Journal of University of Babylon

The paradox in the offensive humor lies in the assumption that what evokes laughter can be harmful for someone. Linguistically, the offense can be expressed directly and indirectly, additionally, humor, including riddles is one of the most effective ways to show offense or aggression toward someone. Humor, on the other hand, is mostly expressed indirectly. Metaphoric forms are said to be one of the most appealing strategies of humor language. The present study aims at applying a critical metaphor analysis of some randomly selected American offensive humorous riddles related to various aspects of offense like race and nation. In this approach to critical discourse analysis, the cognitive aspect is added for the sake of analyzing figurative forms like metaphor which is considered as an important part of ideology. Thus, critical metaphor analysis covers both social and cognitive aspects. It is concluded that offensive jokes (namely funny riddles) can be used as a tool to measure the aggressiveness towards certain social aspects like race; on the other hand, metaphors afford indications of facets of power, inequality and people ideologies in American society

Qualified agents are specialized in civil engineering and land survey. They are appointed by an administrative decision issued by the territorially competent Governor, after consultation with the Director of Reconstruction and Building or the Head of Municipal People’s Assembly, knowing that their opinion do not bind the Governor.
Qualified agents job is to observe, search and detect constructional infractions by inspecting constructed buildings or under construction. They act under a professional delegation granted to them by the Governor or the Minister in charge of urbanism.
Qualified agents power stands at the limit of detecting violations; they can’t impose sanctions on violators of urbanism law, which is the responsibility of urbanism administrative control authorities. Thus, qualified agents power is limited and restricted in preparing minutes for the inspected violations in a preformatted exemplar specified by the Algerian legislator, as well as writing reports about the nature of committed breaches and the data relating to the offender.
Based on the inspection records and reports prepared by the qualified agents, public prosecution shall be moved; where the procurator summon the offenders directly before ‘delicts’ Court, as these cases do not require judicial investigation; because the breaches are physically inspected and proofed by minutes which are legally defined, and presumed correct until proven otherwise. The action may take the civil procedure way, where each person affected by the infringements has the right to file a claim for compensation. Also, the societies mentioned in special texts have the right to claim for compensation as civil parties.

The study of the teachings of Imam Ali (peace be upon him) in the approach of Al-Balagha, which is based on the teachings of Imam Ali (peace be upon him) The study has chosen the choice of his will (peace be upon him) for those who use him for alms from his workers; because it was a large degree of statement, and a high degree of human construction, I chose the analytical study; because it will highlight the linguistic clues to the side of moral clues, Integrated text

Praising be to Allah, Lord of the World, and prayers and peace be upon Abu Al-Qasim Muhammad, and on his family and good followere who followed them in charity to the Day of Judgment.
It may be mentioned in the speech of the Arabs, especially poetry ugly, no way to the speaker to commit one of them, which was acceptable on the ugliness and less blatant speech, was the title of this research (Taking the best ugly in Arabic), and despite the importance I did not find anyone As far as I know, he devoted himself to an independent study and the collection of his incoherent issues, except for Ibn Jinni (d. 392 h). He referred to some of his questions as a quick reference in his book \"Characteristics.\" Al-Suyuti (d.911h) The subject in its proper place, and then came this research aims to highlight this condition and collect what is scattered It distinguishes from its issues in the books of the Arab heritage, especially grammatical issues.
I have been entrusted with five issues of this condition only, arranged according to the grammatical rules, preceded by a preface in which I spoke about the ugly and what has to do with it, followed by a summary of the research, where the most important findings came from it,

Shagh-alsadr story is one of the stories that has been considered a lot from past until now. Shagh-alsadr narrative structure has occurred in such a way that keeps the human mind between imagination and reality. it unifies imagination and reality so that mind can hardly distinguish between them.
Cognitive narrative approach has an important role in the study of building the mental models in narrative world and it helps the studying of mind related aspects in storytelling.
Based on the different versions of this story in the mental space theory shows how different narrators mindset and ideology has been able to contribute in the construction of the plot.
In fact, differences of narrator’s opinion and attitude towards the world around, specifies differences between stories.
So This research based on the theory of mental spaces and conceptual combination, studies creation of meaning and characterization in the Shagh-alsadr story and tries to not only clarify the processes within the narrator’s mental world, but it also specifies their role in building the creation of meaning and alliance in story line.
To get the best result we study the different versions of this story in three group and then with graph show that each space is born from another and creating each new space has a close relationship with the climax of the story

