Adab AL Rafidayn

The meaning of ijtihad is linguistically: exerting effort and emptying effort into an act, whether that effort is focused on deriving a legal ruling from its detailed evidence such as the Qur’an and the Sunnah, or the actions of the mind to arrive at the correct belief by meditating and thinking about the secrets of the universe and life, or exerting an effort to identify Some linguistic, mental, or hoistic rulings. However, the jurists who began to compose in the fundamentals of jurisprudence since the end of the second century AH tried to narrow the meaning of ijtihad and limit it to the limits of deducing practical legal rulings from their detailed evidence from the Qur’an and Sunnah and the following sources of jurisprudence such as analogy and consensus. Al-Amdi (who died in the year 21 AH) defined ijtihad as: “Absorbing the widest in asking one of the rulings of Shari’a in a way that he feels that the soul is incapable of more in it.” They considered the mujtahid to be rewarded for his diligence, whether he was right in reaching the truth or he was wrong by his saying (p.: If the ruler ruled and worked hard then he would have two rewards, and if He made a judgment, then he made a mistake.
It is noticed that the Qur’an called people from the beginning to strive to search for their beliefs, because it aimed to convert people from polytheism to the doctrine of monotheism, so it urged people to use reason to reach the correct belief in about forty-nine verses.

The issue of administrative, economic, social and cultural organizations is closely related to the policies of the higher emirates and their external relationship, as these organizations were, to a certain extent, the basis on which the aristocracy relied on directing their activities towards expansion and establishing relations with neighboring states and emirates. Through these organizations, the Emir was able to control The internal situation of his emirate and its management according to a specific system that enables it to exploit economic, human and military means in order to expand its emirate and define its relations with others. It also enables it to eliminate internal chaos and move its emirate towards progress and growth in various fields. .
Thus the search for the regimes, on the lack of information about them and the reluctance of sources to attempt to include details about them, is necessary to clarify the internal basis on which the external relations, political and military, which constitute the bulk of this message. Improving the prevailing systems in the region in the previous period, and they borrowed a lot from the regimes that came to their time, but the problem that confronts us here is: Did the Aratqah establish their organizations on the ruins of a previous organization, or did they establish them entirely in a new structure? The source of this problem is the lack of emphasis of the sources on the related aspects and the regimes and their reluctance to emphasize political relations and wars in the first place, not only with regard to Diyarbakir, but in general, and thus the extended signals about the regimes are lost in the midst of political and military details.

People read history in order to draw lessons and lessons about what happened in it, because the goal of the historical industry in our time is to extract effective and permanent symbolic values ​​from the historical phenomenon. It is known that the history of cities contains a rich legacy of vivid ideals that illuminate the way for our present generations due to their determination to form the national conscience, sharpen motivation and raise resolve.
Mosul is a city that has its place in our Arab history. Throughout its history, many of its people have emerged in the political, military and cultural fields. In our research, we will review a short period in the history of this ancient city, which is a period of difficult history, in which loyalty is evident, tendencies crystallized, and resolve is tested ... It is the period of the transfer of power from hand to hand following a massive revolution, which is the Abbasid revolution.

