College Of Basic Education Researches Journal

The Arabic language is characterized by brevity and conciseness, which allows for meaningful rearrangement of elements without the addition of new words, such as emphasis, care, and attention, among others, as required by the linguistic context and the speech situation. There is no doubt that Abu al-Tayyib al-Mutanabbi is a poet who has captivated people and filled the world, to the extent that he is considered the most studied poet, with numerous analyses and commentaries on his poetry. One of these commentaries is "Miraculous Ahmad," authored by the well-known writer and philosopher Abu al-Ala al-Ma'arri. We have chosen this work as a field for examining a linguistic and semantic phenomenon, specifically the free order in the poetry of Abu al-Tayyib al-Mutanabbi. We have focused on the nominal sentence for our study, due to its numerous implications, whether abstract or transformed by one of the tools for transforming sentences

Women have played a prominent role in various fields of life throughout the ages, particularly in intellectual and literary domains. Their activity has matched that of men across all areas. Consequently, Andalusian women made a significant contribution to the literary life in Andalusia, exploring all themes of poetry. We find their poems addressing wisdom, death, asceticism, nature, calligraphy, advice, and other subjects. This reflects the awareness and sophistication that Andalusian women achieved, granting them a distinguished status in their society. Contributing to this was the diversity of the Andalusian community and the freedom that women enjoyed in Andalusia in particular. The result of all this was a vibrant cultural life rich in artistic contributions across all levels. Notably, the nature of women's poetry in Andalusia was predominantly conservative, especially those poems that were reminiscent of the early Arab periods in Andalusia, during the conquest and the subsequent Arab presence in those non-Arab regions. However, this situation did not last long, as nations soon blended with one another and adapted to each other, thus forming the Andalusian identity, which became known for its distinctive characteristics.

The Arabic language is one of the living languages that grows and develops. It is the most eloquent language and the richest because of its vocabulary that exceeds other languages. The Holy Qur’an is credited with keeping the Arabic language alive until it is monitored, and it bears witness to the Arabs as a nation whose Arabic language and pronunciation are in accordance with the Book of our Lord, and the Holy Qur’an has meanings. Primary, which are the meanings of his words and sentences, and second meanings, which have meanings together from his wonderful system, so presenting a word in one verse and its last in another gives a second meaning other than the meaning given by words, and introducing a word or delaying a delay is only for a reason and for its purposes, and likewise deletion is not in vain. It comes to the existence of benefits such as exaggeration and greatness, brevity and abbreviation, and other benefits of eloquence. So, this research studies the significance of deletion, precedence, and delay in Surat Al-Sajdah. This is to clarify the explanatory meanings that prominent commentators have noticed by explaining their value and impact in enriching the interpretive meaning.

This research is a step in the field of investigation aimed at reviving the Arab heritage. The significance of this work stems from the stature of its author and the content of the text. The author, Sheikh Sajaqli Zadeh (d. 1150 AH), is one of the prominent scholars of Tajweed, and his validated treatise addresses a problem related to phonetics in the Arabic language in general and in the field of Tajweed in particular. This problem pertains to the correct articulation of the sound of the letter "Dhad" in its proper form and distinguishing it from other similar sounds. It is noteworthy that this treatise includes clarifications on some issues that have perplexed scholars regarding what he presented in previous writings, as he sought to elucidate them in this composition. Furthermore, the research aims to dispel the confusion that has arisen among contemporary scholars between this treatise and other writings by the same author that are closely related to this topic. The study also outlines the chronological sequence of the composition of these treatises and the interrelations among them in terms of the arrangement of ideas intended in those works.

Studying a single text from a specific perspective has a clear impact on reaching the depth of the text and the core of its meanings. This approach spares us from expanding the scope of what is studied and the lack of fertility in the conclusions drawn. From this point, we embarked on the study of the poem "Zummar Wa Arees Al Shafaq " with all that it contains, to the best of our knowledge. There is a matter—rather a characteristic—that distinguishes Mohammed Saber Obeid's poetic experience, which is the dominance of the Khilali space over his experience whenever it intensifies. Furthermore, studying the title and what it carries in terms of connotations and generative relationships between the textual interior and exterior—both subjectively and objectively—in ambiguous and clear forms, hidden and manifest, as well as the impact of visual and interrogative interventions.

