Journal of Kufa - physics

In this study provides measurement of uranium concentration, radium content and radon
exhalations rates in the sixteen soil samples collected from surface soil for some regions in
Lebanon. Measurements were made, using long-term technique for alpha particles emission
with solid state nuclear track detector type CR-39. The uranium concentration varies from
0.131 ppm to 6.772 ppm with mean values of 1.467 ppm. While, the values of effective
radium content (226Ra) are found to vary from 0.096 Bq /kg to 4.982 Bq /kg with mean values
of 1.079 Bq/kg.
Also, the values of mass exhalation rates of radon vary from Bq /kg. sec to
Bq /kg.sec with a mean value of Bq/ kg.sec, while the surface
exhalation rates vary from Bq/m2
.sec to 72.69 Bq/m2
.sec with a mean
value of 15.74 Bq/m2
.sec. The values of radon exhalation rates and radium content are
found less than the world average value; also the values of uranium concentrations in soil
samples of these areas are close than the values reported by many researchers.

In this research, the effect of Gaussian spatial filter which has coefficient of normative
deviation (a) for different values (a=0.25,0.5,0.75,1) on point spread function (PSF) was
studied by using MathCAD program, it has been derived point spread function for the ideal
optical system or contain focus error (W20=0.25λ,0.5λ,0.75 λ),for set from circular synthetic
apertures (N=4,8,12), the obscured ratio (ε= 0.25,0.5,0.75). The results showed that the high
values of coefficient of normative deviation for Gaussian filter leads to decrease the intensity
in the formed image by existence of obscured synthetic apertures. The increased apertures
number, increase the intensity by the existence of Gaussian filter.

2,7 Dichlorofluorecsien (DCF) dye thin films are deposited on glass substrates by spin
coating. In this study the optical properties of the thin films were studied. The reflectance and
transmittance spectrophotometric measurements have been done in the spectral range from
300nm to 800nm. The transmittance of the prepared thin films is 96% in the long wavelength
>550nm and the reflectance is 9%. Determination of the optical constants such as refractive
index(n=1.65), absorption coefficient(),optical energy gap (Eg=2.18eV) ,Urbach
tail(Et=0.135eV) and dielectric constant in real and imaginary parts(ε1,ε2) in this wavelength
range has been evaluated. Optical and electrical conductivities (opt , e ) of the films have
been done. Further, normal dispersion of the refractive index has been analyzed in terms of
single oscillator model of free carrier absorption to estimate the dispersion and oscillation
energy.

In this paper by using the adaptive filter on subset satellite image from landsat 7
(ETM+).This image taken on March27_2006 that included hur aldalmach by using erdas 8.4
and envi4.3 programs softwares for making filter and statistical (min,max and mean value).
This study shows that combination image after filtering clearer than same image before
filtering.

Surface morphology and optical properties in term of Surface Plasmon Resonance
(SPR) of 4-methylbenzenthiol capped gold nanoparticles using Langmuir-Schaefer (LS)
technique were studied. 1 and 3-layers nanoparticle films with 1mg/ml in concentration have
been prepared. Gold nanoparticles films were annealed at 200oC for 1h. Film’s morphology
and SPR before and after annealing were investigated by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)
and UV-Vis spectrophotometer respectively. After annealing, a drastic change in the shape
and size of the nanoparticles was revealed; however, no significant effect of film thickness on
the gold nanoparticle size was observed. UV-Vis spectra showed reduction in intensity and
decrease in width of SPR peaks as a result to annealing. Blueshift in SPR position has been
observed for both heat treated films.

This study includes measurement of some rheological properties of polyethylene oxide
(PEO) , (polyethylene oxide + Polymethyl methacrylate( (PEO + PMMA ) polymers by using
solvent Dimethylformamide (DMF) at room temperature such as density and shear viscosity.
Other types of viscosities , viscosity average molecular weight and effective molecular radius
were theoretically calculated. These samples were prepared in different concentrations
(0.1,0.2,0.3,0.4,0.5,0.6,0.7,0.8 g/ml) % as solutions then the additive (PMMA) as (0.25 g )
and ( 0.5 g) respectively , where the samples were prepared by liquids mixture . Results
show that there are an increases in the density values , shear viscosity , relative viscosity and
intrinsic viscosity , with increasing concentration of (PEO) before and after adding (PMMA)
polymer. However it was found that the reduced viscosity of (PEO) and its additive are
inversely proportional with concentrations.

Many segmentation methods were proposed to process medical images for diagnosis
purposes. In this work, two stages were achieved to extract tumor region of three MRI sliced
brain images of coronal orientation. Active contour algorithm was implemented as first step to
extract brain matter of T2W_FLAIR modality MRI images for the first time to avoid
interference of tumor gray values with skull. The second stage involved implementing four
segmentation techniques to extract tumor regions. First technique was utilizing contrast
adjustment process after presenting analysis study of this operation to select an adequate gray
level range to be stretched. Second method is an adaptive technique, which is contour based
method, to isolate and extract tumor regions. The third and fourth methods were K-Means
and FCM. The surface and relative surface area of the extracted tumor regions were
calculated. The results of extracting brain matter proved high quality performance of active
contour algorithm with its adaptive initialization element. The adequate gray level range that
deduced from the proposed analysis of contrast adjusting process is [0.6 0.7]. In addition, the
results of the proposed contour based technique present good isolation and extraction of
tumor regions. The four implemented techniques are adequate to extract tumor regions
correctly without overlapping with skull as declared from the results. This work was
implemented by utilizing the facilities of Mat lab programing system.