This research tries to study the role of oil revenues in the economic development of the Arab Gulf countries with an applied study on the Iraqi train, relying on the current data and information provided by statistics, periodicals and official fields that helped in determining the dimensions of this study.
Here, the same difficulty that faces any search for this region (and see it | from the countries of the Third World) is repeated, due to lack of data and so on.
This research tries in the first section - to draw a general picture of the Arab Gulf’s oil potential, production, reserves and revenues), in an attempt to clarify where its revenues were spent and what it has learned from the positive effects of developing the economies of those countries, thus reviewing the full economic development programs for this region.
Whereas the second section has been devoted to studying the experience of Iraq in the various fields of economic development during the period 51/974 through a comparative statistical analysis of the actual allocations and expenditures for the various development programs to determine the direction of the exploitation of oil revenues and to indicate the extent to which the Gulf countries can take the strategy of national development plans for Iraq 70-974 And what comes next.
The research ended with determining the dimensions of the future picture of the economies of the Arab Gulf states through a comparative analysis of the available economic wealth resources (agricultural - industrial - oil - and other mining - demographic - financial) in this region. Another is to deal with it, research and scrutinize it, to take it and circulate it to the great Arab world.
Among those results:
1. The increasing dependence of the Gulf states on oil as a primary source of income
The structure and structure of the economies of the Gulf states has been defined in its current form: a single commodity economy - economic dependence ... economic duplication as well).
2. Poor planning and investment of oil revenues in most Gulf countries, as they did not direct the right direction and what should be for the development of the economies of these countries and their ages, but rather was spent in various consumer areas (government consumption spending).
In addition to depleting some of them in entertainment and advertising projects or other purposes. In addition, some of the savings of those returns were deposited in foreign banks, which exposed them to the continuous decline in their establishment (67/12) as a result of their subordination to the monetary systems of the countries of those banks.
As for the recommendations, we can summarize them in identifying the reasons, possibilities and aspects of investing the financial savings of the Gulf countries resulting from oil revenues to achieve meaningful Arab economic development, by establishing a Gulf Arab institution for development and planning that guarantees the Arab map its independence and sovereignty. And the possibility of adopting Iraq's pioneering experience in the national development plan as an Arab model worthy of application and generalization, in order to make significant changes in the structure and structure of the economies of the Gulf countries and the accompanying emergence of large positive changes in the components of the entire Arab geographical environment.

The Archaeological and Cultural Research Group of the University of Mosul includes a large group of silver and copper coins (not studied) for the various Islamic eras, and this research contains a careful analytical study of the Abbasid silver coins that this group contains, paving the way for it with a study of the metal rail and its development since different ages and up to the time period of the coins under study.
The chronological development of the path of the Abbasid silver railway (the topic of the research) was the basis on which I relied on my research method, as it included studying the texts of its writings, places of striking, names of its successors, their titles, the years of their rule, the color of their decoration and their inscriptions, as well as the weight and measurement of the diameters of all these coins, as well as About accurate layouts of all the decorations and inscriptions that came on this coin, and I explained all this in a timeline that includes its numbers in the research center, its diameters, weights, the year of its struck and its location, as well as the names of the Abbasid caliphs who minted it.
Finally, it was followed by clearly defined examples from the images of the railway studied in this paper, the railway: the diversification of the historians ’definition of the railway. All these definitions revolved around the different money that the Islamic peoples traded, including copper money, silver coins, or gold dinars.

Al-Madinah school during the first and second centuries AH contributed to the emergence and development of the idea of ​​history among Muslims, as this idea at the beginning of its emergence took an emphasis on studying the hadith and paying attention to it because it is the best reference for the Companions to know the legislation and its usefulness. And his actions.
This, no doubt, represents the Islamic trend pursued by the school of Medina, the house of the Prophet’s Sunnah and the center of his rule. Besides this trend, Basra and Kufa became a tribal direction, and each direction became a historical school. As a result of the mutual influence between the two schools, the Islamic trend prevailed, so the direction of the people of hadith prevailed, and this is the prominent phenomenon that we see on the ancient historians that most of them were proponents of hadith and relied on their subject in administrative organization and life affairs.
The efforts made in writing and studying hadiths were the beginning of the emergence of historical writing among Muslims, and at the same time they helped develop their idea of ​​history in addition to revealing to us the relationship of hadith with history .. and the efforts of the people of Medina from the generation of followers in studying hadith expanded beyond the hadiths of the Messenger (p. It includes recording the sayings of the Companions and their deeds. Indeed, those efforts bore fruit in the late first century AH to include the last activities of the entire ummah, and then began writing books on administration, literature and the judiciary.

