JOURNAL OF ADMINISTRATION AND ECONOMICS

Emerged problem of food security since multiple times, and still human so far largely concerned with the process of securing food that of the most serious problems facing the world today, the fact that this problem does not present a challenge only the economic system but to all social, political, and security systems, as no food will the occurrence of famines and thus the lack of security and economic stability and food.
The problem lies in the lack of agricultural and allied sectors to meet the requirements of food security to ensure that no accrued depletion financial resources from oil revenues to import food commodities to fill the shortfall in the food supply capacity.
Providing local market requirements of food commodities and food security achieve have a deep impact on the balance of trade impact.
Shows through the results have been validated hypothesis, to satisfy the local market requirements of food commodities locally affect the trade balance. As will as low self-sufficiency rate and then the rate of food security in Iraq, as a result of the low percentage of contribution of the agricultural sector in the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Due to lower of cultivated areas in Iraq, resulting from the challenges faced by Iraq's agricultural sector.

The fundamental relationship between the liquidity preference (the liquidity preference as a percentage of nominal gross domestic output) and the rate of inflation indicated a lot of monetary theories and determined public behavior in keeping the liquidity according liquidity is by to price changes and the level of gross domestic money supply determined by the monetary authorities in the economy, and I disagree Economists often in the causes of inflation and its result with to monetary Quantity (money supply and liquidity preference) and talked a lot of them about the nature of the relationship between monetary Quantity motivational gold assets, starting from David Hume through Irving Fisher and ending Milton Friedman, in the beginning of the last century exchange equation appeared, the nearest to the mathematical formula or matched calculation of monetary theory, are considered exchange equation to Irving Fisher or equation saw the light to the relationship between money and inflation in the form of a mathematical formula procedural then evolved a lot this equation or formula by all economists Peugeot and Alfred Marshall and Keynes and Milton Friedman and others. The study of the relationship between the liquidity preference as a percentage of nominal GDP and the rate of inflation in the Iraqi economy were in with the theoretical and money approach emphasized research on the stability of the effect of inflation on the liquidity preference existence of long-run equilibrium-term relationship between the inflation rate and liquidity preference narrow and broad sense rate , judging from the fact that price changes and generally causes monetary the results of these price changes are in money terms represented the impact of price changes on the preference liquidity ratio through long Syndrome term with some distortion in the short run , it is natural to stay the relationship between the liquidity preference by virtue of its impact rebound toward price changes specific traces on output and employment levels in the economy and the consequent new imbalances in the economy in the short term could lead to new balances in the long run .

This study aims to analyze the contribution of decentralized system in the development of restructuring Iraq's financial market, and to highlight the impact of the use of the electronic trading system on the performance of the Iraqi stock market (during the period 2004 to 2013) represented in the trading volume and number of transactions executed in the Iraqi market has shown results obtained In this study, the use of modern electronic systems as an alternative to traditional systems and the number of transactions in the Iraqi market transactions, this system aims to restructure the capital of Iraq market on new foundations developed will enhance confidence and attractiveness of this market so as to ensure the provision of more disclosure and transparency and the protection and justice in dealing With investors

The problem with current research ires in the letters addressed to the internal partners for from the various contact sources can be mixed and leads to confused about the image of the organization and wish that his conception of the partners becomes their relationship to relationship with them temporary and marginal non-profitable, because the importance of understanding the integrated marketing communications requirements lies in the focus towards its partners and how to address them and unify their messages against them and draw their attention in order to achieve satisfaction and then win their loyalty and maintain them to become part of the organization through a good relationship with them and management excellence compared to rival organizations. Was chosen as the government banks - Rafidain and Rasheed and their branches - deployed in the capital, Baghdad, brought together nearly (117) members of Director and Deputy Director representing the research community, was selected from this community (73) individuals as a sample deliberate a rate of 61% of the total community.
Find and sought to achieve a number of goals was the possibility of reaching a deeper understanding of the subject of integrated marketing communications and the extent of their relationship and their impact on the internal management partner government to government relations banks in Iraq, and any of dimensions with greater impact.
The search to find a set of conclusions was the most important of the following:
1-There is no indication that the surveyed banks able to secure continuous contact and communication with the interior environment and its partners to address the entrants and influence them through the consolidation of the activities of marketing communications channels to deliver information to them and find out their opinions and become unable to discover the true intentions. [
In light of this research offers a set of recommendations from the next most importan :
1- should the surveyed banks departments to reconsider strategies and policies of communication with entrants partners and address the current reality through the development of the activities of communication tools unite together a common strategy and strengthen each other and talk to them with one voice and to coordinate high.

