Al-Salam Journal for Engineering and Technology

Breast cancer is one of the worst diseases in the world and the most common cancer affected by women. Early
detection of cancers allows for faster treatments. Recent studies have focused on early breast cancer diagnosis utilizing noninvasive UWB technologies. This article proposed to use metamaterials as an Implantable antenna to detect breast cancer in
filed of IOB. With non-toxic materials,and safity frequency range from 1 to 10 GH three different compact and comfortable
sizes for metamaterial antennas have been used for implanted within the breast tissue. Two models for compressed breast tissue
were created using the CST Microwave studio simulator. These models generated patient data set with differing dielectric
properties similar to human tissue. These dataset are used to train several appropriate supervised machine learning algorithms:
Decision tree (DT), support vector machine (SVM), and nearest neighbour (NN) in order to develop an intelligent classification
model that can assist doctors in identifying malignant breast cells. As a result SVM can classify the breast data to detect the
tumor affactivly with 93%accuracy .

Textual information within scene images is very important in computer vision applications such as
image retrieval based on its content, Tourist translator, and Navigation systems assistant. This paper presented a
scene text recognition system based on YOLO. The main steps of the suggested methodology are: text detection
and localization (using YOLOv5), text segmentation (using Morphological processing as a new method), features
extraction (using MSERs), character segmentation and word segmentation (using bounding boxes with graph), and
finally character recognition (using OCR). In this work we create a new dataset model that includes most of the
text challenges such as Font type, Font size, Font color, and Font. The proposed system gives higher performance
for detection, localization, and recognition when using dataset containing many challenges, the results were 80%,
96%, and 87.6 for precision, recall, and F-score respectively. Comparing with other similar works it was better.
The accuracy of (OCR) is more than 99%.

People drive very quickly due to accidents that happen frequently, especially with the presence of
modern cars with large engines and reckless youth that we lose our affection by committing a straightforward error
while driving some reckless people in (school areas, the market area, citizens' gatherings and highways). Therefore,
to dodge such sorts of mishaps, ready drivers, and control the speed of their vehicles in such places, the Interstate
Organization has put billboards. However, sometimes this type of sign may be seen and there is a chance of an
accident. A system has been developed to automatically identify the driver with zones and speed limits, and this is
done by using radio frequency technology and by controlling an embedded system called an ARM controller. The
principal objective is to plan a devoted savvy screen regulator for vehicle speed control and zone checking, which
can be worked on an inserted framework.

In today’s era, communication and sharing of information is increasing rapidly. It is important to
mention that Cryptography has been used for secure communication since it is regarded an important tool to
protect the information in the modern world in computer systems.
Many techniques can be used to implement the encryption like substitution and permutation or sometimes by some
mathematical readability. The cipher text can be generated according to the human comprehension and readability
after applying any of the aforementioned techniques.
In this research, have studied and analyzed the current limitations and challenges of cipher and algorithms context
from the perspective of security design. Then, we have identified the design dimensions and components of a
secure cipher application based on digital alteration technical. Then, a secure cipher application based on digital
change technical was constructed and developed. At last, we tested and evaluated the user interaction in cipher
application prototype based on suggested technical. Through experience, it was confirmed that the digital alteration
technical is useful and easy for users who work on text encryption.

In this paper, the MOSFET device structure has been simulated using an open-source simulator and
the characterization of the ID-VG and ID-VD curves has been studied. The n-channel MOSFET device structure
for three distinct generations has been simulated using the provided parameters, getting the corresponding I-V
curves and observing their surface charge - Vg properties using the online simulator Nanohub. Based on the
reported electrical characteristics, we may deduce that the Vth values decrease when the MOSFET device is scaled
down. The current Id when Vg is zero is substantially higher in the third generation of the device than in the first
and second generations, indicating that there is greater leakage current. Consequently, this is the punch through
effect because current flows regardless of the gate voltage (i.e. even gate voltage is zero). Therefore, the device\'s
third generation is poorly developed. In terms of performance, we can infer that the first iteration of the design is
superior than the second and third generations. Therefore, substrate doping may be enhanced further for the second
and third generation, while oxide thickness can be lowered further for improved performance. As the concentration
of doping increases, however, we must additionally consider the influence of ionization .

The layers of asphalt pavement can develop a variety of issues and faults, each of which is caused
by one or more factors (such as bad mixture design, improper paving techniques, or environmental factors), with
traffic being the primary cause of the majority of them. In this paper, a crack detection technique in the pavement
image is proposed to address the issue based on the edge information. To accomplish this yhe image is first preprocessed to improve the linear characteristic of the crack by converting the colorful digital image to gray scale
using the gray-scale transformation function and the reconstruction filter. The adaptive thresholding method is also
designed to map the crack gradient information while coarsely extracting the crack edge based on the grayscale
feature. After the filtered edge points have been gathered in line with the gradient information, the edge is
recognized using single-pixel filtering processing, which is enhanced by utilizing the local difference between
pixels in the fixed region. The complete crack is acquired by filling the crack edge. The proposed method can
precisely identify pavement fractures while still maintaining the edge.