The current research aims to identify the impact of the pentagram strategy on the achievement of second-grade intermediate students in social studies and to enhance their mental alertness. To achieve the research objectives, the following hypotheses were formulated:
- There are no statistically significant differences at the significance level of (0.05) between the mean scores of the experimental group taught using the pentagram strategy and the mean scores of the control group taught using the traditional method in the post-test for achievement.
- There are no statistically significant differences at the significance level of (0.05) between the mean scores of the experimental group taught according to the pentagram strategy and the mean scores of the control group taught using the traditional method in the post-test for mental alertness.
- There are no statistically significant differences between the mean scores of the experimental group taught according to the pentagram strategy and the mean scores of the control group taught using the traditional method in the average differences between the pre-test and post-test for both groups in developing mental alertness.
The researcher used an experimental design with two equivalent groups, an experimental group and a control group, with a total sample size of (62) students, consisting of (32) students in the experimental group who were taught using the pentagram strategy and (30) students in the control group who were taught using the traditional method. The researcher matched the two groups in several variables. A test for achievement consisting of (30) items was prepared, and its validity and reliability were verified. Additionally, the researcher developed a scale for mental alertness by utilizing previous studies and the expertise of specialists. The researcher began implementing the experiment on Tuesday, 17/10/2023, and concluded on Monday, 15/1/2024. Upon statistical analysis of the data, the research revealed the following results:
- A statistically significant difference between the results of the two research groups in the achievement test in favor of the experimental group.
- A statistically significant difference between the results of the two research groups in the mental alertness test in favor of the experimental group.

The current research aimed to identify "the impact of the fruitful tree strategy on developing systemic thinking among fifth-grade primary school students in science." To achieve this goal, the researchers formulated a null hypothesis that was subjected to experimentation, selecting an experimental design with two equivalent groups, utilizing both pre-test and post-test assessments. The research sample consisted of 52 fifth-grade primary school students. To achieve the research objectives, the researchers prepared behavioral objectives, daily plans, and a research tool represented by a systemic thinking test, which was validated for reliability using the Kuder-Richardson Formula 20, yielding a reliability coefficient of 0.82, indicating good reliability. After statistically analyzing the data using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) and appropriate statistical methods, the results showed the superiority of the fruitful tree strategy in developing systemic thinking skills among fifth-grade primary school students compared to the control group. In light of the research findings, the researchers recommended the importance of using the fruitful tree strategy when teaching science across different educational stages. Based on the research results and to further this study, the researchers suggested conducting similar studies to the current one and conducting a similar study focused on female students.

Despite the abundance of research and scientific studies, we have not found a tangible effort that matches the decline in academic achievement levels among learners. Improving our teaching methods requires comprehensive development on all fronts, which may necessitate a new mental programming that includes both the teacher and the learner. The majority of teachers tend to teach as if it is a directive from a higher authority, believing that their students will not understand unless they control the lesson from beginning to end. This places all the responsibility for classroom work on the teacher, as it is assumed that this is part of the teacher's duties. One of the ethical responsibilities of a dedicated teacher in fulfilling their duties is to revisit the contentious question, which still has varying and fluctuating answers: Who is the focus of the educational process in the classroom? The student or the teacher? The researcher based his proposal on what has been indicated by some studies, such as (Hassan, 1997) and (Sawalha and Asfa, 2008), where it was noted that the subject of mathematics requires the student to perform certain mental operations such as recalling, thinking, linking, imagining, and intuiting. The student may experience a state of tension that affects these operations and limits their activity, consequently impacting their achievement . The researcher conducted interviews with several experienced mathematics teachers, each with no less than five years of service, and it became evident that most teachers rely on conventional methods. The content of modern mathematics textbooks requires the adoption of new strategies to keep pace with scientific development and progress. The research problem is represented in answering the following question: What is the impact of the Half Strategy on developing mathematical communication among second grade students in mathematics?

Psychological disorders are not significantly different from organic diseases in their impact on the afflicted individual's life, relationships, and behaviors, potentially extending to their mental state, which may exempt them from accountability. One major effect of psychological disorders is on the individual's family life, specifically marriage and its implications. This research aims to explore the legal rulings related to the behavior of those afflicted (the tested) in marriage and its psychological effects, titled 'Psychological Disorders and Their Impact on Marriage. The research will address the following questions: What is the extent of psychological disorders' impact on marriage for the afflicted? What is their accountability for their actions? This leads to further inquiries: What is the definition of psychological disorders in medical and legal terms? What types of psychological disorders exist? Which categories affect mental health? How significantly do psychological disorders influence a person's eligibility? What are the legal rulings concerning mentally ill patients in relation to marriage and its effects?

