Journals geographic

The study aims to reveal the severe thermal properties of Iraq that lies between latitudes (20 – 5 29- 50-22 37) north and the longitudes (42 38- 45 48) east and (59 31) north. This location makes most of the areas in Iraq within the thermal excessiveness in the world which lies between the tropical latitude and latitude 35 north and south. Moreover, there are many geographical factors that make Iraq one of the areas that suffers severe ecological conditions represented by the hot and cold waves. The geographical and astronomical location have the greatest effect in that. Also, the nature of the surface and the height decide the pressure systems, their period and intensity.
The study adopted daily and hourly data collection recorded in the Iraqi metrology for a number of climatic elements for the period 1941-2013 in eight stations (Musol, Karkok, Baghdad, Rutba, Hay, Diwaniyah, Nasriyah and Basrah which covers almost most of the areas of Iraq. Our study even tackled the daily climatic maps for the pressure level (1000-500) mb to reveal the type of the pressure systems affecting hot and cold waves in Iraq through visiting: http://vortex.plymoyth.edu, http//www.esrl.noaa.
The study concluded that the sum of hot waves during the study period reached 682 wave within 2644 day. While the sum of low temperature wave reached 659 wave within 2485 day. Through the comprehensive analysis of the climatic maps of the pressure level 1000mb, it has been revealed that the Indian seasonal low heat represents the first pressure system that affect the occurrence of the hot waves by 46.4% of the Hot waves frequency in Iraq. The combined low heat, the Indian and the Sudanese, comes next by 25.9%. It was revealed through analyzing the maps of the pressure level 500mb for the days during the days of high temperatures.

The Industrial development is one of the fundamental pillars for the advancement of reality to Economic and Social for any country, studying and analyzing of trends factors that help the industry comes from the fact the close connection between the selection decision and the possibility of success of the project to show the spatial trends, and this is by knowing the geographic potential of any geographical region and Qadisiyah province is one of those areas where the potential for industrial production inputs available with the availability of other services, as well as easy access to raw materials in proposed sites of the industry, the subsequent side services and facilitate the work of its industrial development.
The treatment of the relationships between them and understand their meanings lead to a distinct significant results working on the investment potentials in the industrial side, according to the places which represented by districts at the province, which vary according to the independent variables in the spatial analysis of the difference in impact between industries, Diwaniyah district came intro in the food industry ,textile , chemical , construction and engineering to the availability of the infrastructure services compared to the rest of the other districts, followed by Hamza district and the two districts Shamia and Afak each respectively, then Diwaniyah was in the first place also wood industries and wooden furniture, paper-making, printing and publishing and unclassified industries , followed by Shamia district spend Sham then and the two districts Hamza and Afak each respectively.

Includes wind pressed the various processes that lead to the transfer and removal of loose sediment from varying distances to their places. And increases the effect of the wind in the arid and semi-arid regions, they contribute to the higher rates of evaporation / transpiration and reduce humidity and dry the surface layer of soil in addition to the transfer and insisted Turn rocky.
What increases the verb Erosion wind and expands the scope of the areas affected is the lack of what hinders or reduces the severity. Where the study area is characterized by a lack of Terrain and energizes the surface and little or no vegetation. As the thin surface layer of the soil one of the main natural resources as an important factor for the success of human activity, hence the preservation longer necessary to achieve the best investment for this important resource. However, the risks to the soil by the wind is a big loss, and here comes our role in giving the reasons behind the continued loss of this resource and to try to develop appropriate solutions to reduce it.
The research found a number of results, most notably:
1- Characterized by wind Inflaming the study area being a moderate speed up to about (3.1 m / s), where the annual rates of increase for the accelerated wind and energizes it to the surface and the lack of Terrain and lack of vegetation and the weakness of its spread and intensity.
2-affected insisted wind and other natural factors contribute to mankind in the increase or decrease the degree of erosion. However, the climatic characteristics of the region was the most influential insisted on the wind.
3- variation insisted wind in grades station in Baghdad during the study period ranged between (604.33˚-22658.91˚). This is due to the impact of the actual value of showering, which ranged between values (2.74 - 14.58 inch). As ranged from annual rates of accelerated wind between (2.2-3.5m / s).
4- shows the results of wind erosion prediction for the station in Baghdad insisted that tends to increase in grades, as it is expected that the record year (2013) the lowest grades insisted the wind to reach (99625.1˚). While it is anticipated that the record year (2022) the highest degree of wind pressed to reach (100117.4˚).