The research seeks to determine the relationship (correlation and effect) between organized civilization and strategic performance on a sample of the Ministry of Finance staff, The interest of the Ministry to strengthen the Organization's culture contributes to the possibility of strengthening the strategic performance and then achieve success and service good to the Feasibility of Something unique by which the company win On the other Rivals and thus Achieve Success, to the lack of study on the relationship Among these variables, the researchers sought to present their research to include these variables within a holistic framework in an attempt to study the relationship between them.
In general, research attempts to answer the following questions:
1. Is there a clear perception among managers in the ministry under discussion about the importance of organized civilization?
2. Is there a clear perception among managers in the ministry under the concept and dimensions of strategic performance?
3. Nature of the relationship (correlation and impact) between organized civilization and strategic performance in the ministry under discussion?
The research found a set of conclusions, including
- The presence of a significant correlation between the organization and the civilization of strategic performance in the ministry center under discussion.
- The existence of a significant effect of the civilization of the organization in strategic performance in the ministry under discussion
Depending on the findings of the research has provided a number of proposals are consistent with these findings....

This research tackles two important variables at organizational thinking level and strategic level, (that strategic orientation and chaos theory practices ), the researcher aims through the statistical analysis to find the nature of the relationship between two variables, we conduct our study in public sector represented the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research. our sample consist of (37) from top management in this ministry (ministry adviser, Deputy Minister, head of University, assistant head of University , general managers). We employ a questionnaire designed according to international standards, there was (48) items in this questionnaire covered the variables of research, We ues several statistical tools such as means , coefficient of variation, standard deviation, correlation coefficient (Spearman) we find that Vision and Mission of Ministry , university and setting levels are characterized by lack of focus as a result of much words according to the results of this study we put some recommendations that can address these result. One of our recommendation is the necessity of disseminate the concepts of chaos theory, especially for top management due to its importance in understanding the systems evolution movement and the reflection of the impact of their concepts on the reality of organizations and its future.

The research to aims highlight the extent of the impact of increasing pollution leading to significant environmental problems resulting industrial processes for the production of chemical products, and from here emerged the research problem which threatens human safety and the environment, therefore the industry chemical products may have negative effects not only within the geographic area of the company discussed (Al Furat chemical industries) but can exceed the regional and global ocean pollution sometimes, In order to try to give the company discussed an opportunity to apply an environmental management system in General, and show the ability of the tool to study life-cycle assessment (LCA) in the evaluation of chemical products has been dealing with the search variables (environmental management systems, life cycle assessment method) on the basis of providing a practical framework resulting from the interaction of these variables can be applied in the company discussed the difficulties encountered in Application of the environmental management system, and the research was conducted at Al Furat chemical industries as chemical products from more polluting substances to the environment, and research tools the adoption life cycle assessment method by applying technical program SimaPro V0.7.1.8 to identify and assess impacts and environmental damage resulting from the chemical products company, concluded, inter alia, research findings have revealed that a sulfuric acid is most problematic in the generation of pollution and depletion of natural resources, non-renewable energies, With double the company's attention by applying programs on environmental aspects and impacts, and the most important recommendations of the importance of emission measuring equipment installed and read rates of pollution with the need to find solutions to the problems of solid waste landfill within the company through coordination with the relevant authorities for the safe disposal of its adverse health effects on humans and their environment .

