Wasit Journal of Engineering Sciences

Transformers are important parts of an electrical power system. When a power transformer is connected to the grid, usually inrush current increases substantially with a high value of harmonic components with a duration up to many cycles. The amount of flux in the core increases causing the magnetic circuit to saturate due to the increasing in the load. This paper describes a technique to accurately predict the inrush current and third harmonic of three phase transformer. A shallow neural network was created. The input parameters of the artificial neural network were the magnetization resistance Rm, the initial flux of phase A and the switching angle q. The number of neurons has been changed in the code to see the best performance value. The best validation performance was at epoch 71 with a value of 5.3641e-05. A good prediction results were obtained using this ANN. The simulation of the inrush current was done using the MATLAB Simulink software.

Digital beamforming (DBF) is a crucial technology for large antenna arrays, offering precise control over beam steering. This research introduces a novel method to enhance millimeter wave transmission by incorporating DBF with long-term memory (LSTM) based deep learning Our system utilizes digital signal processing and LSTM networks to optimize beamforming parameters instead of relying on traditional analog beamforming. The objective is to achieve high spectral efficiency. The methodology is executed in the programming language MATLAB and the obtained simulation outcomes validate a substantial enhancement in the metrics that evaluate performance, thereby demonstrating the potential of combining digital beamforming (DBF) with Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) for forthcoming communication systems. Furthermore, the inclusion of LSTM in the process of digital beamforming presents a comprehensive comprehension of the proposed approach, which imparts valuable insights for advanced communication technologies. To substantiate the efficacy of the technique, several illustrative examples are employed to steer the beam pattern in the desired direction.

Open Radio Access Networks (O-RAN) are expected to revolutionize
communication systems. O-RAN enables virtualized Radio Access Networks
where distributed components are attached through open interfaces and
intelligent controllers optimize the performance. A new conceptual design has been created for network configuration, deployment, and functions. This design uses interchangeable components from various vendors and can be optimized for performance through a centralized inference layer and data-driven control. However, due to the large number of users and limited capacity of the fronthaul in dense wireless systems, it becomes challenging to achieve optimal resource allocation in such massive systems. In this work, we balance the spectral efficiency and the required power, which will reduce the signalling overheads and processing in high-density radio access networks. More specifically, a linear channel estimation (based on the MMSE technique) is employed to design the Conjugate Beamforming vectors. The suggested iterative approach,
namely LSF-IV, leverages the large-scale fading detection (LSF) and the
intermediate value method (IV) to attain the balancing between users' uplink spectral performance. Concerning the algorithm validity and for a specific parameter setting scenario, the proposed approach can significantly enhance the spectral performance for the users in the worst channel conditions compared with the typical fractional PA. Adjusting a specific parameter can improve spectral performance by 45% with a 95% likelihood. This study found that using a more extended training sequence for channel estimation can result in a 27% improvement in spectral performance, based on a 95% likely percentage.

The paradigm of the open radio access networks (O-RAN) seeks to carry intelligence and openness (multi-vendors) to the conventional proprietary and closed radio access networks (RAN) schemes and deliver performance enhancement, cost-efficiency, and flexibility, in both the network's operation and deployment. On the other hand, Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RIS) are suggested for future networks due to their effectiveness in terms of cost and energy consumption. However, due to the fast time-varying feature of the dense wireless systems, it becomes difficult to allow optimal user association and beamforming in terms of signalling overheads and processing in RIS assisted RANs with the limited capacity of the fronthaul. Therefore, the objective of this study is to attain a trade-off between the costs (signalling overhead/complexity) and the throughput performance. In other words, the study sets the challenges of the RIS aided O-RAN technology regarding the joint selection of user’s equipment (UEs)/open radio unit (O-RU)-RIS pairs and the designing of beamforming at the O-RU/RIS and open distributed unit (O-DU). From this point, to addressing the designing challenges, this work suggests a simple and potential beamforming strategy in RIS aided O-RAN architecture taking into account the specification of the interfaces between different O-RAN units to split opportunities between the radio and distributing units. In specific, a channel-gain-based selection of UEs/O-RU-RIS pairs joint with duality theory (DT) and transform of quadratic function (TQF) algorithm (namely DT_TQF) is proposed. Firstly, the non-convex optimization problem is relaxed via duality and transform of quadratic functions, and then an iterative approach is carried out for the active and passive beamformers via a simple alternating optimization approach. This approach can achieve flexibility in the environment of a high-traffic transmission while lowering the interference between radio units and the signalling burden required for beamforming tasks. Numerical simulation results justify the effectiveness of the algorithm for different systems' parameter settings and validate the important of installing RIS. For example, for a certain environment, the performance gain is about 52.9 % in comparison to the classic null-steering/random phase shifter scheme.