The current study aimed to analyze the differences in multiple intelligences among primary school students in Palestine. The study adopted the descriptive analytical approach based on the use of the questionnaire as a study tool to collect data. The study tool was applied to a purposeful sample of (161) male and female students. The results of the study indicated the existence of statistically significant differences between the average performance scores on the Multiple Intelligences Scale between the sexes in personal intelligence only and in favor of students. The results also showed the existence of statistically significant differences between the average performance scores on the Multiple Intelligences Scale among primary school students in Palestine attributed to the variable of the academic grade in favor of the fifth and sixth grades. The study reached several recommendations, the most important of which is developing awareness of the theory of multiple intelligences in educational and teaching institutions, and methods of applying it among students and those in charge of the educational process. The study suggested conducting more studies in this field.

The aim of the research was to investigate the "effectiveness of the snowball strategy in the achievement of biology among fourth-grade science students and in developing their scientific inquiry." The sample consisted of two groups, one experimental (37 students) and the other control (39 students). The researcher prepared an achievement test tool consisting of 30 multiple-choice items covering the three chapters of the biology curriculum. To measure the students' ability to develop scientific inquiry, the researcher adopted the Campbell (1996) scale, which comprises six groups, each containing five items with three alternatives per item. After completing the statistical procedures, the tests were applied to the students in both research groups. The results showed statistically significant differences in academic achievement and the development of scientific inquiry in favor of the experimental group.

The aim of this research was to investigate the effectiveness of the camera snapshot strategy in reducing feelings of shame among a sample of kindergarten children aged 5-6 years in the center of Nineveh Governorate. To achieve this goal, the researcher formulated two null hypotheses and adopted an experimental design with two equivalent groups: one experimental group that was taught using the camera snapshot strategy and one control group that was taught using the conventional method. The research sample consisted of 96 children, selected intentionally from the preschool class at Al-Basma Kindergarten, and were randomly assigned, with 49 children representing the experimental group and 47 children representing the control group. The researcher prepared a tool to measure the level of feelings of shame among kindergarten children, consisting of 20 items in its final form after establishing the validity and reliability of the tool. The main findings revealed a statistically significant difference between the mean scores of the experimental group and the mean scores of the control group on the feelings of shame scale, in favor of the experimental group that was taught using the camera snapshot strategy. The study provided several recommendations, including directing teachers' attention to modern educational methods that create an appropriate learning environment ensuring active and positive interaction for the child within the activity hall. The researcher also proposed several suggestions, including conducting a study on the challenges faced by kindergarten teachers in teaching children educational experiences from their perspective.

The current study aimed to investigate the extent to which female students in the Educational Qualification Diploma utilize artificial intelligence applications and websites, as well as the positives they perceive from their use. It also sought to identify the challenges they face when using these tools and their attitudes towards them. The study employed a descriptive analytical approach, with a sample consisting of 111 students majoring in sciences who are studying for the Educational Qualification Diploma at Nizwa University for the academic year 2023/2024. To answer the study questions, the researchers developed an instrument composed of four axes. The psychometric properties of the instrument were calculated by presenting it to a group of reviewers and calculating the Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficient, which reached 0.95. The results indicated that female students in the Educational Qualification Diploma majoring in sciences use artificial intelligence applications and websites to a high degree. The study also revealed that they face moderate challenges in employing these applications and websites, while perceiving a high degree of positives associated with them. The students' attitudes towards using these applications and websites were found to be high. The study recommended the necessity of developing courses to be taught at the university, particularly focusing on the use of artificial intelligence applications and websites.

The research aims to revel the causes of human climatic changes in Iraq and analyze the size and amount of these changes by drawing trend of time series and knowing whether the revival is moving towards a rise a decline or fluctuation and an estimate of the size of the impact of these changes on the Iraqi environment such as drought and desertification if they assured. Studying the characteristics of the climate in Iraq and the factors that control that control them and it was found that there is a large discrepancy in the stations in most of the elements between the north and the south. The effect of burying the marshes cutting forests urban uses explosions and wars on the concentration of carbon dioxide and then its impact on the Iraqi environment.

The research aims to identify the wonders of animals in India and the matters formulated around them, between the rational and irrational, and the reasons that prompted Arab Muslim historians to mention such wonders. On the other hand, the research aims to identify the diversity of animal wealth in India, whether wild, aquatic, or amphibious animals, and their uses in many fields, in addition to other aspects and studying them according to the analytical and critical approach.