The purpose of the research is to build a measure of organizational terrorism organizations, of higher education, and a sample of appointed officer of professors has been concern in the exclusively strength (30) teachers in a number of colleges and institutes of foundation of technical education, central to work out the scale and clarity of its statement, explored their views through a questionnaire was constructed after the inventory of intellectual production of a number of researchers in the writings of international terrorism and terrorism and extract forms of terrorism and its components and dimensions the main terms that are close to him, the existing Curriculum-Based Research and Analysis to reach, goals Search for contains a number of implicit curriculum, as well as Non-Parametric statistical tools used to analyze the data in order to conduct tests of validity and reliability and consistency of scale, after tests confirmed the arbitrators (honesty and truthfulness virtual content) and by the experts in the field of jurisdiction, came out with a scale consisting of (74) a paragraph covering the types and components of terrorist practices.

This research seeks to show the impact of The Effect of Quality of Service in Improving the Profitability of the Organization. The problem of research is summarized in the result of the circumstances in which our country passes since the early (ban of flight travels) and the imposing of the embargo which includes the whole country that has generated a shortage in the marketing orientation of the organization (Iraqi Airlines Company), and consequently low level of profit in a changing atmosphere. The whole and the research sample Has been selected the Ministry of Transport to the whole research while The research sample consists of 150 people, including (40) had distributed to the personnel of the General Company of Iraqi Airways and (110) were distributed to passengers trips Airlines Iraqi and used a variety of means and statistical tools that appropriate to the nature of information and as a result addressed to use data analysis system (SPSS) and used statistical methods such as mean and standard deviation and correlation ranks to Spearmen and style simple regression analysis.
The research was based on the main hypotheses which are the effect of the service quality in improving the profitability of the organization rendered to the clients. The research come up with the most important findings, that is, the low quality services rendered to travelers in the years of research (2008-2012) due to the company’s lack of fleet of carrying aircrafts and cargo shipment aircrafts, and the organizations depends on personnel with primary and intermediate school degrees in the first place and the lack of people with high degrees. No development and change have been made or restructure of the Iraqi Airlines. It does not possess a special airport as the ground of the Airport is rented from Iraqi Flight Company. The researcher comes up with the most important recommendations like the improving of the services rendered by the Iraqi Airline company to the client as this would help to increase sales and achieve high level of profitability. The Iraqi Airline Company should employ personnel with higher degrees in the required specialties, and should restructure and develop the Directorate of Iraqi Airline Company and to construct a special airport.

Manager's Emotional Intelligence and its influence on modifying the Employees Behavior : An Analytical Study on a sample of Managers in University of Mustansiriya
This research aims to assess the intelligence emotional , with its five dimensions (self – Awareness , self management , empathy , self – motivation ,social skills ) , and its impact on behavior modification of subordinates , with its five steps pinpointing the target behavior , measuring behavior , applied analysis method , select the method of reinforcement , assessing output ) , who occupy managerial positions , from departments and centers managers of the University of Mustansiriya .
To achieve the objectives of the search and selection of its hypotheses , it has been relying on the collection of data on a form prepared for this purpose , and distributed to the sample's members (30 Director) , which all have been analyzed for statistical analysis , using statistical software (SPSS) , and relying on a set of descriptive statistical and analytical methods , selected to describe and diagnose the variables of research , and determine the relationship and influence .
In light of the results obtained , the research number of conclusions has been reached such as conclusions :
There is a significant effect of emotional intelligence to modify the behavior of subordinates , and make recommendations as may be necessary , and the most important of them is to enhance the practices of human resources management , including the process of managers' performance evaluation , with standards focus on emotional intelligence capabilities , and steps to modify the behavior of subordinates .

