Iraqi Journal For Economic Sciences

the banking institutions have become providing services to customers and business enterprise in remoting, and so electronic transfers of funds have been consistent reality in all parts of the world, in addition to some technical characteristics of the internet, this has resulted in raising concerns of bankers and supervisory authorities alike, in terms of increasing and diversity of the risks associated with this development, supervisors and bankers agree that the foundations and principles that apply to the traditional banking business are applicable to electronic banking operations, however all the rapid change in technology and the degree of the bank on technology providers have led to change and amplify traditional banking risks, this indicates that there are specific areas need further guidance by the supervisory authorities in order to push the over all framework of the electronic banking operations.

The importance of this research comes from the importance of this research comes from the high financial revenues which form the highest percentage of financial resources of government to start the public expenditures employed by the government plans of the economic development , because many industrial projects are related to the oil industry , its role in providing the labor opportunities for unemployees and building and developing the skills .
Oil industry is also considered the high profitable industry , if compared with profits of other industries . Depending on oil as the only source for providing the foreign currencies necessary to fund imports . because oil is considered nonnewable source , therefore its revenues must be invested in order to achieve the economic development , and improve all national economic sectors to avoid the economic dependence on the advanced countries

The policies of governmental support are one of the most prominent policies adopted in both super power and developed countries, with different methods or methodologies applied, as it is contribute to alleviate the variation of the income level , and redistributions the income in favor of people with limited income, especially those who are poor. Iraq considers one of the countries that applied these policies and the question raised seeking answer, is to determining the obstacles that stand in front of the policies governmental support, and the importance of these policies and whether these policies, have an impact on the economic reality of the country.

The world is witnessing a revolution of knowledge emerged from rapid developments in information and communication technology, which played a key role in the trend towards knowledge economies, that have helped to a deeper understanding of the role of knowledge and human capital in the process of economic and social development, hence there is an increasing need for a shift towards a knowledge economy as field a New in general, ingeneral and vocational education in Iraq in particular because of its role in the shift towards the acquisition and promotion of competitive advantage, and then effechve corlribution to the actor in the process of economic development by keeping up vocational education for the knowledge economy and the development of its infrastructure .

Wheat is considered as one of the most important cereal crops, and represents a world-wide peculiar issue. Therefore, most countries, including Iraq, endeavor to achieve the self-sufficiency from it. This study aimed to estimate wheat supply response in rained region in Iraq for the period 1960-2010 using cointegration and error correction model. To accomplish this
aim, main factors influencing wheat acreage supply response were determined which include: wheat price, competing crop (barley), total product, crop price, rainfall, and production arisk. In order to avoid spurious regression problem, time series of the model variables were analyzed using ADF and KPSS tests. Results of these tests revealed that the time series were non-stationary in their levels, stationary in their first differences, and they were all cointegrated except the production risk and total product time series which were stationary in their levels. The tests also demonstrated a long run equilibrium relationship between wheat-cultivated area and its determinants. To estimate the short and long run determinants effects on wheat-cultivated area, the vector error correction model (VECM), was used , and the results revealed the significance of wheat price, barley price, and rainfall which represented about 66% of the change in wheat-cultivated area. In addition, there was ashort and long run relationship between wheat-cultivated area and its determinants. According to VECM results, the wheat-cultivated area is corrected from its disequilibrium in every previous period by -0.556 toward its equilibrium value. The speed of adjusting to equilibrium takes 1.79 years after the shock in the model which results from the change of one of the explanatory variables. Estimated elasticities indicate that price elasticities of wheat in relative to its price were 0.254 and 0.4608 in the short and long run respectively. Whereas, cross elasticities for wheat were -0.303 and 0.5987 in the short and long run respectively. Wheat supply elasticity in relation to the rainfall were 0.4502 in the short run and 0.6632 in the long run. As the elasticities values were less than one, the supply of this crop can be described as inelastic.