This manuscript provides an extensive review of the existing literature regarding the confluence of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) and Internet of Things (IoT) innovations in the field of Agriculture. The investigation delves into a variety of systems and frameworks crafted to elevate agricultural methodologies through immediate surveillance and oversight of ecological factors. Essential elements encompass the deployment of diverse sensors, including those for soil moisture, temperature, and humidity, which are vital for refining irrigation practices and promoting effective water utilization. The manuscript underscores the significance of microcontrollers such as Arduino and Raspberry Pi in managing and relaying information to central hubs or cloud platforms for distant access and governance via mobile interfaces. Furthermore, the study addresses the applications of communication protocols like LoRa, ZigBee, and Wi-Fi, which enable extensive and efficient data relay. The incorporation of machine learning strategies for distinguishing crops and weeds, along with the utilization of solar energy to power sensor units, is also scrutinized. The manuscript wraps up by highlighting the transformative potential of IoT and WSN technologies in modernizing smart agriculture, providing avenues for energy-efficient and automated farming solutions.

The utilization of Autonomous vehicles has been rapidly increasing in both civilian and military applications. This is primarily due to their exceptional communication capabilities with ground clients, as well as their inherent properties such as adaptability, mobility, and flexibility. To effectively monitor and control the deployment of Autonomous vehicles, a 5G wireless network can be utilized alongside other devices as user equipment (UE). Through the utilization of a highly directive microstrip patch antenna (MPA) functioning within a dedicated frequency band, the Autonomous vehicle is able to establish effective long-range communication, overcoming signal degradation and minimizing interference from other channels within a confined area. The adoption of MPA is especially advised for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) due to its characteristics such as being lightweight, cost-efficient, small in size, and having a flat structure. This study details the development and simulation of a highly directive single-band 1x2 and 1x4 antenna array designed to operate at a 5.8 GHz frequency specifically tailored for Autonomous vehicle use. To enhance directivity and ensure structural robustness, the Roger RT5880 material has been utilized as a substrate, known for its lower dielectric constant.. The results demonstrate a high gain of 9.16 dBi and 11.4 dBi for the 1x2 and 1x4 antenna arrays respectively, while maintaining a compact size. The simulated 1x4 antenna array was fabricated using the Roger RT5880 material, and this array was tested in the microwave communication's laboratory at College of Engineering, Al-Nahrain University. The antenna presents good results by means of return losses (-26.672 dB) which equivalent to VSWR of 1.098.

The Internet of Things (IoT) manages a vast network of interconnected smart devices that collect, transmit, and analyze data from their environment using embedded components like processors, sensors, and communication equipment. These devices, which require efficient power sources, often rely on batteries that limit their operational lifespan and increase environmental impact. This paper provides a comprehensive review of energy harvesting techniques aimed at enhancing the longevity and sustainability of IoT devices. The methodology involves a comparative analysis of various energy harvesting sources such as solar, thermal, RF, and mechanical energy focusing on their efficiency, applicability, and integration within wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Key contributions include the identification of current limitations in energy harvesting technologies, such as low energy conversion efficiency and intermittency, and the proposal of solutions to optimize energy capture and storage. The results demonstrate that integrating multiple energy sources can significantly improve power availability and reduce dependence on conventional batteries. This review concludes by outlining the ongoing challenges and future research directions needed to develop efficient, reliable, and cost-effective energy harvesting systems for IoT applications.

