Journal of University of Babylon

We had in this research the introduction in the delay fine , and the state\'s right imposition on the contractor who delayed in the implementation of his contractual obligations and without the presence of arbitrary reasons for this delay , we also explained that The delay fine always be a replaced by administrative contract, as well as explained in the text the administrative legislations, such as the general conditions of the conditions of civil engineering works ,the instructions of the implementation of government contracts and the instructions of the implementation of the federal budget, we also distinguished between the delay fine and other legal situations such as the penal condition ,and threatening fine and we explained the difference between them , and we considered that the damage is assumed for delay implementation of administrative contracts does not need to prove the damage by the administration , the delay fine is imposed once the delay of contractor for the periods of the delay of the scheduled implementation , and therefore administration can deducted from the dues of the contractor without the need to issue a judicial ruling , then we explained in this research the most important characteristics of delay fines and conditions of availability of it on the contractor with the administration , Then we explained the cases in which management can exempt the Contractor from the delay fine .
And through this research we came to the following results :-
1 - shall not reduce the delay fine or to exempt the contractor from it under the pretext of not getting damage by the judiciary, even if exaggerated in its discretion because it is discretionary matters pertaining to the administration .
2 - The current legislations governing the system of administrative contracts, such as the General Conditions for Construction of civil engineering works , instructions implementation of government contracts or even Iraqi civil law in relation to the rules that govern the contract of entrepreneurship , and are considered obsolete legislations do not fit with the current development happening in the field of of administrative contracts and the giant state investment projects and do not cover all the problems that you get in these contracts .
3 - That the competent administrative court settling disputes administrative contracts (construction contracts), formed by the Ministry of Planning and Development Cooperation under the instructions of implementation of government contracts number (1) for the year 2007 can not resolve all of the disputes that associated with administrative contracts at the level of Iraq , I see the necessity to be expanding it to include all governorates due to the evolution in the field of construction and reconstruction .
4 - I see the necessity for there to be a court of competent jurisdiction to consider the administrative contract disputes and especially the investment plan projects contracts in each governorate governorates of Iraq in view of the large number of projects, where the court is competent in these disputes at the present time is the court of first instance .
5-Necessity insert management personnel and especially working on projects investment plan (administrative contracts) in specialized courses inside and outside Iraq in order to inform them of the latest styles in the organization of administrative contracts, through the use of modern technology .The last prayer is praise be to Allah, Lord of the World.

The term 'lexical collocation' refers to the habitual co-occurrence of words in a linguistic form. The patterning of lexical collocations does not follow some particular rules. It is highly subject to the native speakers' tendencies and to their cultures. Thus, mastering lexical collocations of the English language is a major problem for the Iraqi EFL learners. The incompatibility between collocations in the learners' mother tongue,(i.e. Arabic language) and those of the target language, (i.e. English language) may further complicate the problem.
In the light of this problem, this study aims at investigating the Iraqi EFL learners' use of the English lexical collocations. The theoretical part of this study presents a discussion of lexical collocations in Arabic and English. The practical part is intended to statistically measure the Iraqi EFL learners' ability to use English lexical collocations accurately.
The statistics shows a low level of performance on the Iraqi EFL learners' part. It is also concluded that the learners employ literal transfer from their mother tongue, substitution, and generalization as communicative strategies to overcome their deficiency in using the English lexical collocations accurately (see 6).

One of the hotly debated issues in the field of teaching English as a second or foreign language today in the Arab world is whether Arabic has a role in teaching English , the use of Arabic is anathema to other teachers of English.
The aim of this paper is to seek a middle ground solution to this perennial issue in English language teaching .It begins with a review of the role of the first language or mother tongue in major English language teaching methods. It then moves to reasons for using the first language . It is a guide in developing and selecting the techniques and strategies and language teaching and it is established on the basis of the selected approach. The term (technique) refers to such activities and instructional practice which the teacher actually adopts in a specific classroom ; in order to achieve better results of his instruction. Finally the paper presents the views of Arab teachers of English on the use of Arabic in English language teaching.

