URUK FOR HUMANITIES

The problem of climate change is one of the important challenges facing countries of the world in general, especially countries that do not have the ability to confront these changes, in addition to the severity of their impact. The field of research was the spatial boundaries of the Samawah District in Al-Muthanna Governorate, as it is bordered on the northern side by the (Al-Hilal, Al-Suwayr, Al-Majd), to the east is Al-Khader District, and to the south and southwest is Al-Salman District. Astronomically, the study area is located between two lines of longitude (45° 4' 10.827" E - 45° 32' 15.364" E) and two latitudes (31° 16' 44.998" N - 31° 15' 47.151" N), and the time limits are represented in the years (1993-2008-2023). The study showed that the Samawah district was affected by climate changes, which was reflected in the increase in the area of sand dunes and arid soil from (350.64) km2, by (42.27) % for the year 1993, to (363.39) km2, at a rate of (43.8)% for the year 2023, and the area of sand dunes and barren soils constituted (484.61) km2 in 2008, at a rate of (58.42)%, and the areas of wetlands and vegetation decreased from (126.39) km2, at a rate of (15.24). )% for the year 1993 to (87.94) km2, with a rate of (10.6)% for the year 2023, and the area of wetlands and vegetation in 2008 amounted to (70.5) km2, with a rate of (8.5) %.

The title (risks of drought and methods of confrontation and adaptation to it in Iraq in light of climate changes) In light of the water scarcity resulting from the record low levels of precipitation, mismanagement of water resources, and the decline in water imports into the Tigris and Euphrates rivers from the upstream countries, drought conditions were exacerbated by the risks associated with climate change, which in turn contributed to a decrease in the rate of precipitation, an increase in temperatures and evaporation. all over Iraq .
Iraqi governorates, especially in central and southern Iraq, have witnessed a decline in water supply and quality for several years. Which was reflected in the decline in the production of agricultural crops and livestock, and this in turn affected rural communities that have been affected by conflict and displacement to cities over the past several years and exacerbated during recent years .
What increases the seriousness of the situation in light of the drought and water scarcity the country suffers from, widening desertification, declining agricultural and green areas, low water and food, very high temperatures, and health problems associated with drought. According to the classifications of the United Nations, Iraq is the fifth country in the world most affected by the phenomena of climate change.
From this point of view, the research came to shed light on this growing problem, which is the drought crisis in Iraq, and to identify its causes and risks, ways to confront it, and adapt to it to determine the size of its impact in various ways and means that can be followed in this research, such as water harvesting, investing in arable groundwater, and developing some resistant agricultural crops. For drought and the use of modern irrigation techniques in agriculture and the adoption of a good water management method.

The research aims to track and monitor (temperature trends and rainfall in the Samawa station as an indicator of climate change), in order to identify the patterns of characteristics of its temporal changes as an indicator of climate changes, especially since global warming trends and rainfall amounts and its extremes and the environmental impacts that appear on the water and agricultural reality, as well as the Access to an analysis of the role of climate in changes in agricultural crop productivity and land desertification.
Therefore, multiple time-series and monthly data were used, which are the local meteorological data for the Samawa station, and were represented by the data of the maximum and minimum temperatures and the data of the amounts of rain in order to study their trends. The research relied on the evidence of statistical-climate methods to search for trends and identify their changes, using the analytical method in analyzing the temporally statistical climate data.
The research concluded that there is a clear trend in the rise in temperatures, the percentage of change towards warming in the minimum temperature is (0.052 +), which is greater than the percentage of changes in the maximum temperature (0.038 +) and the amount of rain by (0.487 +). Their changes are explained by an interpretation coefficient of (51, 42, 40)% for the minimum and maximum temperature and rainfall amounts, respectively.
In conclusion, understanding the negative impact of rising temperatures and extreme rainfall with its diminishing indicator is critical. Given the limited water and the emergence of the problem of warming as one of the most important climatic indicators, it is necessary to follow up on climate problems resulting from the change in heat and rain, and pay attention to them when planning environmental, agricultural, health and water resources policies, and reduce them through proactive and obligatory climate adaptation with climate change.