In present research, ZnO nanorod arrays have been synthesizedsuccessfully by
microwave assisted chemical bath deposition (MA-CBD) method on SiO2 substrate.Structural
and morphological properties were performing by XRD and FESEM, which prove the quality
of prepared ZnO nanorod arrays. Gas sensing measurements for the resulting ZnO nanorod
arrayshave been made by means of data acquisition system. The measurements show high
sensitivity toward acetone vapor at different working temperatures.

Dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) were fabricated from porous cadmium sulfide (CdS)
nanocrystalline thin films. The porous CdS nanostructured thin films were deposited onto
FTO/glass substrates by the chemical bath deposition (CBD) method. The surface
morphology, crystalline structure, and optical properties of the prepared nanocrystalline thin
films were investigated. Rhodamine B, Malachite green, Eosine methylene blue, and Cresyl
violet dyes were used to fabricate the DSSC devices. Comparing by the absorption spectrum
of the prepared porous CdS nanocrystalline films, all dyes showed an absorption peak in the
transparent range of CdS thin films indicating that they are suitable for the preparation of
DSSCs with CdS. Current-voltage (I-V) characteristics showed that the fabricated solar cell
using malachite green dye had the highest conversion efficiency of 0.83% while using
Rhodamine B dye produces a solar cell with lowest efficiency of 0.38%. However, heat
treatment to the fabricated solar cells caused significant enhancement in the output of all
devices.

The importance of this research is to reduce the number of radiotherapy sessions that
are given to patients with brain cancer then result in reducing the side effects of radiation
therapy. This is done by increasing sensitivity enhancement ratio (SER). SER is the ratio of
survival cells to initial cells for irradiation without and with nanoparticles. The direct injection
of nanoparticles into brain tumor considered a perfect method to increase (SER). In this study
gold, gadolinium, silver and titanium nanoparticles were used as radio-sensitizing agents to
increase (SER). The contrast agent loaded to brain tumor interacts with x-ray photons whose
energy ranged from 2MeV to 20 MeV This led to enhance brain radio-sensitivity by
increasing the absorbed dose due to the presence of high absorption coefficient elements. In
this research, we get a percentage of SER from 11.63 to 14.26 depending on the type of
contrast agent.

BSO crystal was subjected to laser radiation with different wavelengths . The effect of
changing degree of polarizer on signals that were recorded when crystal exposed with
continuous -laser beams (532nm ,633nm ) has been discussed . Lasers at 532nm (Nd:YAG)
and 633nm (He-Ne) are used ,and the influence of each type was studied . Pulsed-laser beams
532 nm to exposure BSO crystal was used also .These laser beams have more effect than the
other because of their high intensity.

In this research the energy loss was calculated theoretically by using modified BetheBloch theory. Protons and alpha particle stopping power were calculated in the liquid
composition such as blood(C11H10N3O75Na2S2Cl3K2), water(H2O) and solid elements such as
(Cu,Au) by using Bragg’s Rule for compounds. Also programming the equations by using
(MATLAB) language. the values of Bloch's and Barkas corrections of energy range (0.25-
1000)MeV had been calculated. The calculations were compared with the experimental data
of the SRIM 2012 This comparison showed a good agreement with the experimental data.

Present study concerns on the effect of B/P compound on the electrical properties of the
pure graphene sheet. The calculations are including the electrical conductivity, thermal
conductivity, I-V characteristic and transmission coefficient. These calculations are carried
out using GOLLUM program. We showed that good relax of the studied graphene sheets was
obtained using LDA/SZ DFT at SIESTA - trunk - 462 of program. Electrical and thermal
conductivities of the pure graphene sheet GR1 still the largest, and for the doped, they are of
the order of GR6 ˃ GR5 ˃ GR4. The I-V characteristis were analyzed, and the transmission
coefficient of the pure graphene sheet is higher than that of doped graphene sheets.

In this research , the electrical , physical and structure properties of Zirconium oxide
ZrO2 have been studied as basic , Calcium and Yttrium oxides as dopped materials , By
using hydraulic pressing we made the uniform disks of samples . these samples sintered at
800ºC and socking time 2hr.The XRD potteries of samples showed that the change of
intensity of sample that, dopped with (0.15)wt Y2O3 .The dielectric constant of samples found
the improvement in the value of sample (0.15)wt of Y2O3 doped.

In this work, a comprehensive and short term method has been employed to determine
the radioactive contamination from Gemstones sources available in Iraqi local markets. The
natural gamma ray spectrum analysis technique using HPGe Germanium detector with Genie
2000 program is used to measure the emitted gamma lines from the radioactive isotopes. The
study has covered gamma radiation measurements for (11) selected samples of Gemstones
commonly available in local markets with different sizes and colors and different sources. The
measured results showed critical radiation levels for some samples while for other samples
the radiation levels are less than the acceptable reported radiation levels of the used Gamma
lines measurement system. The results presented in this paper may be useful in studying
Gemstones Radioactive Effects on Human Health.

In this research, radon levels in vegetables samples that collected from local markets
commonly used in Najaf were measured using solid state nuclear track detectors (LR-115
type 2). The results in this research, the average of radon concentrations in samples were
ranged from 24.07±9.37Bq/m3
to 162.96±24.51 Bq/m3
, while the average of specific activity
were ranged from 0.18±0.07 Bq/kg to 1.05±0.15 Bq/kg. It is prove that all vegetables samples
under study were lower than the allowed limited by ICRP and it must be used more detector
in contained to reduced errors. Al last, can be concluded that no healthy effect duo to radon
concentrations in vegetables samples in Najaf according to radiation.