, the news, the verb, the verb, the verb and the verb deputy, or the verbal syntax, such as between the additive and the added to it when they are two names such as saying the truth 1, or the additive of them is an adverb and the addition to it is a name such as in front of the house And before dawn, whether the circumstance is spatial or temporal, as shown in the examples. Then there is the descriptive syntax whose relationship is based on the association of his description with the descriptive, whether the description is a single name or a syntax, as compiled by the verse:. (A known good and forgiveness is better than charity, and it follows harm) [Al-Baqara: ۲۱۳] It included two attributes, one is singular (known) and the other is complex (followed)
As the rule in this is that the sentences are after attributes, and after knowledge are conditions. These two structures and two attributes (adjective and descriptive) are presented in two different grammatical patterns, when looking at the image of the adjective in them.

Although the poetry of a person of Qays is one of the oldest things in our hands on Arabic written speech, we find in it methods and expressions that we still do not discuss in what we write and speak today. Not surprisingly, Van. The poetry of a person, Qais, from the Paschal language, which became in the pre-Islamic era the high language in which literary texts were written, such as poets ’poetry, especially poetry of pendants and the poetry of their owners | And the famous speeches of the speakers of the Arabs.
When we study the language and methods of a person, we lay our hands on a set of idiomatic structures, including what we found among the methods of the Noble Qur’an and many of which we have read in the poetry of this great poet.
. We have been able to extract a hundred and eighty-nine idiomatic expressions, including sixty-eight terms from his poetry by Al-Asma’i’s narration, from which the name (linguistic term) is validated. And that is that two or more terms come together in a cross-references or non-cross-texturing, and this composition creates a new meaning that is not indicated by the meanings of the terms in it separately.

That Al-Alawi (d. 750) from the late rhetoric and his book Al-Modiraq is an important source of rhetoric, as his sources included the opinions of many of the rhetorists who preceded him in this science, so when he gathered in his book the opinions of these with analysis, discussion, introduction, and rejection of others. And the book (The Model Including the Secrets of Rhetoric and the Science of Miracle Realities) is one of the finest things like reaping rhetoric in the eighth century AH because of its control of rhetoric and its selection of wonderful examples and evidence that demonstrates a great understanding of Arab methods.
The personality and opinions of Al-Alawi and his views appear in the three sections of the book - Al-Qadamat, the topics related to meanings, statement, adorability, the eloquence of the Qur’an, and the secrets of the miracles - and we can say that all the views of the rhetoric that came in the style and was taken by Al-Alawi are his adopted views.
Al-Alawi’s views also emerge through his discussion of the rhetoric and the response to them .. Al-Alawi’s opinions are not limited to this aspect only, but rather express his own views, as when he discusses a topic of rhetoric or is defined by a term, he comes with different opinions, so he chooses or rejects all of them and comes sharpaner . That is, his views are either likely or private opinions, and we will address these opinions according to their sequence in (style) distributed over the three introductions and the arts of rhetoric

Among the critical terminology that did not take place except in modern criticism, and therefore its application to Arabic poetry did not gain enough fame and its scope did not expand in me in a limited circle, except for some studies which are few, - which were the guide of the researcher such as the study of Mohiuddin Sobhi and the vision in Al-Bayati’s poetry and :: The study of Dr. Muhammad al-Faris, The Creative Vision in the Poetry of Salah Abdel-Sabour. ”And the study of Dr. Abdel-Qader Al-Ribai, the Image and the Vision in the Poetry of Zuhair bin Abi Salma. These studies have revealed various definitions of the vision, but it is almost | mostly - they agree that the vision is to deepen the view of the creator In life to try to understand its past and its future and present a clear philosophy about it in poems because they believe that poetry does not affect by idea or image, but by the vision, because God may be an image or a view of the world or insight into the fate of man or we value the conflict between) good and evil or Everything is an expression from the writer about a section of the philosophy of his poems