The Present era is Characterized by the modern development which is an important Condition for members to get the requirements of the Practical and Scientific Life by means of adopting the Scientific Thinking which Leads to improving the Creative Power away From memorization or mind Programming and to be able to transform from the Process of gaining information to the Process of building it and transforming it to the Knowledge that is characterized by inventing relations and Phenomena that enable the Learner to Shift from the Knowledge to what is beyond it , i.e. in terms of thinking how to think . Thus , mental thinking is a logical one in all Societies by means of Preparing the Person Who is able to Face the life and its Variables and requirements .
For These reasons , institutes are concerned with developing the mental abilities for persons and developing thinking to make them able to learn all over their life and to get benefit from the new Sciences that are expected to emerge owing to this development.
The constructive strategy is one of the teaching strategies that focus on the learner rather than the teacher .
It helps the learner to know the new facts by means of building it by themselves .
This way of learning is of value for them as it has direct relations with their practical life .
It also aims at developing the learners ability for private learning by means of improving their learning and Scientific research
Aims :
The present research aims at investigating the effect of the constructive strategy in teaching Arabic Islamic history for pupils of second intermediate levels .
Hypothesis :
The study hypothesizes that no differences of static effect Occur in the medium level for the degrees of the experimental group that study by means of the constructive theory in comparison with the control group .
Limits :
The study is limited to:
1-Girl pupils of second intermediate school in Babylon governorate in the year 2012-2013.
2-The textbook of Arabic Islamic history for the abovementioned class.
Procedure :
The researcher adopted the experimental Procedure as it suits the goals of this research .
The study includes 30 intermediate and Secondary Schools 14 intermediate + 16 Secondary Schools).
Sample of Research :
The research randomly selected the intermediate School of Al- Hilla for Girl as Section (A) represented the control group whereas Section (B) represented the experimental one .
Tools:
This is characterized by a test of multi-choice items (prepared by Al-Fatlawy).
After validating ,the test was carried out where 50 items were given to the Pupils in the group under study .
The results indicate that Pupils of the experimental group (who were given the maternal by means of the constructive strategy ) are better than those of the control group .
In the light of these findings , the researcher suggests
1-Adopting the constructive strategy in teaching history for both of intermediate and secondary stages .
2- Doing a similar study in the college of Education

Thank God Almighty, Yahya and limit a rest after yard of all, and peace and blessings be upon the noblest of God's prophets Muhammad and his family and him. Praise be to God, who does Maizhae nor does Maizhae other, thank God there's no strength except in Allah, and peace and blessings on Ashraf God's prophets Muhammad and supervision after the pure.
Find cares highlighting the views and ideas and attitudes of the pioneers of Schools movement Orientalism global trend Genius Imam Ali (peace be upon him) and thought yoke study simplified and clear, through two sections first in examining these ideas Orientalist own Balvkraloschraca west and the second regard to ideology thinkers and writers of contemporary Arab, and includes a search Conclusion List margins and sources.

This research studies (the childhood's features in the modern European painting),it has four chapters: the first chapter discusses the research's problem, importance , need, aim, limits and definition the most important terms.
The research's problem deals with the childhood's features in the works of modern European painting; throughout the history it have a great attention to use childhood's pictures and subjects in the area of art aesthetical working which have a great dealing in the reality of works that coincidence with changes in the aesthetical philosophical thinking , especially (the features of children's paintings), each change happens in that thinking reflects on the arts movements from of these a new approaching in the nature of (childhood's features) and the frames of treatment with it in the plastic painting regarding as an active text.
The nature of art structure of (childhood's features) have appeared in the modern European paining, regarding as features have different significance, it have found in the nature of art working by analysis the structure of art work according to the methodology followed up in the style of the movement and the artist. The current research's problem emerges to answer of the following question : how are the childhood's features forming in the modern European paining?
The research's importance contributed to show the frameworks of new works concerns to observation the social phenomena. The research is attempt to discover the affect of thinking information to from and use the childhood's features in the contemporary painting. The current research helped the interested and specialists of art movement and criticism by knowledge to the research's results and conclusions.
The researcher found there is a necessity need of this study because the subject
in the modern European paining; the research's limits concerns to study the paintings .
The second chapter contains to (the theoretical framework and the previous studies) ; it has two researches : the first deals with references of childhood between the primitive and natural by many aspects.. The second: explains the approaching of childhood in the modern European paining and it has sub-aspects.
The third chapter (research's procedures) has research's society and its sample (6)drawing works, research's methodology and analysis the examples of the research's samples. The fourth chapter has the results, conclusions, recommendations and proposals