The Quraysh are considered the dearest Arab tribes in pre-Islamic times and Islam. They have prestige, wealth, leadership, and religious sovereignty, and they remained so throughout the era of the Rashidun, unchallenged by them. And when the Umayyads came, they followed an Arab policy in most of their affairs, because they feared the Arab element of being lost and merging with foreign elements, especially when the number of those entering Islam from the non-Arabs began to increase due to the large number of conquests and the expansion of the state, so they relied on the Arabs alone, so they limited administrative and military jobs to them. And they transferred the diwans from Persian, Roman and Coptic to Arabic, and struck the rail and money and wrote the Arabic language on them. Moreover, they included the house of the caliphate, the supervision of the conquerors, the major workers and the governors.
It seems that the Arab feeling of superiority and intolerance towards other elements in the Umayyad era was not limited to the men of power and its manifestations, but extended to the Arabs themselves even before some of them were if a funeral was going to an Arab who would shout (and stand it) and if a non-Arab funeral went through it he said (God takes money He will and leave whatever he wants. Thus, the Arabs remained the first place in the Umayyad state until its fall.
And as soon as the first Abbasid era came, which witnessed a tangible growth in the influence of the Persians, helping them reach the center of the caliphate, so they took the initiative to reward them by assuming and practicing their traditions and administrative systems, such as the ministry, for example, and this prompted al-Suyuti to say that they introduced them to the Arabs until the presidency and leadership of the Arabs remained.

A prominent figure of the cultural figures in Andalusia. Dozens of Andalusian and Levantine sources talked about him and praised him in many fields of the colors of Arab-Islamic culture.
Said Aarab had previously addressed an aspect of Abd al-Malik’s culture, which is the educational aspect in a letter that Abd al-Malik wrote to a teacher of his son. Some of his views were discussed in it.
Dr. Mohsen Jamal al-Din wrote an article in Abd al-Malik bin Habib that emphasized the literary aspect and poetry in particular, after introducing the most important other aspects to a brief and publishing it in the magazine Al-Risalah Al-Islamiyyah issued by the Office of Endowments in Baghdad in the February and March issue of the year 1974.
Although the two efforts dealt with certain aspects of Abd al-Malik's culture, I benefited from them and cited some of their views and discussed others in many places that the noble reader finds while reading the research.

In the period leading up to the declaration of the Second World War, along with the costly story of the novel, the emotional story and the factors that led to its appearance in Iraq appeared in this period, many. The writers of the Diaspora had a great impact on the souls of the Iraqi readers, as they were the ones who carried the banner of the revolution against the old with violence and determination and were able to fit between those bright colors derived from the blessings of nature in their original homeland and those with iron and the delicate spirit that they derived from their new world. . This was the outcome of new literature that affected Gibran in particular, and his pessimistic views on life and his romance drowning in a large number of story writers in Iraq, such as Abdul Majeed Lotfi, Abdul Latif Al-Dulishi and others.
The influence of Mustafa Lotfi Al-Manfalouti on Iraqi readers and writers, in particular, did not escape the influence of Gibran Khalil Gibran on them. His style was able in the hearts and became the most read and secret of the book in the literature of Al-Manfalouti. His stories describe pain and represent social defects in a colorful style, a steady context, and a chosen term, in addition to what Al-Zayat translated from the masterpieces of romantic literature such as (The Pain of Farther) and (Raphael) of the Emirates and others. Romantic stories.

Pre-Islamic poetry was organized in many weights represented by the seas that Khalil bin Ahmed Al-Farahidi devised, all of them are fifteen seas - even though some of these seas prevailed over poetry at that time, such as the long, simple, abundant, complete, long, and shaky.
The pre-Islamic poem dealt with different topics, moved between them, and committed to expressing them, with fixed methods, specific images and artistic traditions. She did not deviate from it and did not seek to change it.
This is because these purposes, themes, traditions, and expressive templates were the fruit of long previous efforts, which we cannot track because history has preserved for us only the last episode of it, represented by what we have left of the poetry of the century preceding the emergence of Islam. These effects, while they remained, reveal to us the nobility and maturity, and depict their admiration for what they have reached, and their belief that what they have attained represents the end beyond which nothing is sought.