The study dealt with the chemical pollution of food and its effect and the relationship between the chemical compounds of nicotine in cigarettes with the chronic kidney failure disease infection using a number of statistical coefficients represented in (Chi-Square) with the aim of showing the correlation between the variables. In addition to that a questionnaire was distributed to the chronic kidney failure patients (420 questionnaires) (16 children were exempted) with the aim of measuring the variables of the patients. The results of the study showed the correlation of chemical polluters of food like the preserved food, salts and soft drinks and smoking and the chronic kidney failure infection. The most important recommendations of the study included the need to aware the people of the damages of the chemical polluters to the human health, specially to the kidneys and the need to adopt a diet to reduce the taking salts and soft drinks because they cause the chronic kidney failure infection, the need to stop smoking because it has correlation with the disease infection, the establishment of a department to test and issue certificates indicating that the fruit is void of the remains of insecticides, the quantity of the used insecticides should be in proportion to the crops in order not to pollute the soil, the underground water and food which are correlated to the chronic kidney failure disease.

The investments by farmland, depending on the human and natural ingredients and scientifically thoughtful and maintenance of those ingredients their sustainability, and then identify similar areas of agricultural and environmental possibilities available and determine the specific cultivation factors, to determine the best location or appropriate for the cultivation of each crop, contributing to build a base for agricultural sustainable development in the province.
This study focused on the basics and the details of the cultivation and production of agricultural crops in the province of Najaf in order to detect the spatial variation of the cultivation and production and the reality of their geographical distribution. Depending on the agricultural data for the period between (2004 -2014), according to the administrative units at the level of respects, while the study is based on data analysis and characterization of the descriptive approach and ensure that the findings of this study.
The study built on two topics, as well as the introduction and conclusions and recommendations. Eating the first part, a geographical analysis of agricultural activity in the study area, while the second section dealt with sustainable agricultural development strategies in the study area and to develop ways to the advancement of agricultural reality and achieve the goal of sustainable agricultural development of the study area

The decreas of provided infrastructure services as a result of ommitting the integration with the criteria that satisfy the needs of the population , As well as derecognition the spatial integration in identify the locations of these services was a result of a research problem. So that the research aimed to achieve spatial balance between population distribution and identify the location of infrastructure services in a study areaaccording to criteria that adopted for these services towards aquiring spatial integration and interaction between those services on the one hand and its relationship with the population on the other hand, to achieve the desired level of quantity and quality efficiency of the services . The hypothesis come to proves the idea of spatial integration pattern to identify the location of infrastructure services in residential areas according to the planning criteria leads to raise its level of submission to the population and increase their efficiency , and the search follow the inductive scientific methodology, statistical tables, and personal interviews to reach the goal of research.
This Thesis deals with the study of the complementary relationship between infrastructure services and the served population in a city , compared to standard criteria for each service (pure water, sanitation and waste) in Al- Rashid region . This research is an attempt to observing the negatives and determining the solutions that correspond the infrastructure planning criteria to accommodate current and future demand , in order to promote and improve this infrastructure, where infrastructure services one of most important things that must be met and its effective for the life of the humman . As a result of a growth happening at all levels , become necessary to create a successful ways to provid a services that fited with the required.
The theoretical part of this research Adopted to explain the city concepts of urban services and definition of services, planning, distribution , importance of pure water and the factors that affect to increase of consumption, as well as the concept of spatial integration of infrastructure services and the complementarity relationship between population , services and the problems that hinder the services, and the included infrastructure services and criteria of identify its location in the cities , as well as the various uses of pure water in the city . In the practical part we deal with the practical application of functional integration of infrastructure services at Al- Rashid region .and we study the quantity and spatial distribution of services (as built) by comparing it with standards , all these depends on field work of collect data from governments , personal interviews and office processes to arrive at results contribute to determine the level of integration and interaction between those services and relationship to the population size that explained by statistical tables ,
All this requires a bases to integration of these services in the cities according to the human and spatial resources in the city.and the research has reached to find a pure water supplier to the population (207) liters / per.day, also we know the amount of waste in the study area (1.54) kg /person per.day, in addition to diagnosing the main reason of decreas the services provided in Al-Rasheed region and dont found spatial balance between population distribution and the size of the service (identify the location of services) within the standards is caused by a lack of awareness of the citizen and the misuse of services, as well as the problem of overflow sewage and frequent blockage is a result of the accumulation of solid waste and waste in pipes and drainage holes , the research concluded in the to a set of conclusions and recommendations concerning the study area as well as general recommendations to improve the performance of infrastructure services in the future.
The study found there is a shortage in the supply of pure water in al - rasheed region of of summer and the operating capacity of the sewage plants was more than the amount of sewage generated in the same region , as well as the service of waste collection has been large quantity to remain scattered in the revival of the study area because of the higher than the standard per person is estimated to Baghdad Secretariat of waste involved, and this confirms the existence of a defect in the complementary relationship between the services studied at Al - Rashid region .