The study of social aspects is one of the important studies in Arab – Islamic history. Ibn-Alasher’s book, called "Galeed Algunen fi Fareed Shura Hadha Alzemen 1956AD 1654 AH), is one of the important sources that dealt with this topic. Although the content of this bark is specialized in literary aspects especially poetry and poets, it deals with various sides principally scientific administrative and economic ones as well as the social aspects. This book is characterized by the fact that its author was a contemporary and an eyewitness to most of the characters whom he Presented their biographies. The social aspects mentioned by Ibn-Alasher had many features including the reference to the appearance and moral qualities of the person concerned; whether he is adherent to religion or not. The author mentioned the famous Mosul families of that historical era as well as other additional characteristics.

The research deals with the economic life in the Kingdom of Granada, which includes a review of the various economic activities, agriculture and trade. It also deals with the economic corruption in the Kingdom of Granada during the era of the Red Sultans, which includes the spread of poverty, the emergence of famines and economic crises in the country, the spread of diseases and epidemics, in addition to the lack of food supplies and the destruction of crops as a result of due to the ongoing military operations and increased taxes in the state of Granada.

The current study examines the significant influence of the Banu Khazr on the political landscape of Morocco, particularly in the Maghreb region. It details their establishment of various emirates, most notably the Banu Khazrun Emirate in Sijilmasa. The research is structured into an introduction, three main sections, and a conclusion. The first section provides a brief overview of the Maghrawa tribe, the second focuses on Ziri ibn Atiyya's lineage, and the third discusses his relationship with the Umayyad state, concluding with footnotes.

The current research aims:
- Identifying the level of organizational creativity among physical education teachers in the Nineveh Education Directorate.
- Identifying the level of positive thinking among physical education teachers in the Nineveh Education Directorate.
- Identifying the relationship between organizational creativity and positive thinking among physical education teachers in the Nineveh Education Directorate. The researcher assumed that there is no significant correlation between organizational creativity and positive thinking among physical education teachers in the Nineveh Education Directorate.
The researcher used the descriptive approach using the survey method to suit the nature of the research problem. The research community included physical education teachers in the Nineveh Education Directorate for the academic year 2022/2023, who numbered (203) physical education teachers. The research sample was chosen randomly to achieve the research objectives that The number of teachers is (190), representing the two samples of construction and application and exploratory experiments. The percentage of the research sample was (93.596%) of the total research population. The researcher used the SPSS statistical package to analyze the data. The researcher reached the following conclusions:
Physical education teachers in the Nineveh Education Directorate have a high level of organizational creativity.
Physical education teachers in the Nineveh Education Directorate have a high level of positive thinking.
- Organizational creativity has a positive moral correlation with positive thinking among physical education teachers in the Nineveh Education Directorate.

. Preparing a questionnaire for agile management in sports clubs from the players’ point of view.
2. Identifying the level of dimensions and factors of lean management among the club teams participating in the Iraqi Premier League
The research sample was selected by comprehensive enumeration of football club players participating in the Iraqi Premier League for the season (2022-2023), and the research community was distributed among three samples, each of which was chosen randomly, as the sample of the initial reconnaissance application included (10) players, The sample to verify the internal consistency and stability of the tool included (100) players, and (20%) of the research community for the application sample, which consisted of (94) players. In collecting data, an agile management questionnaire was prepared and verified for its validity and reliability, and in processing the data statistically, it was done. Using the arithmetic mean and percentage, the researcher concluded the following:
1. Clubs provide incentives to players at an average level, so the club chose the appropriate time to provide incentives and provide opportunities for creativity and development at an average level, while the club management rewarded the players, provided them with financial incentives, and accepted the players’ suggestions by the management at a low level.
2. The coaches of the Iraqi Premier League football clubs have a high level of improving training processes and resolving conflicts between players, and the club administrations also have a very high level of positive communication with the players.
3. - The coach and club administrations provide feedback to the players at a high level, with the exception of evaluating the players’ performance after each match, which received an average level.
4. The club is working to build trust between itself and the players at a high level, but the players do not feel secure regarding the club’s future decisions.

The study aims to know the level of administrative empowerment of physical education teachers by their school administrations from their point of view. The researcher relied on the descriptive approach. The sample consisted of two parts, the construction sample, which numbered (112), and the application sample, which numbered (45) teachers. To achieve the aim of the research, the A tool to measure the level of administrative empowerment that was built by the researcher after the scientific conditions for the scale were met. The scale included (39) items distributed over (6) dimensions. The most important conclusions were the validity of the administrative empowerment scale for physical education teachers, as their level of administrative empowerment was generally at a very high level. The researcher recommends adopting the measure of administrative empowerment for physical education teachers for other similar studies concerned with the same field, maintaining the level of administrative empowerment for physical education teachers, and enhancing it by organizing training sessions for school administrations and teachers to give them a culture of administrative empowerment and building leaders.