Renewable energy is the most important energy resource in the world. It is the main determinant of development and urbanization in all economic activities. However, the growth rates, production and consumption of fossil energy sources exceeded the rates of growth and production of renewable energy sources exponentially, which caused a significant increase in pollution levels. Here came the need in Iraq to keep abreast of global developments to diversify energy sources, and to start adopting the generation and use of renewable energy as an enhancer and synonym for its traditional sources, of which the country suffers from a large shortage already.
The research dealt with the study of the reality of the distribution of renewable energy in Iraq, including solar energy, water energy, wind energy, and the most important areas that can be exploited to generate solar and wind energy, as well as the most important dams and water projects that can be exploited by generating this energy, with a study of the future of this energy and ways to develop it, so the study suggests investment Renewable energy in Iraq by exploiting large areas by establishing special projects for solar panels and wind turbines, as well as establishing special machines to generate hydroelectric power from the dams of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers to fill the shortfall in the study area.

Climate changes have a great impact on all the elements of life, especially its impact on environmental education, which tries to adapt to the problems that result from these climate changes, which are represented by a change and disturbance in the usual climatic conditions such as temperature, winds, and a change in wind directions as well as its speed or through its impact on all water resources, whether Whether it is surface water or its effect on the types of precipitation (rain and snow), all of this is reflected, in particular, on the health of the surrounding environment, which may therefore threaten human safety and health, whether directly or indirectly. Therefore, it is necessary to follow new and modern strategies with regard to education. Environment and trying to include it within the Iraqi curricula and at all educational levels (kindergarten, elementary, intermediate, preparatory, colleges) because of its great impact on the safety and health of the community and protecting it from the spread of diseases transmitted by consuming contaminated water or food In addition, there are many studies that have proven that environmental education is necessary to protect the environment in which man plays the leading role in its deterioration.

Climate fluctuations (Climatic is one of the most important issues facing the environment in the province of Babylon, due to the direct impact caused by these fluctuations and oscillations in threatening the diversity of ecosystems and other living organisms, including plants and pollinators, so the current study aimed to study the reality of climate oscillation in the province of Babylon, and to identify the extent of its impact on the biodiversity necessary for livelihoods, as the governorate includes a variety of plants and animals. Therefore, climate fluctuation is defined as climatic conditions between years, that is, in the same months and seasons between one year and another, for example, the variation in the amounts of precipitation, temperatures and other elements of climate between year and year, that is, during a particular month or season.

In view of the global significance of renewable energy sources, due to the lack of environmental pollutants in them, unlike fossil energy sources, it has become necessary to move towards investing it effectively, in accordance with nature of the global tendency for that, and because Al-Muthanna Governorate possesses geographical and natural factors represented by the levelness of the surface and the abundance of Large areas suitable for this, and human resources represented by material capabilities, technical progress and manpower, make it possible to invest the energy of wind movement to generate electric power, in order to fill the shortfall in it, which amounted to (450 megawatts) out of (1000 megawatts) that represented the total consumption of electrical energy In the province for the year (2022), and reducing dependence on polluting fossil energy sources, the research is divided into three sections. Electricity production in the province, and the study brings forth a variety of results and proposals, which represent the most appropriate solution to the research problem from the researcher's account.

This study aims to know the extent of the possibility of investing and exploiting solar energy in Qadisiyah Governorate in order to produce electrical energy through solar radiation and through solar thermal and photovoltaic systems with clean energy and non-polluting of the environment. If it is possible to exploit this source in order to invest in the production of electrical energy, since the study area is located within the desert climate, which is characterized by high solar and thermal radiation, this radiation can be exploited in the production of electrical energy, if it is relied on meteorological data regarding solar radiation in Diwaniyah station from the year (2002-2022) In order to extract the amount of total and diffuse radiation, if it was found through quantitative and statistical analysis that the annual average amount of solar radiation for the aforementioned period amounted to (17.04) MJ/m2/day, while the annual rate of diffuse solar radiation was (6.3) MJ/m2/day, While the rate of direct solar radiation resulting from the difference between total solar radiation and diffuse solar radiation amounted to (10.51) megajoules / m 2 / day, and these large quantities of solar radiation make it possible to establish and invest solar rays in order to invest in the process of generating electric power based on renewable sources and reduce the Reliance on electric power based on fossil fuels, Because the study area suffers from frequent interruptions and irregularity in the supply of electric current, so the possibility of exploiting this energy is very possible and has the ability to fill the shortage of electric current at the local level of the study area.