Al-Qatami poetry is distributed in topics of friendliness, praise, spinning, pride, and spelling, in addition to some verses scattered in the ruling. He described the rain, the sea, the ox, and the wine, and praised some of his elders from the caliphs, governors, tribal leaders and leaders of Gand, and he spins women - as is usually the poets of his era - in the introductions to his poems spinning about many of their moral and material advantages, and he is proud of his people, Bani Malik, and his tribe overcame And with the stems that descend from it and enrich its people for the life of the desert and the related virtues over the life of Hatra, Hajja Qaisians and some of the Crimean clans.
Perhaps the description is one of the most prominent topics in Al-Qatami's poetry. Therefore, presenting an integrated picture of this poetry requires talking about what was from it in the still or moving nature or wine, and about aspects of imitation or innovation in it.

The focus of this research will be the study of Al-Sharif Al-Mortada’s critical efforts in Arabic literature, which are researched in his great book Al-Ghurar Al-Gha’al Al-Faid and Gather Al-Qalamat, known as Amal Al-Murtada, which is located in two volumes and his book “The Spectrum of Imagination, which is a critical book, and his book (Al-Shehab in Gray And the youth, which are great critical speeches, of literary and artistic value, represent his efforts that have risen in the direction of human literature, for this is Arab poetry in the fifth century of migration, and the centuries it provides, and in the likes of this study, it is evident of an important link in the development of Arab aesthetic awareness, and revelations On the aspects of creativity in it, which is a serious attempt to consolidate its critical material, to give consideration to it, and to have a study thereof.
The research plan will be as follows: a brief definition of Al-Sharif Al-Murtada, with reference to the first to alert him to his critical sense, then access to his concept of the structure of Arabic poems, and his criteria therein, on which he must base his method in studying the creative text and the patterns of his criticism represented by linguistic criticism, objective criticism, Impressionist criticism, poetry thefts, and then the conclusion of the research with the results that it settled on, and concluded.

The close relationship between literature and language is due to the bonds that exist between them at the levels of sound, composition and significance. Literature is an expression of words, sentences and language, a system of mobile vocabulary on life objects and their topics, and that the interaction on the foundations of literature reflects automatically a direct and indirect reflection on the fundamentals of language, by action The complementarity between them in linguistic use, since language resonates with artistic practice by saying, and it differs in its use of words, sentences, and structures from daily language in its thoughts, emotions, idleness, style, and offense; Therefore, it is studied and rooted because it constantly reveals conditions of saying and capabilities of expression that are not available in daily speech, and there is no doubt that the significance in the deep and important part of the language and now the study of the language is important mainly to the extent that it contributes to our understanding, especially understanding the creative aspect of our use of its material.

It is not our concern to turn the pages of the history of eastern and western intellectuals in search of what explores in the literary monuments from philosophical approaches and trends, for these are difficult and long struggles that do not accommodate the place, but our purpose is to describe the essence of the link between poetry and philosophy to be our gateway to storm the worlds of Ahmed Mukhaimar in his collection: (Shining Buddha ) We were exempt from them to define his positions and visions of the world, and we have found the link between these two hypostases stems from being always and never belonging to a single stump, which is the life that each of them tries to seek their lofty truths, revealing the decision of human existence in them, and asking about the purpose of that and what comes after? Thus, life was - as it is said - a common ground between the philosopher and literature, expressing itself in literature sometimes and sometimes in philosophy, revealing some of its truth on the tongue of a poet and it may consume it in the folds of a philosopher and the folds of their analyzes. The secret in the convergence of poetry and philosophy is the attempt to rise above the human self to the circumstances of the individual experience that contributes to its emergence with the ambiguity and ambiguity of life and what constitutes a permanent conflict between man, nature, spirit and body, and the issues raised by life and death, good and evil, truth and falsehood, and reason And heart problems.