The study aims to:
_ Preparing an organizational readiness questionnaire for the administrative body of youth and sports forums in the city of Mosul.
_ Identifying the level of organizational readiness of the administrative body of youth and sports forums in the city of Mosul.
_ Identifying the level of organizational confidence of the administrative body of youth and sports forums in the city of Mosul.
_ Identifying the relationship between organizational readiness and organizational confidence of the administrative body of youth and sports forums in the city of Mosul.
The researchers used the descriptive approach using the correlational method for its suitability and the nature of the research, as it included all employees in the youth and sports forums in the city of Mosul, which number (8) forums, and they represent a percentage (100%) of the research community, and these forums are distributed on both sides of the city of Mosul, (3) Forums on the right side, and (5) forums on the left side. The number of employees for these forums reached (150) employees, distributed among the exploratory experiment sample with (12) employees, with a percentage of (8%), and the population sample with (80) employees, with a percentage of (53). 34% of the research sample, in addition to (58) employees for the application sample, representing (38.66%) of the research sample. The data using the statistical package (SPSS), and the researchers reached the following conclusions.

The current research aims to build and apply a measure of emotional sensitivity among students of the Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences in the Colleges of Basic Education at the Universities of Mosul, Diyala, and Al-Mustansiriya, and to identify the degree of emotional sensitivity among the Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences in the College of Basic Education at the University of Mosul. The researchers used the descriptive approach using the survey method. Due to its suitability to the nature of the current research, the research population included male and female students from the above colleges, and their number reached (317) male and female students. The research sample also included (185) male students only, excluding females. The sample was divided into: the exploratory sample, 14 students, the construction sample, 150 students, and the stability sample. 21 students. The measure of emotional sensitivity in its final form consisted of (40) items. The researchers used the SPSS package for statistical methods. The researchers also reached the effectiveness and validity of the measure of emotional sensitivity among second-year students in the Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences in the College of Education. Basic research at the University of Mosul and its ability to measure emotional sensitivity when used as a means of measurement, and that emotional sensitivity is one of the negative variables that hinder and hinder skill performance and learning difficult motor skills in a gymnastics lesson. .

The aims of the study is to
- Designing tests to evaluate the offensive technical performance of the goalkeeper participating in the Kurdistan Region-Iraq handball league.
- Establish standard grades and levels for the offensive technical performance of the goalkeeper participating in the Kurdistan Region-Iraq handball league.
The researchers used the descriptive method using the survey method. The sample is the research community. The research community included the goalkeepers of the Kurdistan Region-Iraq handball league teams for the sports season (2021-2022), which included clubs (Erbil, Koya, Sulaymaniyah, Bardarash, Kirkuk, Ala, Soran, Rawanduz). The research community consisted of (26) players, while the research sample amounted to (18) players, constituting (2.69%) of the research community, while the sample of persistence amounted to (4) players, and the sample of the exploratory experiment was (2). The nature of the research problem requires the researchers to use a number of means to collect information in order to obtain the correct and accurate results and data to implement the research requirements. 7/1/2022 until 11/21/2022, and the researchers took into account all the procedures that were taken during the final implementation of the tests, and the tests were conducted according to the order of the tests:
(Receiving and shooting accuracy test for the goalkeeper - Testing the accuracy of the quick transmission from the goalkeeper and receiving the ball) The researchers used the following statistical methods: (the arithmetic mean, the standard deviation, the percentage law, the modified standard score, and the statistical system (SPSS) were used.
In light of the study conducted by the two researchers, the following conclusions were reached:
- A number of skill tests for handball goalkeepers were designed and distributed in an appropriate normal distribution, which are: skill tests (receiving and shooting accuracy test for the goalkeeper - testing the accuracy of rapid transmission by the goalkeeper and receiving the ball).

The current research goal is to:
- Identifying the degree of coping methods of psychological stress in all its dimensions among team sports players in the city of Mosul.
- Identifying the statistical differences between players of group games in coping methods of psychological stress.
The researchers hypothesized
- There are no statistically significant differences between team sports players (football, basketball, handball) in the city of Mosul in the measure of coping methods of psychological stress.
The research community was represented by players of collective games (football, basketball, handball) in the city of Mosul for the season 2022/2023 and participants in Iraq competitions in various events and they represent Mosul football clubs, Nineveh Workers Club in basketball and Al-Fatwa Club in handball, whose number is (58 players). divided as follows (25 soccer players), (15 basketball players) and (18 handball players), while the research sample was chosen deliberately from the research community, which is (42 players) divided as follows (15 players (football), (12 basketball players) and (15 handball players) after the sample of the exploratory experiment and the stability of the scale (16 players) was excluded. Thus, the percentage of the research sample reached (72.41%) of the total research community.
In light of the content of the discussion of the results, the study reached two conclusions:
- Football, basketball and handball players in the city of Mosul have a high degree in the scale of coping methods of psychological stress.
Football, basketball and handball players in the city of Mosul share a close degree of coping methods for the psychological pressures they face during local competitions.
The two researchers recommended:
- The need to pay attention to the psychological aspect of team sports players in the city of Mosul, with the addition of a psychological cadre to the sports teams to improve the psychological state of the players and achieve better results in the future.