The paradox in the offensive humor lies in the assumption that what evokes laughter can be harmful for someone. Linguistically, the offense can be expressed directly and indirectly, additionally, humor, including riddles is one of the most effective ways to show offense or aggression toward someone. Humor, on the other hand, is mostly expressed indirectly. Metaphoric forms are said to be one of the most appealing strategies of humor language. The present study aims at applying a critical metaphor analysis of some randomly selected American offensive humorous riddles related to various aspects of offense like race and nation. In this approach to critical discourse analysis, the cognitive aspect is added for the sake of analyzing figurative forms like metaphor which is considered as an important part of ideology. Thus, critical metaphor analysis covers both social and cognitive aspects. It is concluded that offensive jokes (namely funny riddles) can be used as a tool to measure the aggressiveness towards certain social aspects like race; on the other hand, metaphors afford indications of facets of power, inequality and people ideologies in American society.

Affixation is the formation of a new word from an existing word ,root ,or stem ,by the addition of a prefix or suffix or by other means (Jackson,1985:34).The present study is an attempt to identify the errors made by Iraqi EFL learners in the Department of English / College of Basic Education, University of Babylon in using verbal affixes. This study aims at :(1)Presenting a brief and relevant background of verbal affixes, (2) Identifying and classifying the errors made by the fourth year students in the English Department, College of Basic Education/ University of Babylon during the academic year (2016-2017), and (3) Locating the areas of difficulty that Iraqi EFL learners encountered in learning verbal affixes.

Sardar Asaad is of the most prominent political figures in the history of modren Iran. He was Jailed for the first time in his political life because of a tip off, But after he was released from prison and because he belonge to one of largestand most powerful Iranian tribes. His name and role emerged clearly and significantly during the period of despotism, which represented the role of Muhammad Ali Shah in Iran in 1907-1909. Sardar his armed tribesmen and joined them with the revolution against Muhammad Ali Shah and contributed effectively to open Tehran and depositing the Shah Muhammad Ali, and became a member of the management committee of the country . Sardar Asaad also took the most Important ministries at an importan time of the history of Iran, the ministries of Interior and Defense. Because he was ill and he wasn't able to see clearly, he retired of receving the government positios, but his impact continued , especially after Nasser Almulk had the guadianship of the Iranian throne. Sardar Asaad died in 1917 after he became completely blind. He had literary traces and and books which translated from French language to the Persian language.

The problem of land in Iraq has taken an unplanned regulatory approach that has affected the state policy in general. Most attempts at resolving the problem have been thwarted since the Ottomans introduced the Land Law of 1858 and applied it late in Iraq during the reign of the wali Medhat Pasha (1869-1872). In 1871, as part of its reforms, after it was adopted mainly on the law issued, based on two principles of land ownership (conquest and neighborhoods), which constitute the diagnosis of the princely lands, and make them at the disposal of the prince as he wishes according to the principle of conquest.

Despite the Common state of the military conflict and the destructive wars between the Sasanian and the Byzantine, ther were periods of peace because of holdiny peace treates between them , There peace treaties varied in ther clauses and results according to the scale of power .The peace treaties included general purports(Political ,Military , Economic , and Religious ) .We find that most studies concented on the military and the political aspects whereveas the economic aspect was one of the most important aspects of the conflict so it reflected on the clauses and the of peace treaties between them . So in this search We emphasis on disclosing and explainry the economic purport in the peace treaties and its reflections on the region .Ther was a notation of twelve peace treaties between the Sasanian and Byzantine and the economic was the highlight cn these treaties .

The Maronite Church is considered one of the most prominent Christian churches that its principles are embraced by most of Mount Lebanon Christians. Its importance is something to be reckoned not only on the religious level, but on the political, economic and cultural level. The Maronite patriarchs adopted the demands of their followers to establish a state in Mount Lebanon on sectarian basis, considering the Mount is of a Maronite majority. The Maronite church claimed to form this state many times in the 19thcentury but it has failed in its pursue until holding the peace conference in Paris in 1919 which is considered by the church as an opportunity to ask for major powers aid to establish a completely independent country that includes Lebanon Mutasarrifateand the neighboring areas.
Although there are many historical studiesconcerning modern and contemporary Lebanon history, however, there is no study that has specialized in the role ofthe Maronite church in the declaration of Lebanon country and its impact on French policies direction in Syria and the political activity of the two Maronite delegations tothe peace conference heldinParis; therefore came the choice of the subject (The role of the Maronite church in the declaration of the state of GrandLebanon 1918-1920) to highlight this role and the most significant developments that ended by the declaration of the state of Grand Lebanon in 1920.
The research consists of an introduction, three topics, a conclusion and a list of references. The first topic discusses the Maronite church\'s stand on the political developments witnessed by Mount Lebanon during WW1 and its position on the French occupation of Mount Lebanon, the second topic tackles the role of the second delegation to Paris headed by the Patriarch EliasHoayek and the third topic is dedicated to the role of the third delegation to Paris headed by the archbishop Abdullah AlKhory concerning the independence of Lebanon