After that, the oil on the spot that appears when entering the area in which it appears is used, after applying the foundation on the basis of precipitation. The operations of its calculations in real projects that lead to the desired results in the methods and calculations of the water balance, were varied according to secrets and time distances. Where these rates are And the matter became more important, what is its importance and importance, that is, the water balance accounts for economic activities and the economic zone and the related activities for the population of Iraq.
This study This study (Climate Water Balance of Mosul and Al Kut stations) to contribute with other studies in determining the amount of water needed for irrigation and estimating the size of the irrigation need and what is related to it.

The climatic elements represented by solar radiation and wind are among the most important climatic elements that can be exploited in the event of their suitability in generating electrical energy in Iraq and the study area, and the subject of renewable energy represented by solar radiation and wind energy is one of the important topics because of the largest role of these sources in moving the wheel of the economy and economic growth of the countries of the world in general and Iraq and the study area in particular, As well as what these sources are characterized by being environmentally friendly and are not exposed to depletion, unlike fossil fuels represented by coal, oil and natural gas, especially since the study area has some potential that can be exploited because it has a large area, as it represents the second largest area for the provinces of Iraq, which makes it an open theater for wind gusts, as well as receiving large amounts of solar radiation as a result of high temperatures during the long summer, And the length of the day, as the hours of solar brightness reach 14 hours.

The research aims to study housing projects and their impact on the sustainable urban development of the city of Samawah. The research includes a definition of some concepts related to the concept of urban development and sustainability. Given the multiplicity of aspects related to the role of housing projects in achieving sustainable urban development, the focus has become on two main aspects. The first is related to social considerations, specifically the role of housing projects. In providing housing and reducing the severity of the housing deficit that the city suffers from and containing the excessive increase of its population, and the importance of providing infrastructure services and its contribution to serving the residents of housing projects, while the other is the role of housing complexes by applying environmental sustainability standards, specifically reducing energy use by choosing appropriate designs and adopting Appropriate building technology, as well as the adoption of other environmental controls and standards. The research also touched on urban services, including education, health and entertainment, and their availability in projects and meeting the needs of their residents. The research also adopted the analytical method and data were drawn from the field study. The most important of them came that environmental sustainability standards must be applied, specifically reducing energy use by selecting appropriate designs and adopting appropriate building technology, as well as adopting other environmental controls and standards.

Al-Muthanna Governorate, in particular, is one of the Iraqi governorates most affected by climatic changes and the accompanying great environmental problems, including, in particular, the exacerbation of the problem of desertification, which affected three quarters of the area of the governorate, especially in recent years, as it became according to it large areas of land by virtue of (bad lands). Other areas are considered agricultural lands, which increased the suffering of the population and posed a great threat to the economic, food and environmental security of the governorate, so the problem of desertification due to climate changes is one of the big and dangerous problems that threaten large areas of the governorate’s land. In addition, the thing that exacerbated this problem is the decline in the amount of rainfall and the scarcity of the water supply in the Euphrates River, in addition to the high rate of evaporation, and the accompanying large water deficit over recent years, so this study came to shed light on the role of climate changes in Exacerbation of the problem of desertification in the province and the auxiliary and underlying causes behind it.

