Complementary Biological System Journal

The screening of lanthanide as a critical mineral and used as an anti-amoebic agent is important to identify the
safest method and mode of cell death to eliminate this microorganism from the host. In this study, gadolinium ion
(Gd3+) that complexed with a short acyclic triethylene glycol (EO3) and in the presence of picric acid (HPic) as
counter anion for anti-amoebic activity was explored. The trivalent Gd3+ complexed with EO3 and HPic via one-pot
synthesis reaction using a mole ratio of gadolinium nitrate salt, EO3 ligand and HPic in a mole ratio 1:3:4 to produce
[Gd(Pic)2(H2O)(EO3)]+(Pic)−.CH3OH. The viability of cells was assessed by using an MTT assay after 24 hours exposed
to the Gd complex. The cytotoxicity of the Gd complex has an IC50 value of 23.44 µg/mL. The treated cells display orange
organelles in the green cytoplasm after 24 h of incubation time and indicated that the cells experienced autophagic cell
death. The externalisation of phosphatidylserine was not observed by flow cytometry techniques using Annexin V-FITC.
Overall, the Gd complex is potent as anti-amoebic agent and is possible to use for the treatment of Acanthamoeba infection
in future.

Traditional medicine using Jasminum leaves to treat oral health problems is expected due to easy access. Furthermore,
due to the rising issue of antibiotic resistance, discovering a natural antibiotic that can effectively replace synthetic
antibiotics would be valuable as natural antibiotics can cover the benefits, challenges, and future development. This
study aims to assess the antimicrobial properties of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Jasminum sambac L. leaves at the
concentration of 50, 150, and 250 mg/mL against E. coli ATCC 25922, P. aeruginosa ATCC 10145, S. aureus ATCC 33591
and B. cereus ATCC 11778, C. albicans ATCC 10231 and A. niger ATCC 16404 using disk diffusion test and 96-well plate.
The ethanolic extract showed antimicrobial activity against E. coli ATCC 25922 and A. niger ATCC 16404 with inhibition
zones 9.33 ± 0.67 mm (50 mg/mL), 9.67 ± 0.58 mm (150 mg/mL), 10.00 ± 0.33 mm (250 mg/mL) and 12.33 ± 0.33
mm (50 mg/mL), 13.33 ± 1.67 mm (150 mg/mL), 19.67 ± 0.33 mm (250 mg/mL), respectively. Meanwhile, aqueous
extract only showed antimicrobial activity against A. niger ATCC 16404 with the zone of inhibition 15 ± 1.15 mm (50
mg/mL), 23.0 ± 1.15 mm (150 mg/mL), and 24.0 ± 0.58 mm (250 mg/mL). The MIC value for ethanolic extract against
E. coli ATCC 25922 was 50 mg/mL, and the MBC value was 250 mg/mL while, against A. niger ATCC 16404 was 18.75
mg/mL, whereas the MFC value was 250 mg/mL. The results showed that the antimicrobial properties of J. sambac leaf
extract were still shown in the maceration method, which justifies the tribal uses of J. sambac leaf against oral-associated
pathogen infections

Nanomedicine is an interdisciplinary field within the developing nano medication delivery system. Ayurveda, a
traditional form of healing, employs nanoparticles known as Bhasmas. Nanoparticles can be selectively designed to
simultaneously deliver many medications. This innovative functionality enables meticulous regulation of drug release,
therefore obviating the necessity for intricate dosing schedules. This enhances patient compliance with treatment. The
aim of this work is to synthesise iron nanoparticles using an environmentally friendly process, evaluate the quality of
the produced nanoparticles, and examine their possible anti-cancer properties by in-vitro experimental testing utilizing
MCF-7 and A-475 cell lines. To produce neem leaf extract, fresh leaves of Azadirachta indica plants are used. The
extraction procedure involves suspending the leaves in an Erlenmeyer flask filled with 100 mL of deionized water. The
mixture is thereafter agitated and heated for a period of 20 min. The sample was incubated for the length of 30 min
at a temperature of 25◦C. The iron nanoparticle-containing solution underwent centrifugation at 5000 revloutions
per minute (rpm) for a period of 15 to 20 min. Our findings align with prior research that have shown a notable
decrease in cell viability of A-475 cells and breast cancer cells at inhibitory concentration (IC50) levels of 30 µg/mL
and 37 µg/mL, respectively, when exposed to FeNPs produced using environmentally friendly methods. Green FeNPs
exhibited anticancer properties in MCF-7 and A-475 cells, suggesting their potential for therapeutic use in the treatment
of lung and breast cancer in humans.