The study is entitled: (The body of the prominent animal sculptures in ancient Iraqi sculpture), which is the summary in Arabic and English and the first chapter included the problem of research and the need and the importance of the objective of the research and the limits of research and the definition of terminology, the second chapter: consists of the first: And the significance of the second subject: the animal in the old Iraqi art and the third topic: real animal bodies, Chapter III: analysis of the sample, and Chapter IV: findings and conclusions and a list of sources and references.

The process of cultural accumulation continues from the past through the present to the future, and the heritage of any nation is one of the main factors in the maturation and development of the experience of that nation, so many writers, poets and theater writers inspired and activated the heritage to serve their visions and intellectual and aesthetic trends with their keenness to pick With a scientific objectivity to the nature of the contents represented by that heritage and inspired and rephrased through the visions of aesthetic and artistic and intellectual advanced and converted to literary texts take their way to the stage in a new form live through theatrical performances is an artistic and cultural process continues and maintain the drama heritage which e And part of the human heritage is the result of the accumulation of civilizations combined and interaction with each other, so the process of inspiration heritage and re-read and submit is a cultural and artistic experience is necessary and important to create a state of communication and renewal as the consideration of the heritage becomes a contemporary vision enables us to re-possess the heritage on a new basis, Cognitive and intellectual of the total motivating elements of the process of building the present.
And divided the research into four chapters, including the first of the problem of research, which focused on the extent to which the Iraqi director can enumerate his vision of the dramatic heritage in his theatrical performances? The need for this research list for the purpose of detecting the multiplicity of literary vision of the dramatic heritage of the Iraqi director and playwright. And its importance and then the goal of the research was to identify the multiplicity of literary visions of the dramatic heritage and re-read in theatrical performances of modern and then the limits of research and define its terms. The second chapter may be of three things:
• The first topic: the concept of inspiration.
• The second topic: sources of drama heritage.
• The third topic: theatrical currents and drama heritage.
The study concluded with the indicators that emerged from the theoretical framework.
As for the third chapter, he added:
• research community
• The research sample
• Research Methodology
• Search tool
The third chapter also included a detailed analysis of the research sample chosen by the researcher by selecting a qualitative model with a clear effect on the
movement of the modern Iraqi and Kurdish theater scene and the impact of
inspiration and clarity on the heritage.
Kawa Haddad by the writer Shirko Pechese.
The fourth chapter may be from the results that emerged through the analysis of the sample sample, which was the most important:
1. Historical personality does not necessarily have to be fixed or linked to a particular
time.
2. With the absence of titles, Kawa Haddad is the same as Gilgamesh in his quest for immortality. He himself is Robin Hood, the seeker of justice in society, himself a thief of revolutionaries who revolutionized the distribution of wealth to all, the same William Wallace, the Scottish revolutionary seeking freedom and salvation for the people. Scotland of the domination of England and the enslavement of its people to its people.
3. The myth of contemporary man has achieved a real possibility of understanding
human history since its earliest primitive stages.
5. The educational function of the legend is based on its use by philosophers and wise men as a means of teaching knowledge to others and in stirring up national feelings by reminding people of their history to take lessons from this history.
The research concluded with some recommendations and suggestions and confirmed the sources adopted by the board.

The importance of research ((the semantic analysis of the text of the poetic theater, Khazal Majdi model)) from being a modest attempt to contribute to the efforts to draw up the features of the curriculum allows the semiotics of theatrical texts in general and the texts of poetic theater in particular .
This approach is based on a first chapter which includes identifying a problem which is to reveal the difficulties faced by the reader when he is acquainted with the indications that the text of "Freedom Monument" calls for Khazal al-Majidi and then work on finding solutions through it using purely academic methodology and using a number of reliable sources. In order to achieve these requirements in the preparation of a second chapter includes a theoretical framework that included three questions. The first topic was concerned with mismatism, concept, meaning, history, while the second subject was specialized in poetic theater, while the third topic dealt with the experience of Al Majdi poetry, vision and analysis.
After that we prepared a third chapter by conducting an analytical attempt to a number of dialogues and scenes of freedom monument according to a set of indicators that were nominated for the theoretical framework for marking the signs that are given After the completion of this analysis, the fourth chapter contains a set of results that we reached through the theoretical framework and analysis of the text of the monument of freedom to Khazal Majidi and included a conclusion and recommendations and a seal of the list of sources.