There are geostrategic and geopolitical effects of climate change that have made it a global issue that haunts most of the countries of the world, especially the countries of the south, which have suffered the greatest damage at the political, economic and social levels resulting from the exacerbation of the drought problem and its repercussions on water and food security, in addition to various human activities, which led to the establishment of regional and international actors By making exceptional efforts to confront this problem that threatens the population of the Earth in general by holding several international conferences on the problem of climate change, most notably the Rio Conference in 1992 and the Kyoto Conference in 1997, and the most recent is the Katowice Conference in Poland in 2018, which aimed to find effective solutions to it by pressing the countries that emit the most greenhouse gases, especially the major industrial countries, and force them to sign international agreements to reduce human activities that threaten the ecosystem on the globe in general by adopting modern environmentally friendly technologies, and accordingly this study came to reveal what that problem

Water resources are one of the natural resources that have a fundamental role in shaping most of the elements of life, as they can only function through it, so water security is one of the important and vital studies that require special attention due to its important role as the backbone of life, as well as studying the problems and changes it is exposed to and trying to find Appropriate solutions to those problems, foremost of which are climate changes, whether through the amount of precipitation or surface water supplies and the consequent effects of them on the rise in sea level and the increase in salinity in groundwater, or through the influence of temperatures and their variation between seasons of the year and their effects On water resources, whether surface water or its impact on the types of precipitation (rain and snow) as well as its impact on groundwater for that, and in order to secure the increasing needs of that important resource, therefore strategies must be found to control the effects of these climate changes and try to control them

The climatic effects of the Atlantic oscillations led to the widening of the spatial extension, the thermal differences between land and water, and the interactions of the general circulation of the atmosphere, all of which contributed to the formation of different pressure systems. It will lead to bipolar patterns Research problem: To what extent can the Atlantic oscillations affect the global climate.
Research hypothesis: The Atlantic oscillations have significant effects on the global climate.
Research objective: The research aims to reveal the most prominent climatic and marine effects left by the Atlantic vibrations on the countries of the world.

This research argues that European energy security was and still is subject to Russian hegemony, especially in natural gas supplies, and that the data of the Russian invasion of Ukraine at the beginning of 2022 put it in a more critical situation than before, despite the shy European attempts to achieve it. The Russian invasion of Ukraine contributed to a tenfold increase in energy prices, including natural gas, in 2022, due to a 74% drop in exports in the third quarter of the same year. In contrast, gas consumption amounted to an estimated 59.3 billion cubic meters. In fact, European countries face a number of challenges in the field of dependence on natural gas, perhaps the most prominent of which is the acute shortage in the field of private infrastructure for converting natural gas into liquefied gas, not to mention the futility of supplying liquefied gas from external sources due to the large quantities that European countries need. It can be said It is inevitable that it is necessary to rely on new sources of energy that make it safe from any case of external provocation, whether by diversifying in external sources and finding alternatives to Russia, or by investing in alternative energy sources.

The impact of climate change is one of the most important causes of water scarcity and drought that Iraq suffers from in general, especially the central and southern regions, which are the most affected, including Al-Muthanna Governorate. The amounts of precipitation led to a decrease in the discharges of the Euphrates River in the study area from (449) m3/sec in 1978 to (111.2) m3/sec in 2022, noting that the rain contributes to feeding the Iraqi rivers by (42-49%) of the total sources. other nutrition, There is no doubt that this huge decrease in the amount of expenditures affected the various sectors of development, especially agricultural, including plant and animal, as well as its impact on the health aspects, and climate changes caused a continuous and noticeable rise in temperatures, as the increase reached 2 degrees during the study period In addition to the increasing frequency of dust storms and the lack of precipitation, which contributed to the lack of natural vegetation and the increase of desertified areas, and thus the problems of water scarcity constitute the biggest challenge facing the development plans in the province.

The study of spatial and temporal variation in climate characteristics for three regions represented by three climate stations (the Abbasid Al-Mishkhab network) within the administrative borders of the Najaf Governorate is one of the important studies that clarify the difference in the climatic factor that directly or indirectly affects the Najaf Governorate.
The study area is affected, like any region of the world, by a set of fixed and variable factors and controls. These factors lead, in one way or another, to the variation of natural characteristics spatially and temporally. Among the most prominent of these factors is the astronomical location of the study area and the inland continental geographical location far from bodies of water... Also, Local factors such as low terrain, small and very few green spaces compared to the area of the large study area, as well as the shape of the surface and its dry sandy desert nature, the dry plateau, the lack of water bodies and their small size, as well as the characteristics of other climatic elements, especially temperatures, relative humidity and evaporation values, are all factors that were controlled in a way. And another in contrast, disparity, anomaly, fluctuation and extremes in the amounts of rain and the timing of its fall. This vital topic has occupied and continues to occupy the minds of many interested researchers, scientists and various scientific specializations, including climatologists. Especially with what is happening in the world, including the area of our study, of changes, fluctuations, and clear spatial and temporal variations in the various climatic elements that have become different within the geographical area of one country, as they are different in northern Iraq than in its center and south, and we find the difference within the Al-Najaf Governorate for three climate stations located at great distances. Not relatively far.

