Journal of University of Babylon

Najaf, the holy city, is located in the middle part of Iraq and represents the seventh ‎governorate from the eighteen governorate of Iraq in area. Permeability in Al-Najaf city is the ‎importance property that effects on the buildings stability, therefore, the research is focused to ‎evaluate the permeability for coarse Al- Najaf soil (cohesionless soil). Due to the soil morphology of ‎Al-Najaf city, many disturbed samples at different depths were brought representing locations covering ‎the region in Al-Najaf governorate. Four locations of soils in Al-Najaf city are selected. These locations ‎are classified according to the values of effective diameter to (A, B, C and D). The coefficient of ‎permeability (k) is estimated by using the constant head permeability test when the soil samples are ‎prepared in dry state, then spreading the soil inside the permeability container at different density by ‎using raining soil (at different void ratio), these tests are repeated at different coefficient of uniformity ‎‎(CU).‎
The mathematical representation of the coefficient of permeability data are represented by ‎empirical equation. The regression analysis was performed by using the statistical package and the ‎results of the analysis provide the empirical equation for Al-Najaf soil . The empirical equation(12) ‎compare with the Poiseuille's equation(11),the results of the empirical equation are conservative as ‎compared to Poiseuille's equation. The results obtained from the present empirical equation (12) are ‎compared with the field results of the four arbitrary locations which show a fairly good matching.‎

This research study is to ensure the efficiency of medical waste incinerators at three hospitals in ‎the city of Hilla, (Meirjan Specialist, , Alwelada and Aljamhori (Hilla educational)). This study, were ‎assessed the rate of generation of medical waste entering and leaving the incinerator for a period of ‎five months starting from (October - February) in year (2010-2011) has been found that the efficiency ‎of burning volatile from month to month depending on the increase of people (patients) and diseases ‎in these hospitals, but we can say that all of the Meirjan Specialist Hospital , Alwelada Hospital and ‎Children aoukribp are efficient in combustion that the efficiency is (97%). at hospital of Aljamhori ‎‎(Hilla, education), the combustion efficiency is a little because it,s made by hand to disrupt the work of ‎waste incinerators.‎

This research is deliberate‏ ‏the effect external sulfate attack on Compressive strength concrete ‎with 1 : 1.5 :3 mix ratio‎‏ ‏and‏ ‏cement content‏ 380 ‏kg‏ / ‏m‏3 ‏with curing age‏ 28 ‏days in‏ ‏ordinary water‏ ‏then‏ ‏complete immersed in three different sulfate solutions‏ ‏of magnesium, sodium and calcium at four levels ‎‎0%, 2%, 4% and 6% each for three exposure periods of 60, 90 and 120 days. This four levels sulfate ‎solutions is used because same natural sulfate subsistent in groundwater , soils which surrounding concrete ‎‎. Results‎‏ ‏tests of‏ ‏Compressive strength for all specimens immersed in different sulfate solutions‏ ‏show that‏ ‏Magnesium sulfate had the most deleterious effect on the concrete compressive strength especially when ‎exposed in 6% for 120 days which record‏ 24.44 ‏MPa compare with referential‏ 30.87 ‏MPa with strength ‎loss‏20.82- % . ‏Calcium sulfate had the least effect with strength reduction most‏ 9.43- % ‏for specimens ‎which immersed in it , and‏ 16.74- % ‏strength loss with in sodium sulfate in 6% for 90 days for each of ‎them compare with referential‏ . ‏

Google Earth global is the program with extensive use in various areas, including‏ ‏Preparation‏ ‏maps ‎and charts for all regions of the world and determine the coordinates and elevations for all projects, roads ‎and drawing clips longitudinal her, and for the purpose relied upon to be assessing the accuracy of water ‎levels used in it and the possibility of correcting these elevations that can benefit of them in the charts‏.‏
In this research rely on (17) points from the control points the ground (known coordinates of the ‎northern and eastern (E, N), elevations (Z) located within the city of Karbala) and when you determine ‎how the coordinates of these points in the program Google Earth observed a difference in the level of each ‎point was Find the amount of difference to these points. have also been used in the statistical analysis ‎method to find the arithmetic mean of these points and correct them, and found that the amount of error ‎in the water levels vary from one point to another.‎

That is absolutely necessary and the need for and use of cement in the end it became necessary ‎to conduct laboratory tests for this article to find out its mandate despite the fact that there is control ‎of the quality of materials produced for this article in the labs .‎
So I saw of national duty and humanitarian study of the properties of some types of cement ‎and give guidance for users to choose the best quality by conducting laboratory tests to this article, so I ‎took four samples of cement, two local (bridge and north) and the other imported from (the UAE and ‎the Gulf) has been conducting chemical analysis and physicist, as shown in the table (1) and (2) ‎
The research has included conducting several tests of cement mortar to select four different ‎types of cement for three mixing ratio as shown in Table (3), namely, (1:1.5), (1:2), (1:3) and water to ‎cement ratio w/c=40% were examined operator of the mortar soft (flow and stiffness) and density of ‎wetlands and absorption of age (3) days and the dry density of age (1) days compressive strength and ‎tensile at old (7,28)days which tests in three treatments (with air, water and oven) has been screening in ‎the laboratory of concrete/at technical institute Musayib, Results show that(flow=700mm) and ‎stiffness primary device Viket (12) minutes and hardening the final (27) min and this is identical to the ‎specifications Iraq's number(5) for the years (1984), corresponding to the specification of the (BS-146-‎‎1973) and (ASTM-C595-1985) and the compressive strength of age (28) days with water treatment ‎was better to have reached (28.31 Mpa) and tensile strength of age (28) days with water treatmenteqal ‎‎(5 Mpaacoording toIraq number (5) for the year 1984. So investors and users are advised to make sure ‎of the type and quality of cement used in order to get high workability, high strength and high ‎durability ‎

