Journal of Kufa - physics

Springs are Creating when the water table intersects the land surface and water flows onto the
surface. Springs considered the main water for human living, when the surface water is rare or
unavailable. This research is a trial to find the source and origin of Hit-Kubasa city springs (W-Iraq),
and the relationship between springs and ground water. Springs are found at the eastern edge of the
western desert, and extended to about 20 kilometer from Hit to Kubasa city. Hydrochemistry of the
springs Shows high salinity and very hard water. Water type of Hit-Kubasa springs is Mg-Ca-Nachloride. The origin of sprigs is marine origin. Also the springs are Cl-Ca water type.
According to Sulins (1975) classification , water springs reflects the marine origin of water bearing
formation and long period of marine deposits, so the marine water have been subjected to different
diagenetic processes. Source of Hit-Kubasa springs is marine water that has been left during the
deposition.

In this paper, Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR)controller is applied to the attitude
stabilization control of Kufasat. Using the linearized equations of motion for a rigid body in
space, the linearized stability, effectiveness and robustness of a linear quadratic regulator (LQR)
control design were compared with that of a Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) control
design. The detailed design procedure of the LQR controller is presented. Simulation results
show that precise attitude control is accomplished and the time of satellite maneuver is shortened
in spite of the uncertainty in the system.

The usage the a new type of micro optic concentrator that collects the sunlight from
hundreds of small aperture lenses within a micro-lenses array and concentrates the sunlight
on PV slices. A ray tracking has been performed by using ZEMAX-EE sequential analysis
software to model and optimize the efficiency of the micro lenses-array concentrator.
A new model for array of lenses concentrator is designed and simulated. This concentrator
consists of array of micro lenses to focus solar light on four rectangular slices of photovoltaic
Si solar cell. The design aims to reduce the cost of the concentrators by reducing the effective
area of the high cost silicon material area and simplifying the structure of the system.
This design has high relative illumination efficiency and that indicate a good illumination
distribution which improves solar cell efficiency. The results show that micro lenses array
concentrator can works well over such a large range in acceptance angles and wavelengths,
therefore; this concentrator does not needs to accurate to tracking sun through the daytime
which simplifies the design and reduces the total cost of the system.

Astronomical refraction addresses ray-bending effects for objects outside the earth’s
atmosphere in relation to an observer within the atmosphere. In this paper is a study of the
Atmospheric refraction and its effect on the light coming from celestial body by using
Astronomic Refraction model above Kufa Astronomical Observatory at different zenith
angles and different weather conditions. These weather parameters were collected from the
weather link station of the observatory.
The results are perfect agreement with other models

In this paper the ground state for ions has been studied by using
Hartree-Fock wave function, the total energy, kinetic energy, potential energy, radial expectation
values 〈
〉 , We found the Hartree-Fock ground energy of Na9+
= -114.231
hartree, of the Mg10+
= -136.605 hartree and Eh of the Al11+
= -160.993hartree. the total ground
state energy gives results a good agreement with other results published.

Oxidation method was used to prepare nanostructure of cupric oxide (CuO) film. Thin film of
Copper metal were deposited on substrate (quartz) in a thermal vacuum evaporator. The
thickness of the film was measured to about 20 µm. The thermal oxidation of this evaporated
film was done in a horizontally heated quartz furnace at temperature (400°C) in air for 4 hour.
The product was tested by X-ray diffraction pattern (XRD), Fourier transfer infrared (FTIR)
spectrometer, The surface properties was characterized using scanning electron
microscopy(SEM),UV–vis spectrometer ,the average crystal diameter derived from the XRD
data analysis is found to be 27nm and completely converts this Cu film to tenorite structure with
composition of CuO with peak appeared at 2θ equal to 35.5˚, 38.7˚.
The conversion was also confirmed by the FTIR spectrometer measurement. The UV–vis
spectrum of the material shows significant amount of blue-shift in the band gap energy(Eg) and
is found to be 3.82eV due to the quantum confinement effect exerted by the nanocrystals.