The rapid growth of cities, industries, and population has made tackling water scarcity increasingly challenging as
the global demand for clean drinking water continues to rise. Consequently, extensive research in water and wastewater
treatment, specifically focusing on the coagulation process, has ensued. Coagulation plays a critical role in water
treatment, and its effectiveness depends on the type of coagulant used. However, the widespread use of chemical
coagulants raises concerns for the environment and public health. Consequently, there has been growing interest in
exploring natural alternatives derived from plants and animals. This review examines how the properties of natural
coagulants, as well as coagulation process parameters, impact their ability to remove pollutants. Factors such as surface
morphology, surface charge, molecular weight, and functional groups of the coagulant, as well as coagulation parameters
like pH and dosage, significantly influence the removal of turbidity, color, and organic matter from water. Effective
natural coagulants typically possess rough and porous structures that help trap particles, have a higher molecular
weight for better performance, exhibit a higher zeta potential for improved charge neutralization, and contain reactive
functional groups. Coagulation activity is greatly affected by the pH of the water being treated and the amount of
natural coagulant used. By optimizing these properties and conditions, natural coagulants derived from plants offer
environmentally friendly and cost-effective alternatives to chemical coagulants in large-scale water treatment. This
review distinguishes itself by providing a comparative analysis of both plant-based and animal-based natural coagulants,
especially in terms of the influence of coagulant properties, addressing a gap in recent literature that predominantly
focuses on coagulation operational parameters.

This review article explores the integration of thin window films and solar energy systems to enhance thermal comfort
in luminous office buildings. Luminous office buildings, which prioritize natural lighting, often face challenges in
maintaining thermal comfort for occupants. By integrating solar energy systems, such as photovoltaic (PV) and solar
thermal systems, with thin window films, it is possible to optimize thermal comfort while harnessing sustainable energy
sources. Thin window films act as a barrier against solar radiation, reducing heat gain while allowing therapeutic blue
light (400–520 nm) transmission. The advantages of thin window films include improved thermal insulation, glare
reduction, and harmful ultraviolet (UV) band protection. Case studies reveal that the integration of low emissivity
(Low-E) films resulted in up to a 30% reduction in energy consumption for heating and cooling, while also enhancing
indoor thermal comfort. Solar energy systems contributed to a 20% increase in energy efficiency by supplementing the
building’s energy needs. Furthermore, Low-E films support the public health and CO2 emission reduction by cutting
down the energy requirement of the buildings leading to lower greenhouse gas emission, better air quality, and
more comfortable indoor environments. Through these influences, such thin films provide the efforts for improving
environmental health and foster sustainable urban living.

Tuberculosis (TB) is the most common opportunistic infection amongst persons living with HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) (PLWHIV). World Health Organisation recommends tuberculosis preventive therapy (TPT) to avert the
effects of TB/HIV co-infection. This study aimed at determining the incidence of active tuberculosis infection, assessing
the burden of adverse drug events (ADEs) and identifying the associated factors. In this study, records of 379 patients
who started isoniazid preventive therapy at Mbarara Regional Referral Hospital (MRRH) between 1st July, 2017 and
30th June, 2022 were retrospectively reviewed. Data was analyzed using a statistical software (SPSS version 20.0) and
presented using descriptive statistics. Logistic regression was performed to explore the factors associated with adverse
drug reactions during the course of isoniazid preventive therapy. The prevalence of ADEs was 20.3%. Fifty-five (71.4%)
experienced at least one adverse drug event during the course of isoniazid preventive therapy while 22 (28.6%) had
at least two. Elevated serum transaminases (23.7%), peripheral neuropathy (20.4%), skin rash/pruritis (15.1%) and
musculoskeletal symptoms (10.8%) were the most frequently documented adverse drug events. Patients on at least two
other drugs alongside their isoniazid preventive therapy (AOR = 2.23 (1.25, 3.97 at 95% CI); p value = 0.006) and those
not prescribed prophylactic pyridoxine (AOR = 3.21 (1.34, 7.60 at 95% CI); p value = 0.008) were significantly likely
to experience adverse drug events. Only one patient (0.28%) developed tuberculosis disease making the incidence of
tuberculosis disease 0.1 per 100-person years. The study findings revealed that the prevalence of ADEs among PLWHIV
who are on isoniazid preventive therapy was very low. Elevated serum transaminases, peripheral neuropathy, skin
rash/pruritis and musculoskeletal symptoms were the most commonly reported adverse drug events. The incidence
of ADEs can be reduced by providing pyridoxine prophylaxis therapy and limiting the number of concomitantly used
medications.