The civilization of Iraq had direct effects on the Near East region and indirectly on the far east and west. The civilization of Iraq was the civilization affecting the Near East region, and its influence in this area was more than the influence of Egypt, and from this path and other ways, the radiations of the civilization of Iraq were transferred to the countries of Greece. Greece in ancient Iraq.
Geographically, the Balkan Peninsula was not only the region where Greek civilization was the predominant one. Rather, that civilization spread to wide territories that included the Balkan Peninsula and the Aegean Islands, including Crete and Ionia, which includes a group of Greek cities on the western coast of Asia Minor as well as from the colonies. Which spread from the ninth century BC onwards along the coasts of the Black Sea, the Mediterranean Sea, the straits, and wherever culture spread.
As for the historical point of view, the Greeks were not the owners of the first civilization that appeared in the Balkan Peninsula, there was a Crete civilization that was known as the Aegean or Minian civilization and there is the Mycenaean civilization that spread on the Greek mainland.

On the one hand, the study of the cultural page is related to the knowledge of cultural policy, because this knowledge is related to the goal of research, and on the other hand, given the important role that planning plays in the general policy of the state in the societies of modern countries, the definition of the concept of cultural policy begins with placing it in the place designated for it with the policies The other is in the function of the state that collectively constitutes the overall picture of that policy, and in this context taking the concept of cultural policy its meaning and importance that culture in its general meaning is a key factor in defining and showing the identity of society through the multiple, diverse and interacting relations between it and its cultural production. And since the requirements of development in general depend on the possibility of achieving them on the extent of the individual’s awareness of his role in this, for this necessity, in the third world countries in particular setting a detailed policy to guide the culture in order to contribute to achieving the stated goals and within the limits of this attempt, the topic will be limited through the impact of cultural policy in Iraqi newspapers produce a cultural page that usually publishes literary and artistic topics. I have taken this page as one of the fixed sections in the newspaper, as a template for the header to see how this page adheres to the normative values ​​of cultural policy in its interference with media policy.
This research will not touch on the study of two important topics, although they constitute other dimensions of the topic: The first concerns the impact of this page on readers, "and the second relates to an analysis of its content, because the research aims to know the issue
Two-sided: The first side of the tram page with that policy during the years of the Iraq-Iran war ۱۹۸۰ - سیما, especially since the priority of the media culture was tiring to mobilize the masses to face the conditions of the war and its requirements, and the second face is indicating the general frameworks of its content even if it contains topics that were not . A direct link to the circumstances of the war. We will discuss this issue through two axes: By doing the first on the issues of media cultural policy, the second will be presented and analyzing the nature of the cultural page and the extent of its contribution to mass mobilization, directly or indirectly.
Finally, it is indicated that the nature of the topic required the adoption of a descriptive approach to analysis to achieve the purposes of the research within the limits of its historical framework, which explored many on the side and cheek does not exceed cultural lameness, as an additional topic and complementing other topics that dealt with the media aspects of cultural policy

Historians have begun to realize the necessity of upgrading contemporary ideas and pausing long and reflecting clearly on questions about the importance of studying the curricula of our written historical sources in order to identify the development of historical writing by discussing the methods and trends of writing university theses and masters + doctorates), although there are many Of the studies in this direction, they are described as descriptive studies more than analytical or critical, and that the method of selection, not the briefing or comprehensiveness, is prevalent in them, whether in the nature of resources or in the syntactic or stylistic approach to writing, and on this basis the research specialized in studying the historical methodology in the messages University in the light of its main foundations, in terms of its nature, its issues, tools, rulings and results. The research focused on a case study at the universities of “Basra and Mosul in the field of modern history. And how to build curricula, the nature of treatment and the establishment of props in order to reach the lofty goals in the ambitious university historical curriculum, and thus the research is based on Three names, namely knowledge of the historical methodology, the clarification of the nature of university theses (masters + doctorate), and a case study of the curriculum in history at the universities of Basra and Al-Mawsili.