The study aimed to:
- The effectiveness of the gradual activities strategy in acquiring achievement for the experimental group in the javelin throwing event.
- The difference between the experimental and control research groups in the post-tests of achievement for the javelin throwing event.
The researchers hypothesized the following:
- The existence of a significant difference between the results of the experimental and control research groups in the pre- and post-test of achievement for the javelin throwing event in favor of the post-test.
- The existence of significant differences between the results of the experimental and control research groups in the post-test of achievement for the javelin throwing event.
The research community was deliberately determined as students of the third academic stage in the Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences - College of Basic Education / University of Mosul for the academic year (2023-2024), and the total number of students in this stage is (62) male and female students distributed over three classrooms, as the number of students in the first classroom was (22) students, the second (20) students, and the third (20) students. The researcher used the statistical package (25 -SPSS) to reach the results of the research, and the researchers reached a number of conclusions and recommendations, the most important of which were:
Conclusions:
- The experimental and control research groups excelled in the post-tests of the skill achievement of the javelin throwing activity.
- The experimental group outperformed the control group in the post-tests in achievement of the javelin throwing activity. Recommendations:
-The necessity of adopting the strategy of gradual activities and applying it in the teaching process of the javelin throwing activity, in order to demonstrate its effectiveness in gaining achievement for this activity.
- Emphasizing the use of the gradual activities strategy, while teaching different sports skills, because of its great impact in improving the level of achievement.

The study aims to determine the impact of teaching using a mobile application based on the gamification approach on student engagement in learning, among eighth-grade students in The Sultanate of Oman. To achieve the study’s aim, the study adopted a quasi-experimental method based on the design of the control and experimental groups and the pre and post-application. The sample of the study consisted of 124 students in the eighth grade, divided into 62 in the experimental group and 62 in the control group. A mobile application named (Dr. Science2) was also designed based on the gamification approach for the experimental group. A learning engagement scale was also used, which had a reliability coefficient of (0.88). The quantitative data showed statistically significant differences in the post-application between the control and experimental groups attributed to the teaching method in favour of the experimental group. The study also found no statistically significant effect of the interaction between the teaching method and the social type variable in the post-application of the learning engagement scale. The study recommends encouraging and directing science curricula teachers; supervisors; and specialists toward applying the gamification approach in science lessons to achieve higher levels of student engagement in learning in general.

In this research, we applied and found the stability of some linear and non-linear stochastic differential equations after we used Stratonovich – formula to find their solutions , we applied the quadratic Lyapunov function which satisfied the given stochastic differential equation in order to use the Lyapunov direct second method and Lyapunov theorems to find and explain if the trivial ( zero) solution was stable (p-stable, mean square stable) long with stochastically asymptotically stability, then we explained the methods with some examples.

Three resins were analyzed: Swiss TEC restorative composite resin, Composan Ceram Syringes, and Ivoclar Vivadent Tetric N-Ceram Light Cured Hybrid. The LED.F gadget, which emits blue light at 494 nm, was used to process the samples. For each composite type, nine samples were created and subsequently put through pressure and hardness tests. Utilizing a simple statistical test of the correlation coefficient, T-tests were used to examine the relationship between the variables in the study. Compressive strength (CS) and hardness tests were conducted as part of the physical testing. Tetric N-Ceram composite resin had the highest compressive strength compared to the other materials under investigation, and the hardness test increased as the curing time intervals increased. Composan Ceram Syringes composite

In this study, the molecular genetic index of the plant pipremnum aureum was examined using the Specific-PCR technique. DNA fragments were amplified using the recommended Favor PrepTM (Genomic DNA Extraction Mini Kit) and amplified through Polymerase Chain Reaction. The molecular level detection of the
Epipremnum aureum genome revealed that the
sizes of the resulting bands matched the primer design
(ITS1F:5:TCCGTAGGTGAACCTGCGG-3)
(ITS4R: 5:TCCTCCGCTTATTGATAGC-3), which are responsible for identifying the studied gene. The bands appeared during electrophoresis with a size of 473 base pairs. The nitrogen base sequences were entered into the NCBI-BLAST and MEGA 6.0 programs to determine their similarity to the existing and recorded genes in the Gene Bank. The results of the analysis showed a high similarity of 98.57 - 100% between the studied nucleotide sequences and the sequences recorded in the Gene Bank, with accession numbers (OP604476.1, PP297885.1). The genetic pattern tree indicated that they originated from countries far from Iraq and the regional area, namely the United States and South Korea. This study provides information for further researches on molecular genetic relationships within the Araceae family, as well as molecular mutations and breeding of new varieties.