The research aims to discuss the brainstorm as a strategy adopted by the audit team to enhance professional judgment about economic entity's ability assessment going concern. With increasing calls by professional Institute and bodies for adoption.
To achieve the target was descriptive analytical and design data-collection tool questionnaire was distributed to a sample of Auditors in Iraq averment and enrolled in the certified.
Auditors Bulletin for 2016
The research found several results mainly use brainstorming strategies on enhance professional judgment of Auditor In assessing the ability of economic entity, and cultural Factors of the Iraqi environment determines the type of audit team brainstorming and that the term is most expressive of the term brainstorming is (mental alert)

The research aims to identify the importance of sustainable performance application in the Iraqi entities, and the possibility of evaluating sustainable performance using sustainable balanced scorecard to the extent of their pursuit of sustainability and community service. Many benefits derived from adoption sustainable performance and sustainable balanced scorecard; achieve clear understanding for strategy from workers and stakeholders, as well as achieving differentiation in several areas; providing new services and adoption new production processes, generating capabilities creative workers contribute entering new markets, and maintaining its reputation and realize benefits of stakeholders, so as to reducing environmental and society problems. The research has shown the possibility of adopting sustainable Balanced Scorecard to evaluating the performance in Iraqi banks. a set of recommendations introduced including; pursuit of adopting sustainable performance and sustainable balanced scorecard, as well as the importance of taking the necessary measures to raise awareness among employees of the importance of taking in accounts environmental factors and social performance in the formulation of strategies.

Recent years have witnessed an increasing interest in corporate governance (CG). CG may be viewed as a wide set of relationships between an economic entity and a broad range of stakeholders. This range may include related parties such as investors, bondholders, customers, employees, suppliers, and governmental agencies. This paper aims at shedding light on some important concepts of governance principles that entail the development of an integrated area with a widely accepted performance evaluation approach, namely balanced scorecard (BSC).
The paper is based on a hypothesis which claims that “there are certain aspects by which governance principles can be integrated with BSC to assist in promoting efficient application of banks governance to boost their value and support its competitive position in financial markets”. In order to utilize BSC perspectives, especially the financial perspective, analytical techniques have been identified and applied to promote CG of National Bank of Iraq (NBI).
The paper reached at a number of conclusions, the most important of which are: (1) A strategic objective for NBI has been identified to be achieved by management throughout creating sustainable value to bank stockholders by developing bank’s revenues, and performing activities with less material and human resources that it will be reflected positively on dividends and stock price in the market. (2) Many aspects have been clarified within the paper, for integration between mechanisms of implementing governance principles and strategic objectives in the financial perspective of BSC in NBI. It is shown throughout quantitative analysis of bank operating results, failure to achieve: Increasing bank profits, increasing return on equities, boosting revenue to assets ratio, and reducing expenses. That is contrasted by bank’s revenues growth, its effect was weakened because of expenses raise.

The research aims to conduct an analytical study of the reality of the event the work of government and internal oversight units in Iraq and then determine the difficulties and challenges facing the profession of internal control in the Iraqi government units ,According to the desired role for the management of internal controls in light of the risk management and learn about the new concept of the profession of internal control and modern tasks and responsibilities of government management and internal control in accordance with the concept of risk management In order to achieve this the goals of the research, the use of inductive approach in the study and evaluation of the reality of the work of the Iraqi government and units of internal control, also used the questionnaire to collect preliminary data on the subject of research, it has reached Find a set of conclusions, including the infrastructure for the activity of the internal control of the Iraqi government units suffer from adhering to the traditional sense and distancing itself from the modern concept, which focuses on risk management, Bladavh to availability breeder field guide of the professional environment of the activity of internal control in the Iraqi government work environment stresses the need to shift units departments and the internal oversight services of the traditional entrance to the internal control entrance to the risk-based , with the aim of elevating the level of the quality of the performance of the internal auditor.
He recommended research to the need for regulatory changes on the Control and Internal Audit Department with the reformulation of the goal of internal control and rehabilitation and education and training of internal auditor in order to achieve his continuing education, as recommended research to the need to pass a unified legislation regulating the practice of the profession and the issuance of standards and guidelines for professional and clear and acceptable for Oversight Services Internal Audit possible reference.