In remote areas, electricity is provided by diesel generators, which have many disadvantages, such as their dependence entirely on fossil fuels that cause global warming due to emissions of harmful gases such as carbon dioxide, and the high maintenance cost of these generators, as well as the difficulty of transporting fossil fuels to them. Therefore, the world has tended to use renewable energy sources, due to their advantages such as their presence in all regions of the world, they do not emit harmful gases and their long life. However, renewable energy sources also have disadvantages such as high investment cost, and their intermittent nature because they depend on climate data. Therefore, the optimal sizing of these sources is considered an important factor to increase reliability, reduce emissions, reduce costs, and other goals. These problems can be solved by modern techniques, a metaheuristic algorithm that is more famous than traditional algorithms because it has good results and faster processing time. In this paper, we present a comprehensive review for used metaheuristic algorithms to find the optimal sizing of the energies used in the hybrid energy system (HES) for single and multi-objective optimization. Also, we review the main combinations of HES including their assessment parameters of economics, environmental, and reliability.

This study presents a novel elliptical microstrip antenna (EMSA) design method for enhanced bandwidth. The proposed EMSA offers versatile polarization control, generating both linear and circular polarization. Wider impedance bandwidths compared to some other patch antennas make it suitable for broadband communication. Its compact size facilitates integration into space-constrained devices. Additionally, it provides polarization diversity for MIMO systems, reducing signal fading.

The fabricated EMSA, operating at 7.05 GHz, achieves a simulated bandwidth of 5.7% and a measured bandwidth of 4.28%. It exhibits a return loss of -42 dB, 50 Ω impedance matching, 8.57 dB radiation gain, and a VSWR of 1.016. Two bandwidth enhancement techniques were investigated: reducing the ground plane size and incorporating slots within the patch. The partial ground plane achieved simulated and measured bandwidth improvements of 146% and 167%, respectively. The slotted patch yielded 160% and 180% improvements, respectively.

The long-term impact of waterborne solids may lead to the destruction of significant amounts of concrete in hydraulic structures, including spillways, dams, and culverts. Hydraulic structures' durability heavily depends on the concrete surface's resistance to mechanical erosion. Abrasion of the surface brought about by the continuous loss of material due to the impact of solid particles suspended in water is known as hydro-abrasion. This kind of gradual degradation of the concrete surfaces is noticeable in almost all hydraulic structures, although to varying degrees. Hydro-abrasive concrete wearing often leads to a decrease in the lifespan of the hydrotechnical facility. Consequently, the facility needs repairs, causing it to be non-functional during the repair time and increasing expenses. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of concrete abrasion and its mechanisms, as well as briefly discuss the elements that significantly affect the rate of abrasive erosion. The research also found that to enhance the abrasion resistance, concrete properties needed to be modified, along with an increase in compressive strength

Proper thermal control is one of the most important aspects that should be considered when utilizing electrical transformers. This research work offers a numerical analysis of the effect of changing the shape of transformer fins on the heat exchange process. Based on the results of CFD simulations, several types of fin shapes such as rectangular, triangular and wavy are discussed to describe the improvements of heat transfer. The study examines the shape of an electrical transformer, determining the optimal distance between fins, fin shapes, transformer shape, rib type, and rib number. The results are then applied to a special case, representing the best of all variables on the transformer. The study also considers the effect of increasing the surface area of the ribs on the fins, and the number of ribs used on the fins. The temperature gradient of a coil, oil, and transformer varies depending on the distance between fins, fin shape, rib type, and number of ribs. The coil temperature is 383 K when the fins are 7 cm apart, 381 K when the fins are 5 cm apart, and 381 K when the fins are 3cm apart. The temperature gradient also varies depending on the rib type, with triangular ribs increasing the surface area for heat energy transfer and reducing the temperature value. The oil temperature gradient varies depending on the fins, ribs type, and number of ribs. The heat transfer coefficient gradient of the transformer surface varies depending on the fins, ribs type, and number of ribs. The surface heat transfer coefficient reaches 1.5 W/m2. K when the fins are l shape, 1.6 W/m2. K when the fins are c shape, 1.7 W/m2. K when the fins are z shape, 1.4 W/m2. K when the ribs are rectangular, 1.6 W/m2. K when the ribs are triangular, and 1.4 W/m2. K when the ribs are 9 ribs.