Information security is a critical concern and a top priority for many communications networks.
Cryptography is a suitable method of data security that can be used to maintain the secrecy and authenticity of
information and can improve the privacy aspect of the data. The AES algorithm is one of the most important
encryption algorithms and the best in protecting data. In this paper, a comparison was made between two different
methods for the generation initial key of the key expansion of the AES-192 algorithm, in the first method, the
initial key generated by the user (chose a random key by the user), and in the second method, the initial key
generated by the chaotic system (which used the logistic function to generate the numbers chaotically). After
testing the two methods, the second method that used a chaotic system is faster and more secure than the first
method. Also, the encryption and decryption operations using the key generated by the chaotic system were faster
when applying it to various sizes of text files and the plaintext is difficult to discover from the ciphertext. When
comparing the proposed method to earlier experiments, it is both quicker and messier than earlier encryption
techniques.

There are many and many ways that play an important role in terms of information security,
including the most common method known as cryptography, which is changing/hiding the basic data according to
a certain method to make it unreadable. Steganography is another art that aims to completely hide data to
communicate between two parties unobtrusively to a third party, and this is known as steganography. Only the
relevant persons are aware of this contact. The practice of steganography includes concealing a message inside a
suitable carrier, such as a picture or an audio file, for example. Steganography is also known as cryptography. The
carrier may then be delivered to the intended recipient with no one except the intended recipient being aware that it
conceals a message. For instance, civil rights organizations in repressive countries may utilize this strategy to get
their message out to the globe without raising suspicion at home. This is due to the fact that it is possible to use this
strategy in private. In this piece, we've attempted to explain the many steps involved in using a "multimedia" file to
create steganography (text, static image, audio, and video). Stainless is an emerging area of data science that tries
to detect steganographic masks and, if possible, retrieve hidden communications. Stainless is an emerging industry.
It's extremely similar to cryptanalysis, which is used in the field of cryptography. The technique has been around
for quite some time, but it has only recently gained widespread notice because of its application to the secure
transmission of digital information. The primary objective is to conceal the existence of the communication, as
well as to prevent it from being read.

A one-stage Folded Cascode Operational Amplifier with the self-biasing scheme for the PMOS
differential input stage is designed by using LTspice simulator and the designing procedure is described. This folded
op amp will have a high Common-mode input range (ICMR) and a high maximum voltage output thereby high gain.
The LTspice simulation results correlate very well with the hand calculations obtained theoretical values. All the
MOSFETs are kept in saturation to ensure high open loop gain. Then, a two-stage op amp circuit has been designed
by assuming Zero (z)= 10 GB, and phase margin (PM= 68o). The obtained result of the output gain for this design
was Avo= 91 dB, indicating that the design has a high gain.

Fault models are designed to forecast the expected behaviors (reaction) from the IC when faults are
present, and this is what allows automated test pattern generation (ATPG) software to generate the test patterns. In
order to identify these faults at every node in the circuit, the ATPG tool first consults the fault models to establish
the patterns that will be necessary for doing so. In this article, ten logic gates are developed using the Quartos
program to test for faults in a circuit, and the output waveform was simulated to determine the outcomes of the
fault-free output using a variety of test patterns. This fault-free output is compared to the output when a fault
injection occurs. It may then be determined if the various test patterns can be utilized to discover the fault in the
simulation. The findings demonstrated that the fault can be discovered flawlessly.

Recently, the color image encryption technique using the chaotic system and DNA bases has
attracted great interest from the research community.The current research presents a study in an efficient method
for color image encryption by using Hyper-chaotic Lorenz system with Hyper-chaotic Rösler system and DNA
coding. Where the Secure Hashing Algorithm-256/384 was presented first, due to the need for chaotic systems to
have initial values (primary key), which are obtained using this hashing function.Then the study presented the use
of Hyper-chaotic Lorenz system and its chaotic sequences generated, as it turns the normal color image into a
distorted image. By mixing the three components (red, green and blue) of the color image. Finally, the use of a
combination of methods to encode mixed components is shown to achieve significant randomness, Hyper-chaotic
Rösler system is shown as well as XOR operations are applied between image DNA components and DNA
sequences that are generated on the basis of Hyper-chaotic Rösler system. then decode the DNA components of the
image; Thus, the final encoded image is generated. The use of these methods of encryption is more efficient when
compared to the previous many color image encryption algorithms, as these methods are safer for attacks, and this
was proven by studying the histogram (graph) in addition to the use of DNA and its characteristics, the most
important of which is DNA encryption additional technique. It has characteristics, such as wide parallelism and
large storage capacity, which make it a very promising field and thus use DNA and messy functions will provide
image protection in an efficient way. Messy maps and DNA technology are two of the most popular topics
currently used in image coding, in combination or separately. These two technologies have good security features
and can be used to secure digital images. Chaotic systems' sensitive initial conditions, unpredictable and nonperiodic ideal statistics, and other attributes enable them to build secure cryptographic systems. Numerous
beneficial properties of computational parallel DNA computing have been discovered on a large scale, less power
loss, and a large amount of storage space. This is what this study sought to find an encryption technology that
maintains a high level of strength against encryption attacks.