With the spread of cultural awareness in general and medical culture in particular, it has become imperative to accompany this specialized legal culture based on shedding light on the course of events, so that the doctor is aware of the legal adaptation of these events. Also, a patient who is harmed as a result of a specific medical accident would like to be informed of the position of the law.
Medicine is a human profession that has been practiced since ancient times, and dictionaries and conditions have been established for its practitioners. The Department of Hippocrates and the physician as a human being with a profession are professions that are subject to error and are subject to the law in practicing his profession.
And legal jurists usually distinguish between two types of errors that the doctor can commit during his practice of his profession: - A - Ordinary error: - It is a mistake that is not related to the technical principles of the profession: such as negligence and lack of caution that can be issued by any person, such as performing the surgery in Drunk ..
2- The professional or technical error .. which consists in departing from the technical principles of the profession, and violating the rules of science, such as an error in diagnosis or treatment.
And another section of jurists distinguishes between three types of errors issued by N
Doctor: - A - pure normal error, like the doctor’s mistake with a bottle of medicine. خطأ- Professional or technical error such as an error in diagnosis or treatment. خطأ- An error contrary to human feeling. As a doctor’s breach of his duty to save
The patient, refusing to provide care and abandonment or violating the medical secret (۲). It is possible for all the last two types of errors in one type, which is the professional or technical error versus the normal error.
That many professionals stand by virtue of their work on many of the righteous people. Especially those whose work relates to the strictest privacy of citizens, such as doctors. Religion and morals make radio secrets a headline for bad manners. The secret is the news that revealing would cause material or moral harm to a person, given the nature of this news or the circumstances of the case. And the secret of the profession in general, is the news that he may have contacted the Secretary by virtue of practicing his profession, job or industry even if his owner did not ask him to keep it secret or he himself does not need it.

The Islamic Sharia preceded the advanced legislations to make the sale count lock the property, so that the buyer of the real estate or the transferred property becomes the owner of the contract.
The Iraqi Sharia has been influenced by Islamic jurisprudence in considering the contract of sale to transfer property in itself and is not limited to establishing an obligation to education or an obligation to transfer property as is the case in French law.
Thus the sales contract evolved until it was directed to what it is as transferring the property as soon as the contract was concluded as a general rule .. But if it slackens its transmission until after the conclusion of the sale, then the transfer of the property itself becomes an obligation that the seller must implement, and this commitment mostly deals with other obligations so that it remains A list until these obligations are fulfilled, as is the case in the real estate transferred in respect of which the legal system of the property follows.
And the sale of real estate in Iraqi law is considered one of the formal contracts, as ownership does not transfer except after following the formality assigned to it (Article 805 of the Iraqi Civil Law), and then the Iraqi legislator appended to al-Hitar the sale of the car if the sale became one of the formal contracts after the amendment to the Traffic Law (the fifth period) Article Five of the revised Traffic Law)
And the importance of selling the car after it became a formal contract and the problems that can arise, we have raised its studies, highlighting the position of the Iraqi judiciary represented by the Court of Cassation, and that is in three investigations, the first of which will be about the legal nature of car registration, while the second will be about the effects of registration while the third will be of the effects Registration fails, as will be the conclusion of this study.

Several indexes of Arabic manuscripts and literature related to manuscripts have been issued. It has been observed that each index of these indexes means a collection of manuscripts for a specific library or institution, and each of them has followed an approach that appears to non-specialists in the field of libraries as close, but librarians interested in the field of indexing see that these methods followed To the emergence of a large RBK in the indexing of manuscripts, because those who are interested in manuscripts from non-librarians view the manuscripts from their specialized point of view as historians or interested in heritage, and then they deal with the issue of indexing it as a case of segmentation from the rest of the other information containers in the libraries besides the manuscripts, while We, as librarians, look at manuscripts as an integral part of the library’s totals. Therefore, the indexing of these manuscripts must be subject to the same rules that libraries follow in indexing their other groups in order for these manuscripts to be placed in the library’s indexes in line with the general index situation that was originally found in the library in order to Perform specific functions, especially his job of accessing any cultural material (including manuscripts) in artistic ways subject to codified rules.