Denial was and still is a way for a person to reject the real and painful reality that lies ahead. The images of denial and its pluralism in the theatrical structure have a role in clarifying the spatial and dialogical data and indications through the experiments and this is what makes the denial is achieved in all components of the theatrical test, according on the style and nature of the writer so this research consists of four chapters, the first chapter (the methodological framework) has the problem of the research that I have done with the following question:-
What is denial? And what are their representations in theatrical text.
The importance of the research was on the social and psychological reasons that explain and find out the solutions, and the aim of the research to recognize the denial and its representations in the theater text. the research was limited in time (2011) and place in Germany this chapter concluded with the definition of terms either Chapter II (theoretical framework), which consists of two sections specialized the first section of philosophical innovation, in terms of the second section devoted to the denial in the Western theater text, and concluded the chapter with the indicators that resulted from the theoretical framework and the chapter concluded with the indicators that resulted from the theoretical framework, and the third chapter has been specialized in the research procedures, which was represented in the statement of the research, the type of research, and research methodology, then analysis the sample of the research. The fourth chapter also included the results of the research as the following:
1-The basic images of denial and consists of direct and indirect positions within the text of the text and also through breaking the familiar and transformed into an unfamiliar that is embodied by the reader while reading the text
2-The denial contributes to rid the person of the tension and psychological and intellectual anxiety caused by the occurrence of the real reality in front of him as in the play (seven seconds in the Rab Nathiq)
Finally, the conclusions, to finish the research list of sources and then the summary of the research in English.

The research is divided into four chapters. The first chapter, which is the systematic framework for research, deals with the problem of research focused on the following question:Does the difference in reception mechanisms have an impact in communicating the student to a level that enables him to design a stage lighting that matches the nature of the theater performance and achieves its goals? While the importance of research as an educational achievement benefiting mainly students of the faculties of fine arts and drama teachers in general. As well as derive a basic goal is to identify the design efficiency of theatrical lighting among students of the Faculty of Fine Arts, University of Babylon. The limits of research have been summarized in the study of the subject of reception and its impact on the development of the design efficiency of theater lighting among the students of the theater department at the Faculty of Fine Arts / Babel University for the academic year 2008-2009.The second chapter deals with the importance of theatrical lighting and the most important functional and aesthetic foundations that enable the operators in this field to achieve their goals. In addition to the previous studies and the effects of the frame Theoretical.The third chapter included research procedures - the research community, which included 27 students from the fourth stage of the Department of Dramatic Arts at the Faculty of Fine Arts of the University of Babylon for the academic year 2008-2009 and the research sample, which included eleven students in the control group and eleven students in The experimental group. The research tool was represented by the results of the open questionnaire and the closed questionnaire, in addition to the theoretical framework. As for the research methodology, the researcher relied on the semi-empirical approach in his study.The fourth chapter contains the results of the researcher's research and discussion and a presentation of the conclusions. The chapter also contains a set of recommendations and proposals and proven sources, references and supplements.

The first study dealt with the problem of research, its importance and need, as well as the limits of research (sixth and seventh centuries) and the current research objective of (knowledge of the problems and differences in Islamic photography) and then identify and define Terminology.
The second chapter dealt with the concept of problems and differences. The second topic dealt with the problems and differences in the intellectual and literary output of Islam. The second chapter ends with the indicators of the theoretical framework. The third chapter included the research procedures by defining the research community, the sample and the research tool, ending with the analysis of the research sample in (3) plate where the researcher adopted the indicators that ended the theoretical framework as a tool in analyzing the research sample. The fourth chapter included a number of results.