The term metaphysics as used by Aristotle mean "Beyond Nature" which exceeds the physical science, it is noticeable that the different meanings qiven to this word today, make them all carry part of the meaning of the Aristotelian her and it would be Find an attempt by the researchers to study and determine the effect is clear for the use of Metaphysics as a tool However, those in charge of accounting education in clarifying the concepts and foundations of accounting is difficult for people from outside the accounting profession detect them and analyze their contents.
The problem of the research is highlighted in the development of interpretations to answer the following question iIs there confirms the use any evident that those in charge of accounting education of metaphysics as a tool to illustrate the concepts and principles and accounting principles and assumptions that are difficult for students studying accounting to understand them as they are, the research aims to determine the effect is clear for the use of Metaphysics as a tool, however, those who on accounting education to clarify the concepts and foundations of accounting through the definition of the concept and dimensions of Metaphysics by how they managed those in charge of accounting education to explain the basics of accounting work in respect of the concepts and principles and accounting principles and assumptions for students studying accounting, concluded the study a set of conclusions, most notably those who's ability to accounting education from the use of the concept of metaphysics as a tool to illustrate the basics of accounting work and without which it can not be anyone from outside the profession of accounting work so accommodating and thus emphasize the ability to use the concept of metaphysics as a tool of the environment around them in order to clarify the basics of accounting work for students.
While the most important recommendations of this research is the need to disseminate scientific and accounting and awareness so as to clarify the tools used by the organizers of the accounting education illustrate the basics of accounting work for students.

ARMA-GARCH model study on of the recent studies in the field of time series, and that the most important characteristic of these models to both conditional mean and conditional variance depends on the past. And most of these studies used three continuous distributions of conditional error is Normal ,Student – t and General Error distributions ,and discrete type are the Poisson and the negative binomial distributions.
In our research, one continuous conditional error distribution is suggested, include Laplace distribution. And then study the distribution proposed theoretically, empirically and practically. Thus the goal of the thesis is to study the time series when observations are real values and follows the random error of GARCH model in continuous distributions.
The results of the experimental side in case of continuous distributions had been reached that forms where the random error follows Laplace distribution was preferable compared with the normal distribution.
In practical side examined application took a representative sample of daily price in Japanese stock market that was distributed as Laplace distribution and also suffers from the problem of heteroscedasticity of the conditional variance of error, and remove the influence problem matching AR(1)-ARCH(2) model.

The inspection sampling plans are among the important tools to examine the product by the samples rather than a comprehensive inspection which requires time and cost .
In this paper single sampling plans by attributes were designed and implement for (LTPD) system using Dodge-Romig table , (AOQL) system by using Hald table as well as the direct forms of Baye's plan to inspect the product with respect to decision making model and Hald model in order to minimize the total cost average of quality control since the quality of the product is vary from lot to lot and follows Beta-distribution .
Data collected from the general company for electric industry for 2012-2013 that represents a random samples of size 170 lot . From the findings we have seen that the actual proportion of defective is greater than that allowed in the company further more the researcher proposed using the scientific methods to examine the product and choose the best plans according to the requirements of the company .

Prediction in time series is one of the most important topics in statistical procedures and all vital areas it can help managements in the economic and strategic planning and decision-making . This research use time series hybrid models generated from the integration of Box- Jenkins (ARIMA) model and multi-layered neural networks as The first hybrid model (ARIMA-ANN) and second (ANN-ARIMA) model and assuming series includes two components linear and non-linear with the single models such as Box- Jenkins model in which time series is a linear combination , and multi-layered neural networks in which time series has a nonlinear combination to predict the number of passengers in International Baghdad Airport , when comparing these models through a number of statistical criteria ,they show that the hybrid model (ANN-ARIMA) is the superior model because it has lower values of these criteria , and it has been used to calculate the prediction of passenger numbers for the time period from September 2015 until December 2016 , where the data were analyzed and the results were obtained based on the statistical programs package (Minitab 16 , SPSS 19) .

The emergence of multi-linear full problem in the explanatory variables to model multi Alanhaddaralkhti variables makes it difficult to apply the classical methods such as the method (ols) because they give inaccurate results and to address such a problem using other methods such as least-squares District (pls) .ala that this method be sensitive towards anomalous values, if any, in the data set, so it is advisable to resort to methods such as fortified (PRM) and (PLSKURSD). In this research will be to use the two methods above in addition to (pls) will be compared with the methods proposed (MPRM) and (MPLSKURSD) by simulation through two experiments first experiment relied on several types of anomalous values of data and different rates of pollution and volumes of samples and the dimensions of different variables and adopted a second on a comparison between the methods when the error is distributed naturally distributed in addition to other distributions.