It is clear that the federal system has not been applied in Iraq has not been mentioned, but in the era of the US occupation of Iraq in 2003 as the best method to achieve the US policy in Iraq.
With respect to the proposed federal system applied in Iraq, the most important thing taken him that he did not stem from the need and desire of the Iraqi people, but rather was the result of opposition political forces, when the power of US and sponsored by outside, which emphasized the need to build a federal Iraq serves their interests in Iraq, has acknowledged that in 1999 , then the 2002 Berlin Conference and subsequent conferences for the opposition to dedicate this demand came even admitted after the US occupation of Iraq under the permanent constitution in 2005Since the federal no legal materials written and imposed on the people, but is the political consciousness of the culture of dual loyalty to the State of the Union and the region, and I think that the Iraqi people lacking for such a kind of political culture after an absence of democracy exceeded forty five year (Iraq is left of democracy since 1958) was where loyalty is based on the basis of one people and one nation, one leader, so how can he understand the nature of the dual loyalty of both the province and the Union and the socket on the last democracy in Iraq.
It is better for the time being to follow the system of decentralization and then a dialogue between all parties, federal Iraq to form a harmonious with nature and its components, as well as the study of other experiences to take advantage of their mistakes and avoid them and then create a special system has been emulated by other Arab societies

Ract Syria occupies an important place in Russian strategic due to geopolitical factors of which the most important one is its geographical location on the Mediterranean .And such location occupies great importance because of -the Russian Tartus base found in the Syrian coast which is considered as the only military base of Russia beyond its geographical borders. This base plays a major role in the logistical support and supply of the Russian navy deployed in the Mediterranean. In addition, the importance of the geographical location of Syria for regional countries, especially Turkey, which represents the southern border of NATO and Iraq, and which constitutes a ground and air bridge between Russian interests in Iran and Russian interests in Syria .The other geopolitical dimension reflected in the Russian strategy is the ethnic composition of the population of Syria and the project of dividing Syria, which is loomed by the United States .Finally, the Russian investments in the Syrian oil and gas sector reinforce the importance of the geographical location, especially since most of these investments are concentrated in the Syrian coastal area

The research aims to understand the reality of the low urban heritage in the city of Samawah, this heritage, which is the inherent part of which it is the crossing of the values and the legacy of the city and the communities in which inhabited throughout its history, from origination and until the present time. According to that search vocabulary task in terms of describing reality of urban population and the traditional to the region, analyzing the reasons for the low urban heritage, and develop a set of policies that will revive the tradition of urban and keep it from collapse in all its forms and manifestations dealt with.
The research found a set of conclusions was that the most important legacy of urban exposed to collapse dramatically and continuously formally and materially multiple reasons, although this association varies in its forms and degrees between the other part of the traditional region area It was the most impact in the area (the old second-east) and area (western old second), and third (East first old) and finally region (western old first). The proposed research need to stop the invasion of commercial position toward the residential function within the traditional area, and the enactment of this law, and the dissemination of intellectual awareness of the importance of heritage, and the need to adopt revival policies and redevelopment, renovation, restoration, improvement and upgrading of traditional for the region in order to protect it from collapse.

The History of Atlas Geography as well as its production development is associated with human's History and its development on the surface of the earth. After Man had known how to draw (design) maps, he began to produce different types of maps. Then, he began to collect, keep them and gradually he knew how to classify them in atlases. The methods of presenting maps have been developed until international perspectives that are working in atlases production have been appeared. Their types have become numerated, their methods of preparation, printing, and publishing have been developed. Benefits from the great information revolutionary in which recent world is living as a result of the scientific and technological progress in the field of space and technology sciences (RS) and geographical information systems (GIS) that have involved specialized programmes in drawing, preparing, and modernizing maps using computer in much flexibility, more efforts, and less cost. This has led to the transformation into digital maps production and electronic atlases.