The academic library in the world and in the Arab world in particular faces many challenges and problems. Perhaps the most important of these are the large and steady numbers that join higher education institutes, year after year, whether in preparing their teaching or researchers or preparing students, corresponding to a huge expansion of knowledge and accumulation of information and a rapid and tremendous development in the means of storing and retrieving information and transferring it from one place to another
And a clear rise in its cost, that all of these variables were borne by the academic library, and it bore a great responsibility in how to deal with this tremendous momentum of information and the way it is presented to the beneficiary, in what is known as services and information technology in different forms and means.
The Central Library at the University of Mosul is one of the academic libraries in the country and the Arab world that faced this burden since its inception and prepared programs and plans to improve the level of its performance and services, and provided these services to large preparation of its beneficiaries, and these programs did not receive a study showing its impact on scientific research in the university other than the study that By Mr. Saad Ahmed Ismail in his research tagged
Evaluation of the information services program in the central library of the University of Mosul, as presented by Mr. Basil Al-Rawi in the master’s thesis submitted to the College of Arts, Al-Mustansiriya University (۱۹۸۹) and the Wasamah (information services in the central libraries of Iraqi universities, so this research dealt with what the information services reached in libraries The academy in general and the new techniques that it invaded, then presented the programs approved by the central library and the contexts of their application and the techniques that they used to show the impact of this in satisfying the need of their beneficiaries who are mostly university instructors, graduate students, researchers and students using the method of description, observation, analysis and data collection by questionnaire .

Researchers in the curriculum theory deny the existence of a full curriculum theory, maturity in the strict sense of the concept of the theory, but at the same time they confirm the existence of serious theoretical work trying to explore the phenomenon of the curriculum. This study aimed to analyze such actions to determine their reality. For the purposes of this analysis, the study used the model of building branches of knowledge proposed by Schwab, as it examined the availability of each of the organizational, fundamental, and structural structures that are required in a branch of knowledge. An examination as the study examined the extent of theorists' commitment to these tasks. The analysis of these theoretical works revealed that the Minhaj field lacked the structures proposed by Schwab and the theorists' commitment to the tasks set forth by Bichamps.
The study attempted to deduce some obstacles that might impede traffic towards building a theory, approach. The study identified four of these obstacles: the complexity of the field of the curriculum, the lack of specification of the features of the curriculum phenomenon, the difference about the purpose of theorizing, and the difference of theorists in linguistic uses in their methodological writings.

It is natural that the more the city grows, and the larger our expectation increases, the more social problems that occur in it, including social deviation, each attends with different social problems. As these problems are a tax that society pays for itself due to its progress. Young people are the most important group most in need of care in the city. They are more prone to delinquency than others. Among the deviations they practice, loitering and gathering without justification in the streets, harassing the opposite sex individually or collectively, or chasing young women near their schools. They leave an inappropriate appearance in the city, which offends our civilization and our values, and this was the main motivation for conducting the research. It included a theoretical input, research procedures, data analysis and then recommendations.

That an individual is a social object by gaining its characteristics and social value by interacting with groups, this fact makes us aware of the seriousness and importance of the groups that the individual belongs to from birth starting with the family and then playmates and school groups and co-workers and groups of friends and associations and organizations and other groups in which the individual grows and interacts, these groups It is responsible for what distinguishes the individual from medical and non-good qualities. The group is the social environment and the laboratory of interactions that accompanies the individual throughout his life and derives from it the elements of his social personality.
And that what the individual acquires from the properties and values ​​are subject to change, and even the individual can develop them through the experiences in his life and during his contact with others and interact with the situations he faces, and this means his ability to acquire valid properties and get rid of invalid properties.
However, we should know that changing the values ​​and characteristics that are not valid is not done by merely advising or enjoining, but rather by practicing social relations and experiences within the groups to which the individual belongs, as these groups influence and change it due to the fulfillment of his needs, submission to his systems, and his adoption of their values ​​and rules of conduct in them. .
We aim to work with young people to help the individual use his acquired abilities and skills in order to reflect on the social conditions in which he lives, and in this way he can exercise a degree of social responsibility. Working with young people helps the individual to acquire and develop his skills and abilities and enables him to contribute with others after he is armed with the characteristics The social and collective experiences required by the development process ..
This vital goal can only be achieved by adopting methods whereby its requirements can be achieved, and these methods relate to the behavior of the leader in youth groups, the style of leadership exercised, how to achieve the actual affiliation of the individual, understanding collective processes within the group, how to divide the youth group into small groups, and providing the requisites and techniques for work With young people.