Many worker in radiation field are expose to different doses of ionization rays
. one of this ray is X-ray . The instruments that produce X-ray are available in
hospitals. In this project we measure exposure dose due to X-ray instrument in alsader medical city in Al najaf city . Our measurements were done to determine the
exposure dose by using RAD-CHECKTM PLUS equipment for different time
intervals and different locations in the unit . The obtained results show the values of
exposure dose for workers in X-ray unit and patients are within the permitted limits .

This work deals with structural and electronic properties of trifluoroborane-carbonyl
BF3-CO as a donor-acceptor molecular system. B3LYP density functional theory was
employed with various basis sets to calculate some structural and electronic properties for
this system. The calculations include the bond length and angles between atoms, and some
electronic properties of the studied compound were investigated include the total energy,
electronic states, electron affinity, chemical hardness, softness and electrophilic index. The
results show that 6-31G (d, p) level of theory gave good agreement values of geometrical
parameters with experimental data in compared with other levels.

The secondary group (Nitrate NO3, Boron B and Fluoride F) with group of Trace
elements (Cadmium Cd, Lead Pb, Manganese Mn, Iron Fe, Cupper Cu, Zinc Zn, Nickel Ni
and Chromium Cr) of Inorganic category are tested in water wells of Alton Kubri Basin to
get suitability for human and agricultural consumption. Result shows the concentration of
No3 is more than recommended limits at Nabi- awa, kuchuk bibani, qalwazi and Buyukhisar groundwater wells. The concentration of Boron in water wells of Nabi-awa and Zardic
shows enrichment above the recommended limits in some months of year. The concentration
of Nickel is also higher than the recommended limit in water wells of Dobozni, Qalwazi and
Buyuk-hisar wells. Study is illustrated enrichment in the concentration as above reputation
of water wells at local area only. The source of enrichment for Nitrate NO3, Boron B and
Nickel Ni is originated from the agricultural activities and the natural occurrence of these
elements in the rocks consists aquifer.

Theoretical B3LYP/6-31G (d, p) density functional theory has been employed
to examine the structural properties of donor-bridge-acceptor molecular system and
determine the energies. The electronic states of the system have been calculated
depend on Koopman's theorem under the orbital-vertical theory.
The results show that the functional used in the description of the studied
molecular system has been proved its validity in calculating the HOMO and LUMO
energies and it is a suitable for studying the geometry optimization for the organic
molecular system, there are localized orbitals in different parts of the D-B-A
molecular system in which that satisfy important property for the D-B-A system to
show rectification.

In this research we calculated the important atomic properties such as Hartree- Fock energy of
1S shell for the ions Si+12
, P
+13,S+14,Cl+15 ,Ar+16 and K+17 ,Also we found the values the energies in
hartree unit (-187.358095,-215.73959,-246.114628,-278.482499,-312.858707,-349.23) hartree
respectively .All the studied atomic properties were normalized and we used the atomic units in our
calculations .

Some radial atomic properties have been obtained using two electron density function
(r1,r2) in order to solve Hartree-Fock equations using slater type orbitals for Li-atom in
different excited states (1s2
2P , 1s2
3S and 1S2
3P) using partitioning technique within the
individual electronic shells of different configuration of Li-atom in position states. Radial
expectations values for one electron
and two electrons


, correlation
coefficients and and electron density at the nucleus have been calculated for
these states of the same atom.

The aim of research is study The spectral properties (absorption and fluorescence) for
Fluorescein Sodium dye by solving it in Ethanol ,at different concentrations (5*10-5
,7*10
-5
,1*10-4 , 5*10-4 , 7*10-4 ) mol/L at room temperature . The intensity of absorption
increased and fluorescence decreased while concentration increases with agreement of
Beer – Lambert Law. The absorption spectrum has been observed when it taken a wide
spectral range, so when increased the concentration each peak shifted to a long
wavelength. The fluorescence spectrum followed and entirely the same as absorption
spectrum, so increase concentration shifted peaks to long wave length too.
The quantum efficiency of the dissolved Fluorescein Sodium dye in Ethanol has been
calculated for the same above concentration were (88%,85%,70%,55%,53%) respectively.
In addition to the radiative life time was (0.55,0.91,1.3,3.67,5 )ns and the fluorescence life
time (0.49,0.77,0.9,2.03,2.75 )ns respectivel

We studied some atomic properties of the like ions of the Beryllium atom (B+1,C+2and
N
+3
ions) in the closed shells by using Hartree – Fock (HF) wave function, so we
calculated Hartree – Fock energy HF (non – relativistic energy) by using Math CAD
(professional 2001i) where (B+1= 24.238hartree, C+2= 36.408hartree and
N
+3=51.0832hartree). Then compared these results with some experimental results.