Vast environmental changes have arisen in Arab cities due to excessive and irrational consumption of natural resources in response to economic and social developments and increasing urban growth, which has intensified with climate change.
In this context, this research aims to diagnose the different factors influencing the occurrence of environmental changes in many Arab cities from a geographical point of view, highlighting certain cities, namely: Annaba (Algeria), Alexandria (Egypt), Aqaba (Jordan) and Basra (Iraq), trying to discover the repercussions and analyze the various discrepancies in the different planning policies and environmental empowerment measures

The research was interested in showing the amount of change (the percentage of change during the study period) and its direction for the frequency of tropical nights TR20 (one of the indicators developed by ETCCDI) and the distribution of the amount of change geographically over the study area (Iraq) during the transitional seasons of the year. The research also focused on analyzing the data of the European Center for Medium Range (temperatures) ECMWF (for the period 1977-2020), as the tropical nights index was divided into temperature (20.1-25)°C and (25.1-30)°C from in order to obtain more detailed results.
Through the research, it was found that the highest amount of change (percentage change during the study period for tropical nights) with a temperature of (20.1-25) ° C reached 137.28% and it was in the autumn season, and the highest amount for nights with a degree (25.1-30) ° C reached 254.76 % and it was in the fall as well. As for the minimum temperature for nights with a temperature (20.1-25)°C, it reached -21.12% for the spring season, and the lowest for the temperature (25.1-30)°C for tropical nights amounted to 40.48% in the spring season, and the trend of change was positive for the autumn seasons. and spring. It is clear from the distribution maps of the amount of change that the trend towards an increase in the index of tropical nights was towards the northern region, except for the temperature (25.1-30)°C for the spring season. (Points A,C,D). The sig values of statistical significance were significant for all study points for the temperature (25.1-30) °C for the two transitional seasons, but they varied for the temperature (20.1-25) °C.

The climate is one of the most important resources of the natural environment, but this natural resource has undergone a number of changes during the last decades of the twentieth century, which aroused the interest of scientists to carry out scientific studies and research in order to reach its causes, and it was found that the phenomenon of global warming and the expected climate changes were the result of this It can be considered one of the most important problems of the age because of its climatic effects on the environment in which we live.
Climate changes also have negative effects and significant environmental repercussions on the environmental and agricultural reality, as it has a significant impact on production and productivity in the world in general and Iraq in particular. The phenomenon of desertification and the activity of dust phenomena in most regions of the world, as well as in Iraq, as it has a large desert area estimated at between (55-65%) of the total area, in addition to the emergence of soil salinity, its erosion, its lack of vegetation cover, the reduction of cultivated areas and the extinction of some strategic crops, which has an impact on The reality of productivity and thus affects food security in Iraq as a problem

In fact, the world today is going through a very large number of crises compared to previous years, and perhaps the most prominent of these crises and developments are the wars taking place in some countries, such as the Ukrainian-Russian war and its political and economic repercussions that continue to this day, in addition to other global political and economic turmoil that It affects, in one way or another, all countries of the world. But recently there has been a serious crisis facing the entire world, and perhaps among those global crises is the crisis of climate change and its dangerous repercussions, especially on the economic field and even its political manifestations. In addition, the international community is aware of the seriousness of this matter, so the governments of different countries take different measures, methods and strategies to stop or reduce the risks of climate change, and then hold many periodic international conferences and forums regarding climate change, and at least come up with recommendations that reduce this global impact