In this article natural air convection in an inclined annular cage in three dimensions is investigated numerically. This study will examine the impact of the radius ratio of an annulus on heat transfer employing two distinct methods to optimizing effective thermal conductivity: minimizing and maximizing. The annulus is built of graphite/epoxy laminated composite material. There are 12 fins attached to the inner cylinder of the two concentric cylinders that make up the annulus enclosure, which is filled with porous medium. Regarding the annulus's inclination angle “δ”, two scenarios—a horizontal annulus and a vertical annulus—are considered. Constant walls temperature boundary condition and steady state conditions apply to the system with 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5 different radius ratio, inclination angle (0o and 90o), and modified Rayleigh number “Ra*” ranged from 10 to 500, The Nusselt number decreased for all parameters as the radius ratio Rr decreased, indicating a wider cold outer cylinder gap. For large values of modified Rayleigh number, the average Nu number ”Nuavg.” decreases with an increase in δ, and increases with a rise in the modified Rayleigh number; for low values of Ra*, δ has no effect. For horizontal, and vertical states “δ=0 o, and 90o respectively, at higher and lower thermal conductivity, the divergence of the average Nusselt is 5.1% and 10%, respectively. In horizontal cylinder adding fins on the inner cylinder is more substantial for due to its impeding effect, and NuL increases with cylinder length. For the outer cold cylinder, a link between Ra* and δ and the average Nusselt number has been established.

Since time immemorial, solar radiation has been used to hot water in domestic applications. In this study, simulation was used to determine the effectiveness of the water tank and its effect on the time and quantity of hot water supply. The simulation process done by using ANSYS fluent, for a water storage tank, where the water pipe was used as part of the physical process within the simulation program, and thus four types of thermal storage were used, the first without tubes and the second using a variable number of tubes (4, 6, 8) in thermal storage. In addition, three flow rate values were used, (4, 6, 8) L/m and solar radiation rates (437-630) W/m2 for the 31 days of January and the days (7,12,13,17,18) of the February. The results showed that the tank temperature increased as the flow inlet rate decreased. At 4 L/m, the temperature in storage rose to 42 °C at 12 Am, while at 6 L/m, the temperature rose to below 39 °C. Introducing water pipes inside the storge tank enhances heat accumulation and heat dissipation ability. Temperature peaks were recorded at 45°C using 8 water tubes and a flow rate of 4 L/m.

Aluminium alloy is one of the most widely used engineering materials due to its properties Relatively lower specific weight and corrosion resistance compared to steel. Moreover, they are They are also relatively easier to machine. Aluminium alloy is found to provide the highest quality Degree of machinability compared to other lightweight metals such as titanium and magnesium Alloy. Various techniques have been used to induce motion during the solidification process of molten metal in the casting mold, such as mechanical vibration, ultrasonic vibration, and electromagnetic vibration. This paper presents a brief review of the above vibration processes and their types, uses, and how they affect the mechanical properties of aluminium alloys