This study investigated the role of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) PCAT3 in arthritis, focusing on its impact on
proinflammatory markers. Researchers analyzed both mRNA and protein levels of various proinflammatory markers
(TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and IL-13) in arthritis patients and compared them to healthy controls. Additionally,
PCAT3 expression was assessed in both patient groups and further investigated using siRNA knockdown in the human
synovial cell line SW982. Results revealed distinct expression patterns of proinflammatory markers in arthritis patients,
with TNF-α and IL-6 showing the highest levels. PCAT3 expression was significantly elevated in arthritis patients
compared to controls. Silencing PCAT3 in SW982 cells led to a significant reduction in the expression of several
proinflammatory genes, including TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-10. These findings suggest that PCAT3 plays a role in
the pathogenesis of arthritis by contributing to the upregulation of proinflammatory markers. Targeting PCAT3 may
offer a potential therapeutic strategy for managing inflammation in arthritis.

Lignin has useful and significant properties such as stiffness, resistance to UV radiation, antioxidant, antimicrobial,
high thermal stability, and high carbon content. Due to these properties, lignin can be used for several applications
including wood adhesive and carbon-based material, and can be developed as a functional material composite. Isolation
and utilization of lignin from lignocellulosic biomass offers significant opportunities in various now and future industrial
applications mainly for development of advanced materials. In this study, isolation and characterization of lignin from oil
palm shells (OPS) was conducted. Lignin was isolated from OPS using the precipitation method with sulfuric acid and
coagulation using polyaluminum chloride (PAC). The isolated lignin was identified using Fourier Transform Infrared
(FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Based on the FTIR analysis, lignin was
successfully separated from cellulose. The crystallite size of isolated lignin is the smallest (25.37 nm) as compared
to commercial alkaline lignin (28.49 nm) and OPS (25.99 nm). The isolated lignin is amorphous with crystallinity of
6.43% and its morphology is a spherical. Overall, this study shows that the isolation method using sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
and PAC is not only effective in separating lignin from OPS, but also minimizes the environmental impacts, thus certainly
making it a promising choice for more environmentally friendly industrial applications

Objective: This study aims to investigate the trend and awareness of e-cigarette use among students in a private college
located in Sabah, Malaysia. Research Methods: The cross-sectional study was conducted in a private college in Sabah.
A self-administered questionnaire was adapted and distributed to 300 randomly selected students regardless of their
e-cigarettes vaping status. IBM SPSS Statistic 27 was utilized to analysed accumulated data. Results: A-245 students
participated in the study with a response rate of 81.6%. Majority of the respondent were female (69.8%), Bumiputera
Sabah (72.2%), Diploma students (90%) aged 22–25 years’ old. The study revealed that almost all respondent was aware
of e-cigarettes (89%) however low prevalence of e-cigarette use was observed (26.5%). The main source of information
regarding e-cigarettes among students were found to be the internet (40.4%) and friends (38.8%). Conclusion: Further
study needs to be done in a larger scale to provide comprehensive understanding on the factor influencing the use of
e-cigarettes among students in higher institutions. In addition, the role of e- cigarettes that buzzed to be a smoking
cessation tool need to be revised to evaluate its effectiveness. Hence, it is vital for the Malaysian authorities to establish
a dynamic framework to tackle the surge of e-cigarettes use both in Peninsular and Borneo region.

Plant tissue culture is an innovative biotechnological approach developed to meet the escalating global demand for
agricultural production with enhanced nutritional value. This aseptic, in vitro technique allows for the cultivation
of plant cells, tissues, or entire plants under controlled environmental and nutritional conditions, facilitating the
generation of genetically identical clones. The method is indispensable in preserving endangered plant species, boosting
crop yield and quality, and enabling year-round production of disease-free plants. Central to plant tissue culture is
the composition of the growth medium, which must include a precise balance of macronutrients, micronutrients,
amino acids, vitamins, and plant growth regulators such as auxins, cytokinins, gibberellins, and abscisic acid. Recent
advancements have fine-tuned media formulations to better accommodate the needs of various plant species. The review
highlights the significance of selecting appropriate growth regulators and media types to optimize outcomes, such
as callus induction, shoot and root regeneration, and large-scale micropropagation. Furthermore, applications extend
beyond agriculture, as tissue culture techniques are pivotal in bioremediation, secondary metabolite production, and
plant-based pharmaceutical research.