The current research (reciprocity between ceramics and sculpture in the work of QasimNayef) is considered an attempt to study the concept of reciprocity in structure of ceramic body on the basis of ideas and implications that can be employed for acontemporary ceramicproduct, as well as the style and technique of raw clay by referring its ceramicuniquenessinto the art of sculpture by building ceramic works possessed a contiguitythat make them have a three-dimensions in formal accommodationof arts that connectedaccordingly (such as painting, calligraphy and design), which calls for the disclosure of new properties opened up in elaboration of the artistic vision of the contemporary potter through the use of his own style and techniques of artistic reciprocity by employing sculpture to create a new transformed artistic work that rise to the level of research in the structure of ceramic.
It also pays attention on the tracking technique of (QasimNayef) temporally and locatively during the last years of his ceramic experiment and the extent of his influence by and his impact in the contemporary movement of Iraqi plastic art, and since this trend was not studied in a waythat provokes theintellectual and technical aspects and constructional and formal relations in ceramic, which considered as a gateway to understand the modern mechanisms of it.The researcher, for that, prepared on herstudy, four chapters. Shetried in the first chapter to clarify the research problem and its importance and the need for it, as well as its most important goal (knowing the aspects of reciprocity between ceramics and sculpture in the works of QasimNayef). Then the researcher concluded the chapter by mentioning the terms which are directly related to the title and purposeof the research.
The second chapter included a presentation of the theoretical framework and previous studies, consistingoftwo sections, provingin the first one (the structure of reciprocity) and (reviewing the reciprocity between arts). The second section dealt with (the development of ceramic and its characteristics) and (reciprocity in Iraqi contemporary ceramic) ending thechapter with indicators of theoretical framework.
The third chapter specialized to display the search procedures in terms of surveying the research community and the information related to it in order to adopt a sample of this community in a deliberate manner after the isolation of correspondingsamples, these account (23) ceramic works and by (4) models for the sample that covered the outlines ofresearch by adoption of the descriptive approach and the way the descriptive analysis for the analysis purposes.
The forth chapter included the results of the research, which came expressive of ideas and contents inspired in creative ways of cultural heritage, where the potter tries to access in artistic affair of sculpture and technically attracting it in ceramic to give an aesthetic value through the methods of sculpture, and then came the conclusions to show the possibility of achieving the aim of the research. The researcher laid out tomention a number of recommendations and suggestions followed by a list of the references.

This research deals the possibility of adding the coloring oxides to the glass ash at low temperature to produce stained glass at low temperature have special effects ripens temperature (950 -1000 c) That was chosen two types of the ash (the reed - and hay barley) and two types of oxides chromaticity (cobalt CoO - chromium Cr2O3) have been identified Body type potter mud Babil province, agricultural (mud MAHAWEEL) The additives lowering the temperature it is Sodium Carbonate (Na2CO3) - feldspar potassium (K2O.Al2O3.6SiO2) - boric oxide (B2O3) The spatial boundaries were within the boundaries of the province of Babylon . Through chemical analysis of the components of the ash was subjected ash into law unit formula and the light base Seker enables the researcher to formulate chemical formula of the components having been drafting Khalttin for two types of ash have been added to each batch of these Alkhalttin two types of oxides of colors ( cobalt CoO) ( chromium Cr2O3) and each individual oxide was used ash and additives in the raw without washing the mixture was mixed with alcohol as a medium by bus with water after the process has been applied to glass objects pottery has adopted a method of burning rapidly . The results showed a difference between the two types of glass and ash oxide chromatography genitive in terms of color output and the degree of fusion. Was the color output of the oxide, cobalt with glass reeds Blue deep slant to the vast However fusion is very high while the oxide, chromium gave with glass cane honey-colored with fusion very high transparency and with the glass straw barley gave a green color with fusion less severe and was tinted Results showed that the addition oxides of behavior baseband and which fall within the range (RO) or (R2O) were of fusion higher transparency and gloss and smooth texture as in the oxide, cobalt (CoO) either oxides that fall within the range (R2O3) was with the results of fusion less as in the model (4) where fusion was the fact that a few chrome oxide (Cr2O3) of inert oxides because it is located in a group (R2O3).

The research addressing the choir between the traditions of Greek theater and vision purine contemporary attempt by the director to detect vision purine contemporary treatment of the chorus in a play (Oedipus) the property of the author 's (Sofokls) has consisted Find an overview of the genesis of the choir,properties , functions and traditions , as well as analysis a play ( Oedipus ) king as a model for the Greek texts.
The researcher found a set of results, including:
1. Experience has shown the possibility of providing new directorial readings of the text, including the Greek chorus in accordance with the logic of the current era and not according to the logic of the era in which I wrote it.
2. Added a new dimension to the director of the choir did not break his pledge by tradition or by some constants in the Greek theater , the dramatic events intobecame a party of the parties to the conflict , and this new functionality, the choir may be out of the ordinary traditional nature which states its commitment to neutrality