A simple and sensitive indirect spectrophotometric method was developed for the determination of atenolol, isoniazid and pyridoxine hydrochloride in pharmaceutical preparations, the method depending on the oxidation of the studied drugs with an excess of N-bromosuccinimide in hydrochloric acid medium and the remaining instead left amount of oxidizing agent reacted with fixed amount of neutral red and bleaching its color of the dye neutral red which absorbs at 530 nm. Calibration graphs were linear over 0.3-13, 0.2-10, and 0.3-17.5 µg/ml, with a molar of absorptivity 1.98×104 , 1.88×104, and 1.62×104 l.mol-1.cm-1 for each of Atenolol, isoniazid, and pyridoxine hydrochloride, respectively. The average recovery was ranged between 99.89 and 100.45%, and RSD is less than 1.3%. The method was successfully applied for the determination of studied drugs in pharmaceutical preparations. The results were in a good agreement with the certified values, standard addition procedure and official of British Pharmacopoeia. It was found that the experimental values of t and F-test less than the tabulated values at 95% confidence level,

The aim of this research is to prepare a composite material consisting of unsaturated polyester as a base material with cement as a supporting material in different weight percentages (5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%). 50%) to study some of the mechanical and thermal properties of the composite material. After comparing unsaturated polyester before and after reinforcement of the prepared polymeric compounds, the results confirmed that the weight percentage in which the mechanical properties increase at a temperature of 25°C is 30%. And the values of the mechanical properties (hardness, impact resistance, and compressive strength) increase with the increase in the percentage of reinforcement, and the relationship was direct. Both hardness and elasticity increased with increasing temperature at 50°C and reversed at 8°C. However, impact resistance and compressive strength decreased with increasing temperature. It was also found that thermal conductivity decreased at all temperatures after adding the supporting material, indicating that the polymeric compounds prepared from unsaturated polyester with Cement backing material is good thermal insulators.

The main goal of this research is to improve some of the mechanical properties of unsaturated polyester by using available and cheap particulate fillers, such as reinforcement with iron filing powder with a grain size of 75 microns. In this research, unsaturated polyester composites were prepared with iron waste (iron filings), and some mechanical and thermal properties were studied at certain weight percentages (5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, and 50%). As supporting materials. A comparison was made between the polymeric composites before and after the reinforcement process, and it was found that at a percentage (30%) they had good mechanical properties, and these additions were made at different temperatures (8, 25, 50) °C. The results before and after the reinforcement process for polymeric composites showed that there was an increase in the values of mechanical properties (compressive strength, hardness, and impact resistance) with a decrease in the modulus of elasticity (Young's modulus). The treatment was carried out at temperatures of (8,50) ºC, and there was a varying increase and decrease in the values of mechanical properties. It was also found that thermal conductivity decreased when the temperature decreased and increased when the temperature increased.

The research included the preparation of a new type of activated nanocarbon with particles size less than (100nm) where the sizes of its particles ranged (35.92, 52.96nm) using barley harvest waste. This type of carbon was used to remove the drug Paracetamol from its aqueous solutions. Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms were applied to the practical data of the studied system, and the Langmuir model was more applicable to the practical data of the studied system, as indicated by the results of the high values of (R²). The thermodynamic functions of adsorption in the system under study were calculated as a spontaneous process through the negative values of (Go∆) and leads to greater regularity after the adsorption process (negative ΔSo values). In addition, the force that controls the association between the drug and the carbon surface are forces of a physical nature, and adsorption here is an exothermic process. The research also included the application of three kinetic models, which are the false first order, the false second order, and diffusion. The results showed that the adsorption system used in this research follows the pseudo-second-order reaction equation and that the implicit molecular diffusion process is not the only mechanism dominating the adsorption process.