The aim of this project is to determine the amount of the dose absorbed by skin of the
staff and students while they are working in nuclear physics lab. and to determine
whether they are in safe side or not .
The parameters that which are studied in this project are the exposure time ,the distance
from radioactive source and the activity of radioactive gamma ray source ,where two
radioactive sources are involved in this study are CO60 (1.25 Mev) and Cs137 (0.266 Mev)
.This project show that all of the studied parameters have significant effect on the skin
absorbed dose whether it's in the positive or negative side.

In this work numerical simulation of the Earth magnetic field at college science of
Kufa University and neighboring region have been investigated by using WMM2010
model . This region located at north of Kufa city and called Al-Qezwenea (Lat.=
32.1264-32.1048 N, Long.= 44.3556-44.3844 E in degree and altitude 25-32 m above
sea level ) and featured by Agricultural area and sandy soil . WMM2010 model
dependent on the data provided from ØRSTED and CHAMP satellites and the
result converted to the contour map by using kriging method to find the
characteristics of Earth magnetic elements ( total intensity (F), horizontal intensity
(H), declination (D), inclination (I), the north component(X),the east
component(Y),and Down component(Z) ).

In this work, the nonlinear dielectric constant due to the relativistic electron motion by the high
intense laser beam has been derived. From this, one can evaluate the effect of longitudinal external
magnetic field in comparison with transverse external magnetic field on relativistic self focusing of
laser beam inside collisionless plasma. Theoretical and numerical calculations show that the increase
in the values of external magnetic field, in both cases, lead to the laser beam self focusing is faster
and stronger. Furthermore, for fixed values of magnetic field, the self focusing of laser beam in
existence of transverse external magnetic field is greater comparing with longitudinal external
magnetic field case.

The atomic properties are important to describe of the dynamics in atoms
for the two-electron atomic systems studied in this work include the neutral
atom O, F and Ne ,Hartree-Fock wave functions are used to determine the
atomic properties like one electron radial density function D(r1)and its
expectation value ,inter electron distribution function f(r12) and its
expectation value , two electron radial density function D( r1,r2 ),
standard deviation for one and two electrons ,expectation values for
all energies , , ,

In this search we measurement Radon gas concentration in the soil of holy positions in
Annajaf Alashraf city. We choice it for honorable position in all the world and, because
millions of peoples and religious sciences students visit it. we selected 23 positions .by using
a short-term way in modern technology its (RAD7) to measured concentration for depths
(10,30,50,70)cm in all the holy positions.
All the concentration in position studies within the range allowed of the global.

In this research work a hybrid composite material have been prepared contains one
matrix which is unsaturated polyester resin(UNPE) and fabricated fibers, a hybrid composite
materials that were prepared are:
A hybrid composite material consists of unsaturated polyester resin(UP) as a matrix
reinforced with two different fabricated fibers(EF(W.R) +KF(W.R))(H1).
A hybrid composite material consists of unsaturated polyester resin(UP) as a matrix
reinforced with two different fabricated fibers(EF(W.R) +CF(W.R))(H2).
A hybrid composite material consists of unsaturated polyester resin(UP) as a matrix
reinforced with three different fabricated fibers(EF(W.R)+CF(W.R)+KF(W.R)).
The volume fraction for all hybrid composite material is 30%. All samples related to
mechanical tests were prepared by hand layup process in preparation the hybrid molds. A
mechanical tests (impact) were done for the three samples.
The results were compared among each other. Also, the effect of the exposure time of the
ultraviolet(uv)on impact strength were studied for the above samples.
The results shows that as the exposure time increases the impact strength decreases for
all prepared samples