The research aims to identify the level of stress of psychological and the level of competition anxiety and the relationship between them to the players( female) of the volleyball which took part in the competition of the Iraqi universities for the south area for the year 2010-2011.the researcher suppose that a relationship statistically significant correlation between the level of stress of psychological and level of competition anxiety for the players(female) , and the researcher used the descriptive manner survey and the way relation connectivity to their appropriateness to the nature of research. And society of research the players(female) of Volleyball, which took part in this competition , there were (44) players. which divided to four teams to four universities. There are (Babylon,Qadisaih,Misaan,and Bus rah).And these universities represents society and sample of research, which selected by intentional way. The tools are used in research (scale of psychological stress and scale of competition anxiety). Then the researcher get on this result: the players(female) have low psychological stress in spite of the deferent between the universities, and anxiety of competition it was high, and deferent with the universities, and that because many reasons which will explain it during the research. The researcher recommends with necessary of continues psychological properties to the players , and increase participates which increase the psychological stress to the player(female) and little competition anxiety which consist from the little competition .

Eating researchers in their introduction of research and its importance as well as the problem of the research, which crystallized in the knowledge of fitness levels for students of the fourth stage and evaluated according to the standard levels to the extent of its development and the impact of the vocabulary of college courses to develop and maintain them during the past four years in addition to the development of fitness levels for students in an integrated manner coherent and make them more qualified to bear the burden of sports activities and achieve the best results
The research aims to:
Evaluating the level of fitness among students in the fourth stage in the Faculty of Physical Education - University of Babylon / for the academic year 2012-2013 AD.
Put grades and levels of fitness standard for the students of the fourth stage at the Faculty of Physical Education - University of Babylon
Has identified the research community students the fourth stage in the Faculty of Physical Education - University of Babylon / for the academic year 2012 -2013 totaling (80) student, was chosen sample rate (30) students were chosen randomly Statistics (lottery) The researchers used a descriptive approach my style surveys and studies relational appropriate and the nature of the problem.
Through the display and analyze and discuss the results reached the following conclusions : -
- Achieved a sample and when all the tests that have undergone low level .
- Achieved a sample and when all tests except medium -level test of fortitude jump.
- Achieved sample in a test jump from the good level of stability .
- The sample average level achieved in fitness .
One of these conclusions the researchers recommend : -
- It is important that the calendar is physical for students in the fourth stage Faculty of Physical Education , and periodically to indicate real levels of fitness they have .
- Need to focus on practical lessons of Physical Education and compel attendance by students to achieve their desired end .
- The need to rely on the levels achieved when students in choosing sports teams

The purpose of the current study is to know the impact absolute of quality to strengthen the implementation of the requirements of the total quality management, besides designing a computational system that can applied in all organizations over absolute quality constants and their impact in implementing the requirements of total quality management . the researcher used (t)test to know the meaning of the simple correlation , and analysis the simple regression and (F)test to determine the regression equation, in addition to use (R2) to explain the amount of the impact of the independent variables over the dependent ones.
The Iraqi cement state company has been choose as sample for the study, the necessary information for the domain part obtained from the questionnaire from which has been prepared for this purpose and distributed to (100) employee sample.
The study reached to several conclusions the foremost among them is that there is an impact absolute of quality over implementing the requirements of total quality management in the Iraqi Cement state company.The study concluded in a some of study variables recommendations

The study aims to:
1 - building scale desertification psychological Iraqi youth .
2 - Measuring Desertification psychological Iraqi youth
3 - to identify the differences between the sexes (male - female ) in psychological desertification .
The researcher used the descriptive method , and the research involved a sample of (60) by an elderly (30 ) males and 30 females , and for the purpose of achieving the goals of research , the researcher built a scale to measure the psychological desertification among young people and use appropriate statistical methods . The study found the following results :
2 - Iraqi youth suffers from psychological desertification .
3 - The results indicate the existence of differences between males and females in the psychological and desertification in favor of males .
Through Makedm results of a series of foot researcher Altobbat and Amegrahat including:
First, the recommendations :
1 - emphasis on educators of parents , teachers and others to follow the proper educational methods with children and students , whether at home , school or any other educational institution through seminars and scientific conferences that discuss it.
2 - parents' awareness of the dangers of the wrong educational methods and its impact on the character of the children in the future and the media to take an effective role in this area .
3 - to clarify the concept of desertification and psychological awareness of the negative effects on the individual and society alike it represents a source of crime, contemporary , and through seminars and scientific conferences involving educational institutions , universities and the Ministry of Justice and Ministry of the Interior for education in this modern term .
Second, the proposals :
1 - do a study of the correlation between criminal behavior among criminals in Iraqi prisons and desertification have psychological
2 - do a study of the correlation between the types of educational methods used in the home and between children with psychological desertification .
3 - carry out a study aimed at identifying the personality traits of individuals who suffer from psychological desertification
4 - to do a study of the social strata is a slice of young people to get to know the existence of psychological desertification have