All agree that the theater in particular, art and literature in general expressive spaces and aesthetic incubator that embraces the ideas and visions of humanity in all forms of taste and knowledge and value throughout the history of human transport all and that the study of a culture necessarily comes from the study of the literary product and technical culture that it represents a field and home to the aspirations of those Culture and its own identity.
To investigate the aesthetics of metamorphosis and to achieve the goal of research, we must transcend the boundaries of theatrical text to go searching for the concept of metaphors, historical, philosophical, intellectual and visual, and how the text of the theater hosted the concept of metamorphosis between the folds and the connection of this concept with the stories of miraculous and irrigated stories of paranormal and superheroes and experiences from the Grotesque to fantasy films Scientific and many ramifications of metamorphosis transformations in existence, science and arts.
The concept of metamorphosis can be traversed as a transformation of the body, which involves what is inside the body, such as self, intellectual and psychological transformations or what is outside the body as changes and transformations of things, places, crises and other organisms.
However, modern translations of Kafka, Gilles Dulloz, Adonis, the supplier, the Oxford dictionary, etc. have been translated into transformations, which include the areas of life in general, and transformations are not as problematic as being problematic, which can not be grasped by their pain and lack of limitation.
The current research included a simplified summary of the research, the methodological framework, and part of the theoretical framework, called the Mitamorphos and its representations in the currents of the theater. This part embraced the old classical and the era of enlightenment and renaissance, and the passage of many literary productions to Shakespeare and the analysis of the storm play.

Violence is one of the most prominent topics that have attracted the attention of a large number of scientists in various social, psychological and literary fields. Violence is not visible unless it has the appropriate ground, which includes the factors and causes of its emergence, whether psychological, social, environmental, cultural, economic or political. Etc. Based on the above, the violence was accompanied by physical or moral violence, and since each person has a personality that distinguishes him from other members of society, some manifest a violent reaction as a result of various forms of violence during his life. The Iraqi character is, of course, a reflection of the image of the community. The individual and the community are twins born together, in the words of Charles Horton Cooley

The subject of the Qur'anic verse is very difficult. The Qur'anic witness is the model presented in distinction in the grammar books - the master of the witnesses and the head; because he approves and exceeds the poetic witness, because it contains different epigraphic references in which the other evidences are almost absent.
The actual sentence in Arabic consists of two main parts: the verb and the verb, since they do not dispense with each other, as there is no action without an actor, and no actor without action or what it means.
Hence, the research is based on the second pillar of the actual sentence, which is the verb that is assigned to it in the sentence, because it is the existing one. It is an explicit or reliable name assigned to the verb. For example, the explicit verb: I have assigned to it a reality, so the strike is a reality of Zaid on Amr, or a believer like the Almighty (And the things that have come to you in the earth are different in color For any people who think) Bees: 13 P (colors) actor did not assign him a direct action, but assigned to him already and is (different), and it must be noted that the study of the actor - the provisions and assets - came in light of the Koranic witness who
I have divided my research into demands, which dealt with the most important elements of the actor so that researchers can access it and take it easier, also included the research conclusion and some of the results and finally a list of sources and references that Azurni research. Work it out.
• Actual sentence.
• actor.

The electronic signature was created to suit the nature of the electronic pillar. This signature became one of the most important tools on which electronic commerce is based. The contracts and electronic editors are documented by this signature instead of the manual for the latter's inconvenience to document these contracts. The method of operation of the electronic signature system varies according to its image. Multiple images surpass conventional signature
Which are numerous and can constantly evolve the new technology in increasing and thus multiple ways of operating the system of each image and different protection from fraud, while not exceeding the images of the traditional signature three images

The fact that we not only find that different structural means used to realize information structure across languages, but also within a single language in an interactive fashion, gives rise to several questions concerning the description of information structure and its realization. A complete answer would not necessarily constitute a theory of the relation between information structure and its possible realization. The issue is not just to be able to describe that information structure is realized by tune or word order, for example. If information structure is to be a universal aspect of sentential meaning, then a theory should be able to explain why a language may avail itself of particular structural indications of informativity, and when it would do so - from a cross-linguistic perspective.

The current research is divided into four chapters, the first of which included the research problem, which was summed up with the question: What is the aesthetics of the place in the artist Rene Magretti graphics Then the importance of research and the need for him, and the goal of research:Identify the aesthetics of the place in the artist Magretti graphics, then the limits of research and determine the terms, either Chapter II (theoretical framework), consisted of two sections:First: the concept of place philosophically Second place in the concept of art
The previous studies and indicators that it ended with the theoretical framework The third chapter included: induction and sample search and search tool, methodology, society, and the analysis of the research sample the (5) technical models of the artist Magretti fees.
The fourth chapter included :Search results, including:
1 .Ichirmagretti to the concept of last place underlying and non-virtual can not be perceptible only by the imagination above the realistic point out that the place of another life hidden obscure where things take recipes illogical assets and turn them into other images as soon as the absence of rights for them. (Whole sample)And conclusions, including:
1-Magretti based artist's work on the combination of photo-realism and the idea unrealistic in the artwork style As well as recommendations and proposals and an index research sources and research summary in English.