The use of Bayesian approach has the promise of features indicative of regression analysis model classification tree to take advantage of the above information by, and ensemble trees for explanatory variables are all together and at every stage on the other. In addition to obtaining the subsequent information at each node in the construction of these classification tree. Although bayesian estimates is generally accurate, but it seems that the logistic model is still a good competitor in the field of binary responses through its flexibility and mathematical representation. So is the use of three research methods data processing is carried out, namely: logistic model, and model classification regression tree, and bayesian regression tree model. Having been in this research compare these methods form a model for additive function to some nonparametric function. It was a trade-off between these process models based on the classification accuracy by misclassification error, and estimation accuracy by the root of the mean squares error: RMSE. It was the application on patients with diabetes data for those aged 15 years and below are taken from the sample size (200) was withdrawn from the Children Hospital in Al-Eskan / Baghdad.

Practical gained geographical studies gained of great importance in recent times, especially after that contributed GIS techniques in overcoming the obstacles faced by researchers regarding the information spatial huge and diverse, processed and analyzed and utilized in making appropriate decisions. Where technology uses GIS as an analytical tool effective for both planners or decision-makers, where they help in completing the development plans at a faster pace and with high quality and reduces waste, including in the energy and resources
The proper planning for geographical positioning tourist promising and choose the best of these sites uses tourism in light of the potential of natural and human and environmental friendliness, it must take the planning of all development prospects possible into consideration, in order to gain access to calendar sites most objective among a group tourist sites proposed, and thus GIS can play a key role in providing and whatever means and appropriate solutions to make processors and logical analysis

Proceeding from the importance of the subject of the behaviors of the art of etiquette and their potential impact on the personal consumer service hotel, and continue to increase the enrichment intellectual of these topics this study is an t to contain the problem of the study, which are summarized in the survival of these vital topics without the assurance of the process of linking the current has in this study and their contribution events in the accumulation of knowledge will miss the opportunity to hotel establishments to benefit them, and according to these debates and dilemmas of intellectual and practical problem of the study were formulated a set of themes that revolve around the role of the knowledge of the art of etiquette behaviors in personal consumer service hotel.

The aim of this Study is to Put bases For Planning the entertaining development in AL–Jadiriah Lake . The Lake is Considered as One Of the entertaining Sites For it has good Components represented by the Water Surface of Tigris and AL – Jadiriah Lake and the increasing entertaining demand resetting From the huge Population of Baghdad .
In Contrary to thim there in a decrease in the Volume of entertaining services that they do not Satisfy the outstanding entertaining demand . Besides the quality of the Scurvies dose not Satisfy the expectations of the Visitors . And in order to Shed light on the reality of these Services , they are Subjected to analysis to Specify the Suggestions necessary For the Planning of the development of the entertaining Services . This Field Study is divided into Seven Chapters two of Which are devoted For theoretical Framework and the other Five are devoted For the Field Study . The reality of these Services are investigated and Suggestions are Put to Plan an entertaining development For the area of the Study . The Study depends on the Field observations and the Viewpoints of the Community of the Study through in Formation Concluded From the 200 questionnaire Forms Which are distributed on Samples From the Visitors of AL–Jadiriah Lake during the high Season . The Form Contains (41) questions ,(7) are Personal and (34) are relateh to the reality of the Services offered .

The study carried out by the researcher explains, and aims to identify the relationship between advertising and different methods and between tourist demand in the sample included a group of excellent class hotels in Baghdad, has been the use of the correlation coefficient and the regression coefficient and some statistical issues to choose relation between variables The study found that there are to announce a positive impact and it means on tourism demand and the effect that this hotel is under study or tourism organizations in the event of use to advertise the required level will have a significant role in increasing tourist demand