Iraqi Journal For Economic Sciences

The concept of citizenship gained its connotations through its historical circumstances, featured it with the characteristics made it a different concept from what else. The good citizenship is a fortune for homelands, and the power of regulating the relationship between the private and the public interest, and that this citizenship grows when the state is capable of distribution of wealth in a justice, and able to provide and protect the physical and moral rights of the individual. As well as, the practice of the principle of citizenship on the ground required to provide a minimum of the rights of citizens in order to be a meaning for citizenship, which is achieved affiliation of the citizen, and loyalty to his homeland, and the positive interaction with its citizens; as a result of his sense of fairness. The absence of these rights will lead to the sovereignty of the concept of missing citizenship, which means that the individual is resting on the specific groups to be their primary reference and pushed the general citizenship, followed by a secondary one, which would entail a lot of the economic costs.
The research has targeted diagnosis of dysfunction between the Iraqi government and the Iraqi citizen relationship in order to serve as a guide in the development of a future vision of the true relationship based on citizenship.
Through what came from the contents of the research, it has been the formation of an econometric model for measuring the impact of factors affecting citizenship. It has emerged from the model several factors decisively affect the citizenship, including poverty factor, as demonstrated by the model that the poverty has an impact of the strengthening of conflict and the promotion of the deteriorating security situation. As well as corruption, which cumulatively affect the activation of the sense of missing citizenship.
The estimated model refers that the deteriorating security situation has, also, cumulative effects. The current deterioration in the security situation, as long as the government cannot reduce it, would, in itself, leads to a further deterioration in the security situation. The most important of research recommendations highlighted the need to build a national strategy for peace, attention to the phenomenon of poverty in Iraq, use of government policies with less burden, put reliable strategies to fight corruption, and build a strategy favorable to education.

This research aims to measure and analyze the economic determinants facing foreign direct investment in Iraq, notably the macroeconomic variables, and variables of monetary and fiscal policy and external balance, in order to provide initial idea can help the investment decision maker to reach a map of the policies that can be followed to attract flows of direct foreign investment.
The research was diagnosed variables, which have a positive effect on foreign direct investment flows (attraction factors), which are according to their importance : the interest rate, money supply, government expenditures, exchange rate GDP, and credit size, as well as it was determined the variables, which have a negative impact, i.e., political unrest, corruption, legal, administrative and institutional restrictions, in addition to the inflation, the budget deficit, external resources gap, economic exposure, and the size of the market.

the financial stability is of great importance to enable the financial sector, in general, and banking sector, in particular, on the face of risk or any adverse effects on the current and future reality for the growth of the national economy and its development, hence the damage to the efforts of financial stability will result to harm economic stability, in general, and monetary stability, in particular, which represents the essence of the work of the central bank, and a key target of its goals set forth in the provisions of law No. (56) for the year 2004, the central bank has focused on continuous communication with the banking system units, and create conditions that foster a supportive banking environment for the monetary stability, as well as the duties, functions and powers of the central bank, and its full ability to intervene in the banking system institutions, through its monetary and supervisory tools.

Analysis of the relationship between the exchange rate and the inflation rate: An Empirical Study of the province of Erbil, for the period 2008-2014
This research aims to identify the causal relationship between the exchange rate of the Iraqi dinar and the inflation rate in the province of Erbil for period (2008-2014), using the cointegration. It is worth noting that the Kurdistan-Iraq region suffers from fluctuations in foreign exchange rates, and the raise of inflation rate, since the founding of the Kurdistan Regional Government in 1992. The research deals with exchange rates concept and types, as well as referring to the concept of the phenomenon of inflation, its causes, effects and the ways to treat with. Finally, the research has shown that the relationship is moving from inflation to the foreign exchange rate in the province of Erbil.

Inflation is always a challenge for most of the economies of countries in the world, because of its undesirable effects, that are costs borne by society, and Iraq are among the countries that have suffered from inflationary pressures for several decades. These inflationary pressures pay for members of the Iraqi community in the form of costs, without knowing their amount and size, and for the purpose of knowing their amount and embark on measuring them, we, in this research, estimate the cost of inflation, by using the long-term equilibrium relationship between the real cash balance, as a percentage of real income (prices fixed GDP) and the price of the Iraqi Central Bank's policy over the period 1990-2012. The average total cost is (0.2430) for the annual average inflation, which is (71.4%) for the period 1990-2012. In order to achieve the objectives of the research, the indicators of living standards are estimating in real terms, after testing the stability of the inflation cost of data series, an average per capita gross domestic product, private consumption spending (family), line of absolute poverty before and after deducting the cost of the ration card, and verify the existence of a cointegration relationship between them. One of the main conclusions reached by the research, said that the money in the Iraqi economy, in addition to being a necessary commodity for the purposes of the transaction, it is a political commodity to be virtually the outcome of the export of oil. It is influenced by the political situation experienced by Iraq since the 1990-2012 and up to date, and that the average annual inflation (71.4%) resulted in an average inflation costs by (0.2430), has led to a decline in living standards in the Iraqi economy by (0.164%) and ( 0.171%) for the period from 1990 to 2012.