There is no doubt that there is an important relationship that exists between meaning and translation and that understanding this relationship is a correct understanding that facilitates the work of the translator and makes him more able to deal with the various texts that he may offer to translate.
But a study of this type involves a lot of difficulty associated with the nature of the subject in the field of significance Sensuantics is a fertile field and its gates are wide for various types of research and studies as (these studies) have not yet been able to answer many important questions, including what is the significance ... and its secrets .... Also, translation, in its turn, remains a field for research and studies that try to explore its conditions and diagnose its dilemmas and difficulties in order to develop effective solutions for it .. And this research attempts to clarify the types of meanings and link them to the translation process within the specificity of some types of significance while providing a brief definition of the most prominent semantic curriculum Known.

Accepting Selinker's view about the study of interlanguage (IL) in regard to ESP (1984), I shali examine partial performance of two. top M. Sc, students at Mosul University, Iraq. This study does not scem to lend support to his ciaim that control over topic, rather than linguistic struo- tures, must come first in the teaching of cS? (cf. Selinker 1986). As will be denonstrated below, I tend to be much more for doing away with prio- rities than taking a counter stand. This position is confirmed by two inter- views with the subjects. The two Subjects who have been experiencing a considerable number of "approximative systems" (Nemser 1974: 56) at Successive stages of learning both general English and ESP are themsolves aware of 'topic' and 'structure'. The claim is nothing new; it has so often been expressed (and put into practice for over quarter of a century at the University) that in ISP courses, teaching comprehension comes first, gra- mmar sccond and, finally, speech. No wonder, this strategy is also favou- red by the learners who would like to find themselves understand what they read, the res ult of which is poorly written and spoken English 

fordan 1992 In a letter to his friend Andre, Tawfiq al-Hakinı says: I read and read uatil I have almost read every thing.. I have been involved in reading the literature of al nations, their philosophics and arts... I b:lieve that artists in our time should be encyckopodic (1). This quotation is an ack:10 wiedgoment of al-Hakim's extensive reading of the literature and philosophy of the west.. Moreover, in Usfur min al- Sharg (A Sparrow from the East) (1938] al-Hakim cmphasizes his exposure to western civitization;he mentic n that a man who went to Paris for odu- cation should become acquainted with various ideas and thoughts from the the Greeks to Voitaire' (2).

Nothing is stable in languages. Both words and their meanings change, just as is the casc with other phenomena in the world. Yet there is a gene- ral concept that forms are more stable than meanings It is this change that causes Some difficulties that one faces in the study of meaning. Purgess (1981: 107) states that some reasons for this change are essentially linguistic, some others Psychological, historical, or Social. The English word 'Towi', for instance, was once used to refer to any kind of bird, but now it only means a chicken. The word 'cat' on the other hand, which was used to mean the known domestic animal, acquired other denotations and encompassed other animals belonging to the feline family, e.g. lion, tiger ete. It is also used derogatively to mean a malicious woman .