We, here, are like an ascetic poet and a narrator from the first Abbasid era. The narrators were not as well aware of him as they should, as they did not record despite the fact that the second century was a century of transcription - of the news of his life and his poetry only a few, and he has lived. And few of the news of his life that ended up to us can hardly tell us his life, in addition to its disturbance in his name and the name of his father and his death. And the little of his poetry that we have collected is nothing but fragments - for the most part - in which he appears short-lived.
And more than that, his three classifications are missing, but only minor quotes from one of them. I will devote a special chapter for it entitled: Remaining texts from the book: (Al-Anwaa) by Ibn Knasa. And yet, I see that the inactivity of this man’s mention is attributed to his asceticism, his pride in his dignity, and his distraction to the narration of poetry and hadith, far from the results of honor and authority. I cannot help it in the end, except that I extend my thanks to my brother Abdul Wahhab Muhammad Ali Al-Adwani for the many benefits that helped me in what I presented. And from God help.

Every nation has a national, hereditary music, which arose from the nature of its circumstances, customs and social traditions, and from the nature of its struggles and its attempt to friction and simulate nature, and it expresses the punitive and psychological characteristics of each nation. This or that nation has become accustomed to a special bell of words, and the harmony in the passages of its vocabulary and structures is distinct. And it followed the rules and principles of its language in an extended and sophisticated period, according to what needs it will find, and it gets from contact with the languages ​​of other nations, not far from the core and the essence.
And every nation - also - has distinct poems, and weights of poetry in particular, based on that music, and based on its artistic sense of its language and expressions, enjoying hearing it and rejoicing in its chanting, and on this way of life the successor follows the ancestors.
When we review the weights and rhymes of their poems that the peoples have used to, and the system they have composed of these weights and rhymes, we notice that renewal in them is rare and that their development is very slow.

We have to use: (if and that) most of the time, the error occurs, the point of the right, the opening is the point of the fracture, and the opposite also occurs, and in our minds in some of this does not represent a definite aspect of the use of any one of these two tools, from here I found the issue in need of a comprehensive study that limits it And reveals its subtleties, after the illusion in it became too extensive, so the private words of the public took hold, on the understanding that it is necessary for everyone to know it, because it is not a sufficient obligation as the fundamentalists say, especially if we know that the correct texts - legible and written - require by their nature fixed standards derived from the controls Grammar and language, and the critical review and comprehensive monitoring provided by this research will put our hands on multiple facts that we have overlooked or overlooked, even though they are fundamental and objective, and the new grammatical lesson is guaranteed to provide us with a lot of explanation and analysis on issues, which we have established that they are among what maturity. And burned from this vast, intertwined Arabic grammar, and the reality of the matter is not like that, and this study is a part of the grammatical insight, not intolerant to everything that the ancient grammarians said, but rather it has something to say about its subject as well.

A look at the importance of the counseling system in helping the present day solve their problems and illuminate the way for them to choose the right decision and take the appropriate path if they encounter a problem or anything like that. The extent of the success of the current counseling system in colleges of literature by conducting a general referendum for students and professors to find out their opinions and deduce the facts based on it, and in light of this, an attempt to present suggestions that may help in improving and developing the current counseling system.
In the past, when life was simply going, there was no need for a counseling system here, but now that life has become more complex, we find that there is a supreme necessity for a special system of extension in the university.
The mentor, by virtue of his experience and mixing with students, can develop their academic capabilities, and in addition to this, he can know their other capabilities and hobbies in various fields and encourage and direct students to benefit from these abilities, hobbies and competencies. Although the college administration is responsible for the counseling system, the professor has the greatest burden in implementing this because he is in constant contact with his students and is aware of their affairs. The guide must be someone who knows the mother adequately in the subjects of education and psychology, because the person who is familiar with these topics will be better able to help the doctor in facing their problems and more efficient than others.