Understanding the hydrological cycle and finding data crucial for water
management require a foundational understanding of basin-scale simulation. To
create the most accurate stream flow modeling possible, data from the weather
stations was combined with input from other maps of the research area, such as soil,
land cover, land use (LCLU), and digital elevation model (DEM). Regarding
Adhaim Watershed, period 2000 to 2013 SWAT model calibration was done using
the Sequential Uncertainty Fitting (SUFI–2) technique and the Nash–Sutcliffe
simulation efficiency (NSE) and coefficient of determination (R2). This included
an initial calibration from 2000/1/1 to 31/9/2009 which was then validated for
1/10/2010 to 31/12/2013 using daily streamflow values. Adhaim Watershed's
whole area was determined to be 11816.82 km2. Grasslands make up 41.01% of the
total area. Additionally, 28% of LCLU came from croplands and desolate regions
in equal measure. A hydrological type D clay soil was discovered, along with the
watershed's primary slope (0–5). The mean streamflow of Adhaim was determined
to be 21.3.m3/????????????, and upon calibration, it was found to be 22 ????3/????????????.

The importance of this study is due to its direct interest in the river bank of the Kut city centre and its concern for reconnecting its traditional part with the basic functions of the entire city. Here, the resilience of the Iraqi city of Kut can be enhanced and its viability increased. The aim of the study is to establish a comprehensive framework for the study of the various cultural and historical aspects of the study area with a view to reconnecting the city with its river. The research here focuses on the importance of the principle of urban resilience in urban design, and these activities include attention to open spaces and linking them to motor hubs to increase their urban resilience. Furthermore, it is imperative to prioritise pedestrian and bicycle traffic in public areas, while also ensuring the preservation of the city's historical aspects as tourist attractions. Additionally, residents should be provided with optimal comfort and safety. The study suggests using a shared stakeholder strategy to address the many challenges in the investigated region.

By integrating the principles of ecosystem-based adaptation and social equity, a resilient urban environment can be created that can withstand future shocks and pressures. The research implies that the city's historic status and citizens' quality of life are poor so that the situation can be rectified and the river's relevance highlighted. Strategies can be established and enhanced to adapt to the riverside and preserve it for future generations in a more flexible and sustainable manner.

This paper provides a good comprehensive argument in favor of the design of 5G and beyond upcoming wireless technology four element Three major frequency band MIMO antenna. The antenna presented in this thesis is built using FR-4 material, is 38 x 38 x 1.67 mm3 in size, and can operate in the UWB, Ku band, and a portion of Ka-band and lower millimeter band. The proposed technique was evaluated utilizing a 4×4 MIMO antenna structure which resonates at three bands. Dimensions of the array are 0.4 × 0.4 × 0.039λ_g^3. The responses of the proposed antenna system to tested features are compatible to broadband frequency ranges. The first band covers frequencies from 3.14 GHz to 9.14 GHz (6 GHz bandwidth) with the following characteristics: 97.A total efficiency of 73%, 7% bandwidth, 78% maximum radiation efficiency. This PMID design achieves a 2.27 dB peak gain, 10 dB average diversity gain (DG), and fails to exceed 0.085 the envelope correlation coefficient (ECC). Additionally, this antenna has more than 24 dB isolation boundary between radiating elements.
This antenna realizes 58% bandwidth, with the operation range from 9.2 GHz to 16.7 GHz (7.5 GHz), but maintaining 88.8% of maximum radiation efficiency, and 82.7% of total efficiency at second band. On average, ~10 dB DG, a peak gain of 5.4 dB, and an ECC beneath 0.018. Also, more than 18 dB minimum decoupling between the adjacent elements. At the third frequency band of 20.15 GHz to 31.31 GHz = 11 GHz bandwidth, corresponding to a 43.4% bandwidth, the proposed structure shows 11 GHz bandwidth. A maximum radiation efficiency of 86.3% (total efficiency of 83.5%) is achieved, and a peak gain of 7.4 dB is achieved. The ECC (<0.005) and average DG (10 dB) are typical for the average DG. The radiating elements are separated by more than 13 dB isolation gap.