The concept of “markedness in the work of Prague school linguists refers to relationships between two complementary or antonymous terms which can be distinguished by the presence of a feature (+a versus -a). Such a position can occur at various linguistic levels. Markedness contrasts for example, can arise at the morphological level, when one of the two words is derived from the other and therefore contains an explicit formal marker such as a prefix (profitable - unprofitable). Markedness contrasts also appear at the semantic level in many pairs of gradable antonymous adjectives, especially scalar ones.

Our contemporary world has seen a number of phenomena and challenges comes at the forefront the knowledge and information revolution which started at an accelerated pace in the scientific and technological fields.
The current research aims at identifying the direction of primary school teachers towards the integration of technology in education in the Center of Babil Governorate
The two researchers adopted a descriptive research approach for associative studies to suit the current research conditions.
In order to achieve the goal of the research , the researchers conducted a questionnaire to measure the trend of primary school teachers towards the integration of technology in education ,as the questionnaire were formed from thirty items , the validity and stability of the list was verified before applying them.
After applying the questionnaire , the following results were obtained:
Look for knowledge correctly .-
Use of technology in education helps students to focus and participate .-
-Technological skills help to take out all the energy and potentials that are available.

The interest of scientists was mostly in the study of the sentence system through the sign and the theory of the worker, and there was no interest in it is called the term (return) despite the existence of some references to it in the old grammatical works.

This study aims to identify the explanatory efforts exerted by the pain of the fundamentalist jurisprudent Imam Yahya Bin Hamza Al-Alawi (d. 789 AH). After Hk~iextrapolating the book of the style, it is referred to as a type by quoting the blessed Qur'anic texts. With Qur'anic texts connected to the legislative aspect. We also see that he has invested in the Koranic texts in the Quranic aspect, as well as many Qur'anic evidence related to the sciences of the Qur'an.



The book of the proverb in the literature of the writer and poet of the son of the ether, the book of the end of the son of Khatib al-Razi 'and the book lamp for the son of Siraj al-Maliki, and the book of the statement of Sheikh Abdul Karim).

The research concluded that the author of the style has the spirit of cash, as he often gathered the views of the scientists who preceded him on an issue, then refutes it and gives his opinion in a convincing manner and compelling arguments, and found in the light of the research and the examination of the words of Al-Alawi that the metaphor reality in the book of the Almighty is According to his opinion is a face miraculous rhetorical, indicating his orders in the Book of God Almighty.
It became clear to us through the research on the miraculous side that Al-Alawi is the first to avoid the miraculous and the Quranic challenge is the first to take great care, so we follow the method of scientific debate in the sense of (ask questions and answer them).

The current research has been contained (the production of ceramics Shiny using a technique (Terra Sigillata)) on four chapters، the first chapter included an explanation of the research problem and its importance and the need for it، as well as the goal of Find It (recognition technology (Terra Sigillata) and used in the production of pottery pieces with effects purely aesthetic)، as separation of research and determine the limits of conventional and procedural definitions، The second chapter includes the theoretical framework، which included (1. Historical introduction، kaolin. 2.، 3. Article dispersed، 4. color in ceramics، 5. color tints.
Chapter III was devoted to view research procedures، which included: 1. the creation of materials، preparation 2. Tina، 3. formation models، clay models paint 4.، 5. burning clay models. The fourth chapter eat 1. Results، 2. discuss the results of the first mixture and the second: Noting that the pieces after burning retained the white layer of shiny and very glossy with the stability of full adhesion of the additive on the surface mud and the lack of Teixrat or cracks or faults as a result of arson or application That is what shows the appropriate Iraqi raw materials such as kaolin، sodium silicate for this type of technology while retaining the same degree of gloss pieces before burning.
The fifth chapter dealt with the conclusions and it was the most important:
1. Adopt the validity of arable land to work on the new emulsion whiteness degree of Tine and the possibility of adding pigments to it.
2. Can some defects in objects exceeded by a good surface coverage.
It is then followed by recommendations and proposals، and concluded Find a list of sources and references.