The study was conducted on a group of people who drink a lot of soft drinks (Cola, Pepsi) and
coffee. It included 90 people, 30 people for each type of drink consumed, distributed equally between males and
females, and a control group of 30 people who do not drink these drinks, and they are also distributed between
males and females.
Blood samples were collected from students and laboratory analyzes were conducted to determine the effect of
these drinks on liver function (Aspartate aminotransferase AST, Alanine amino transferase ALT, Alanine amino
transferase ALP) and kidney (Serum Creatinine, Serum Urea). The results showed a significant (P<0.05) increase
in the liver enzymes of the students who consumed cola and Pepsi. It was AST (126.6 ± 0.523 U/I, 123.73 ± 0.83),
ALT (U/I 73.3 ± 0.72, 78.67 ± 0.7), and ALP (U/I). I/I 201.8 ± 1.33, 191.07 ± 0.35), respectively, compared with
the control group (U/I 118.92 ± 1.08, 54.9 ± 0.525, 156.93 ± 1.77), respectively, and there were no significant
differences (P < 0.05) in the value of cove intake for the three enzymes. under study compared with the control
group. As for the value of urea and creatinine analyzes, it showed a significant increase (P<0.05) in the urea value
of the sample of cola and Pepsi drinkers, it was (mg/dl 37.13 ± 0.36, 35.37 ± 0.51) compared with the control
group (31 mg/dl). ± 0.39), and the results showed a significant increase (P < 0.05) in the value of glucose analysis
for students who consumed cola and Pepsi, as it was (148.8 ± 1.57 mg/dl, 154.67 ± 0.89), respectively, compared
with the control group, which was (126.3 ± 0.88 mg/dl). . We conclude that consuming soft drinks in excess affects
high blood sugar, liver and kidney functions, and this negatively affects other vital activities in the body.

The deaf and mute use sign language by moving their hands, faces, and bodies to talk to each other
or normal people. Sign language is non-verbal communication, which is the process of communication by sending
and receiving messages without words between people. The number of deaf people is increasing in the world and
Iraq in particular, in addition to the problems in communicating with the world and the difficulty of learning sign
language by deaf and hard-of-hearing families, there must be other ways to help the deaf communicate efficiently
with ordinary people and learn sign language easily. One such method is to use artificial intelligence to create
translation software and recognize hand gestures. This paper presents a computer program that can translate Iraqi
sign language into Arabic (text). First, the translation starts with capturing videos to make up the dataset, the
proposed system uses a convolutional neural network (CNN) to classify sign language based on its features to
impute the meaning of the sign. The accuracy of the part of the proposed system that translates sign language into
Arabic text is 99% for words sign.

NiO thin films of different preferred orientations have been growth successfully by sol-gel
technique using methanol solvent. X-ray diffraction was used to assess the produced film. XRD analysis of the
sample's phase reveals that the relative intensity of the peak (111) indicates a highly crystalline nickel oxide
structure. In order to test a NiO-based film's antibacterial effectiveness against the gram-negative bacteria
Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus, the mac varland method was utilized (S. aureus). Colonyforming units per milliliter (CFU/mL), which are the number of colonies on each plate, were used to measure the
antibacterial activity of the sample. The results demonstrated Nickel oxide is highly effective against (E. coli) and
other bacteria (S. aureus).

This project describes in detail the process of designing and simulating CMOS Technology is used
in a one-stage folded cascode operational amplifier (SFCOA) with the self-biasing scheme for the NMOS a stage
of differential input is discussed. The design of the required circuits is done using the LTspice simulator. We will
see that the simulation result approximately matches with the desired and theoretically calculated performance
values. We are changing width values to bring all the transistors of the circuit in saturation, then; two stage of
(FCOA) technique with Miller compensation technique for the NMOS input have been employed. The operational
amplifiers circuit is designed with 0.25 µm CMOS Technology using LTspice software. The applicable technique,
which includes all of the design equations, has been fully stated in order to implement the circuit design for a
particular specification. The parameter of Phase Margin (PM) and DC Gain are presented and discussed. Finally, a
designed circuit based on NMOS input provide a 96 DC Gain has been performed.