English and Arabic are distinctive languages with similarities and differences in syntax. The primary goal of this work is to provide more light in this area, for it is hypothesized that there are some similarities and differences between the two languages concerning transitivity and intransitivity. The work also provides a grammatical analysis of transitive and intransitive verbs in Al-Imran Sura to shed light on these verb categories in Arabic, and then, to achieve the purpose for which this work is done. Thus, it consists of two main parts: the first thoroughly examines the two languages' intransitivity and transitivity, and the second focuses mostly on the analysis mentioned above. Finally, the work ends up with the conclusions that the researchers reached out.

Metonymy is a type of figurative language that can be used in everyday talks and literary work. It helps with smooth self-expression by creating a mental link between different people, places, or things. The hypothesis suggests that metonymy simplifies complex emotions and ideas, enhancing reader comprehension, intensifying feelings, and illuminating different poem aspects for improved understanding. The study aims to explore metonymy's role in conveying layered meanings, evoking diverse emotions, and addressing overarching themes, while actively engaging readers in interpretation. The focus is on investigating the function, emotional impact, thematic representation, and reader involvement of metonymy. The study concludes that metonymy significantly contributes to the poem's depth, emotional engagement, thematic exploration, and reader interaction, exemplifying its enduring relevance in poetic discourse.

Style is a type of language that depends on the speakers who use their vocal sounds, vocabularies, phrases and sentences. The study aims at analyzing figures of speech of English Travel Brochures. The problem the study addresses is that travel brochures have employed figures of speech to attract and persuade their readers to choose a travel destination rather than another. The use of figures of speech, such as metaphor, simile, parallelism, and repetition in travel brochures is not only to create layers of meaning but also sense of beauty, complexity, and persuasion. Leech and short's (2007) model is used to analyze the two English travel brochures namely, Egypt and Paris. To achieve this aim, the study hypothesized that metaphor is expected to be the most frequently used figure in travel brochures. The findings shows that: firstly, sentences involving metaphor are the highest in number among the features of speech used, because they attract readers (tourists) by changing their mental images. Secondly, similes uses destinations to compare with characteristics of places. Thirdly, parallelism uses two things (sentence or words), one thing contrasts with another one. Fourthly, repetition, uses the same syntactic structure in the same sentence, in addition to repetition of sounds, namely the last syllable (Rhyme). These figurative devices are effective tools of persuasion because they give clear images of places.

In the academic setting of Duhok City, Iraq, during the 2022-2023 school year, comprehensive researches focuses on the integration of technology into English language teaching (ELT) practices. This study aimed to explore the transformative impacts of technological advancements on English language education, particularly within the TESOL (Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages) context. Through a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative surveys and qualitative interviews, data was collected from diverse participants, including university students, faculty, and secondary school teachers and students. The research sought to understand the current landscape of technology-use in English language classrooms, identify effective strategies for integration, and assess the perceived benefits and challenges associated with this integration. The findings underscored the importance of striking a balance between technology and traditional teaching methods in ELT. While technology offers exciting opportunities for enhancing engagement and providing access to authentic language resources, its successful integration requires careful planning and consideration of pedagogical principles. Participants emphasized the need for teacher-training and ongoing professional development to effectively leverage technology in language instruction. Furthermore, the study highlighted the potential of technology to promote language acquisition and foster communication skills among students. By incorporating multimedia resources, interactive activities, and collaborative tools, educators can create dynamic and immersive learning environments that cater to diverse learner needs. Overall, the research contributes to the growing body of literature on technology-enhanced language learning. In summary, this study significantly contributes to the growing body of literature on technology-enhanced language learning and provides valuable insights for educators, policymakers, and stakeholders involved in English language

The current study scrutinizes the impact of motivation on the postgraduates, particularly, the speech is delivered by their inspiring masters. Thus, the study aims to bridge the gaps between two disparate languages and cultures, English and Arabic, by examining the challenges and strategies involved in presenting the motivations while maintaining cultural relevance and linguistic aesthetics during the translation process to enhance the quality of graduation speeches delivered in Arabic-speaking contexts through focusing on motivation. It is hypothesized that graduation speeches are unlike in English and Arabic, since the former highlights the positive language, whereas the latter highlights flashback. To establish this point, one English graduation speech is selected and analyzed qualitatively based on George’s (2006) Model of Success. The text is translated into Arabic by fourth-year qualified students at the Department of Translation, College of Arts, University of Wasit (2023/2024), and analyzed according to Al-Qinai’s (2000) Model of Translation Quality Assessment. The conclusions are anticipated to contribute to the fields of translation studies, contrastive analysis, and cross-cultural communication by providing insightful information about the difficulties faced by translators when attempting to convey the attitudes of speakers from various linguistic and cultural backgrounds.