The processes perform maintenance of roads and intersections of different types according to ‎the scientific methodology of the priorities and imperatives that must be followed to minimize failures ‎structural and functional anomalies of the surface of the road, which requires a process of ‎rehabilitation (Rehabilitation) inclusive of the whole section of the road, which requires more cost and ‎effort as well as the time it takes to accomplish. The study had been done rehabilitation process for the ‎roadway which is started from (Amara-Baghdad intersection) to (Sheeb-Almsharah intersection with ‎length (Km27.50) in order to get cases of failure in most of its parts due to lack of maintenance, based ‎upon the basis of the survey included the condition of the road and areas of failure and the status of ‎the shoulders and the effects on the road as well as the type of traffic used the road, and engineering ‎survey and detailed study of a traffic study included a traffic situation where the study classify the ‎volumes of traffic of the road on the basis of peak-hour traffic (Peak Hour Volume). The study used a ‎method (Full Depth Asphalt). ‎
‎(Asphalt Institute Manual Method for Flexible Pavement) to design the thickness of the layers ‎required for the rehabilitation of the road as well as the program was used (Highway Capacity System ‎‎2000) to analyze the level of service to the road after rehabilitation. The study concluded that the ‎thickness of the layers of rehabilitation (85mm) where it is implemented by following steeps:-‎
‎- Study area is cleaned thoroughly using compressed air. ‎
‎- Spray (tack coat) under the technical specifications of general authority for road and bridges ‎
‎(SORB).‎
‎- Brushes amendments layer thickness (35mm) tacking into a count the tends and levels required.‎
‎- Brushes asphalt surface layer thickness (50mm) under the technical specification. ‎
‎- Brushes sub base layer ranges thick (15-20cm) compacted well in order to address drop the shoulders ‎of the road asphalt layer , level taking into account the required under the technical specifications .As ‎well as the level of service for the road (LOS) will rise from the level of (E) to the level of (C) when you ‎make the rehabilitation of the road above using the program. The study recommended the formation ‎of circles specialty concerned with maintenance of traffic available to physical and human resources ‎needed and to be its staff is the experience and skill and professionalism through training and ‎development ongoing as well as the establishment of a database of all by providing the name of the ‎road, kind, date of completion, contract amount, date of last maintenance, cost, type of failure in all, ‎the type of maintenance treatment with a programs, objectives and priorities under the scientific ‎planning standards established for that purpose.‎

This research aims to study the stratification hierarchy of urban centers in Babylon Governorate, ‎through the use of rank and size relationships. We have found that there is a high population concentration ‎in Hillacity, followed by the Alexandria city then Alkasim city. As it turns out that there are large gaps in ‎the sizes of cities, according to 2015 estimates with their sizes according to grade and size relationships.‎
Accordingly, for the purpose of finding a balance in the distribution of the population, according to ‎these relations, it must take a series of procedures and measures recommended by the research.‎

In this research, an experimental study the effects of solenoid valve on the performance of ‎compression refrigeration cycle, when it was placed before the evaporator at the refrigeration cycle. ‎Different air temperatures and velocities entering to the evaporator in. Three speeds of the air entering ‎the evaporator which are (3.5, 11.5, 19.5) m / s and four temperatures of the air entering the ‎evaporator are (18, 22, 26, 30) Co. Experimental works were carried out on the refrigeration system for ‎two cases, with and without the solenoid valve.‎
The experimental results Showed that using the solenoid valve increase the coefficient ‎of performance by (‎‏8.125‏‎%), the refrigerating effect by (‎‏1.22‏‎%) the compressor work and mass flow ‎rate reduced by(‎‏2.4‏‎%) and (6%) respect the air velocity (‎‏3‏‎.5m / s),and the temperature input ‎to evaporator is (30Co).‎

The success of an industrial establishment is measured by degree of achievement of quality and thus ‎achieving goals that have been set so to reach consumer desired quality at competitive prices.‎
‎ The research includes the use of certain quality standards to Evaluate the quality of an electric ‎cooling air motor at the plant of state company for electrical Industries ,where samples were ‎withdrawn at random from the finished parts in the past 31 months. The defects were classified into ‎four Catogories ,i.e (A,B,C,D ) , depending on the degree of importance from the point of view of the ‎consumer .‎
‎ It was found that the percentage of production quality to cooling air motor (‎ ‎ Hp) is between ‎‎(60% - ‎‏8‏‎0%) therefore it is acceptable .The value of the level of product quality for months (April ‎and May – 2010) is (0.99) which is better than the standard level . The production process is not under ‎control because some samples of (U) are outside upper control limit.‎