Great Expectations has received much critical attention which cen- ters around two aspects: First, the qualities of its structure and techni- que; and Second, the depth of its moral penetration.Susan Horton, provi- des a very helpful approach to the range and variety of style in Dickens, writings with enlightening impli ations for ihe style of Great Expecta- tions. (1) In 7he Moral Art of Dickens, Br bara Hardy focuses on Dick- ens' moral issues (2). There has been some doubt about whether Great Expectations is, in one way or another, an allegory or not. However, it can be stated that the novet is not a fully developed allegory, but it conta- ins some allegorical elements.It is not too difficult to find sufficient evi- dence.This will be the task of the paper. Refiance will be made on scve- ral devices, some of which concern a definition of allegery, various sha- des of meanings, pedagogical function, allegorical characters, narrative pattern, allegot ical structure, the use of imagery and timitations of allegory

The concept of culture is notoriously' obtuse 'in its protean meanings: That it could refer to a "whole way of life, m terial, intellectual, and spiritual" see.ns to raise more questions than aas veriag tham (1). When anthropokogists discuss "culture", they priniarily associate it with modes of economic production, patterns of behavior, authority, religious prac tices, hierarchy of social, marital, tribat power, élc. (2) When the same: concept is discussed by students of literature, they tend to discuss it in terms of those aspects which alienate a character from others and from himself such as color, dust, heat, or Scx. Inother words: , the concept of culture assumes in literature significances and. frames. of refeience.: not:, ordinarily discussed by anthropologists.

The translations of the Holy Qur'an into foreign languages, especially English, have been an object of great controversy. This controversy stems from theological and linguistic considerations. Some of these translations contain many archaisms. They even isolate the Verses, nun ter then and show them as independent wholes. Hence, they affect the dynamic force of the text. In addition, literal transtations suffer from the fact that an English word is not always the exact equivalent of an Arabic word (and vice versa). This is usua ty ascribed to both cuttural and linguistic differences between the two languages. It is, therefore, difficult, though not impossible, to tta- nsfer accurately into English every shade of meaning contained in the words of the Qur'an in a free translation that can convey in English the meaning of an Arabic sentence as a whole, if that meaning is not ambiguous in the original text.

Soucieux d'un réalisme rigoureux, Robbe-Grillet attache de l'importance dans ses descriptions à la précision et aux menus détails. Dans un intervi. ew donnéel'occasion de la publication de le miroir qui revient (1984), Robbe-Grillet avoue qu'il mesura avec minutie les proportions de son propre front avant de decrire celui de personnage central de les Go mmes"(1953); cet enquêteur qui n'est pas assez intelligent pour dec ouvrir l'enigme du crime presume.
Dans Pour un Nouveau Ronan (1963). Alain Robbe-Grillet l'ait une nette distinction entre le personnage traditionel et celui du Nouveau Roman.Quoique longue A citer, nous trouvons intéressant d'informer le lecteur sur cette différence essentielle, esquissée par la plume do Robbó Grillet:
"...Un personnage doit avoir un nom propre, double si possible: nom de famille et prénom. I doit avoir des parents, une hérodité. Il doit avoir une profession. S'il a des biens, cela l'on vaudra pas que mieux. Enfin, il dot posséder, un "caractére", un viSuge qui le rellote, un passé qui a modelo celui-ci et celui-i Son caractére dicte ses actions, le fait réagir de facon dótérminée à chaque evenement. Son caractere permet au lecteur de le juger, de l'aimer, de le ha'ir.
 

not hunour qui apparait dans certains écrits de Jules Verne, sert sou vent à désigner d'une maniére général Is inventions et l: style co- miques qui caiactérisent la plupart des oeuvres de cet auteur. Néànmions, l'humour est farfois négligé; il est, en quelque sorte, considóré comme uno c'es converstions du roinan destiné aux cnfants. C'est une tendance pesrsonnielle chez oct auteur, car l'hunonur est présent dés ss premiers ronans. Dans une lettre adressée à son pére en 1851, Jules Vevrne s'exprime ain i: "Ju puis faire un bon littérateur, et ne serai qu'un mauvais avocat, ne voyant dans toutes choses que le côté comique la forme artistique et ne prenant pas la réa lite sérieuse des objets