Engineering and Technology Journal

In this work In2O3 and Sn-doped ITO nanoparticles were prepared by sol-gel
method and deposited on quartz substrate by dip coating technique at different doping
concentration of (5, 10 and 15%). The samples were annealed at 550 oC at constant
time (60 min). X-ray analysis confirmed the formation of polycrystalline cubic phase
that decreases in crystalline size with increasing doping concentration. The optical
properties of Sn-ITO nanostructure thin film were studied. The transmittance was
measured in the wavelength range of (300nm to 1100 nm) for all thin films. The
sensitivity towards NO2 gas was measured, when In2O3 was doped with Sn at
different concentrations

Recently, emerged an easy way to fabricate to a nano fiber-optic sensor
(NFOS) using the inscription on the silica fiber. A simple etching reactor was
developing to obtain reproducible tapers of desired diameter and length. This
approach is reflected on-line monitoring of the etching using the transmitter and
receiver system. The experimental data indicate that the diameter of the optical fiber
decreases linearly with the time of survival of hydrofluoric acid, and etching was
used at room temperature. In this study, we were examined the best rate of etching
that used for the fabrication of such sensors. In the aforementioned technique, this
method aims to determine the diameter of the reduced core and show the evolution of
the two different processes from the nano fiber regime to the fixed regime in which
the mode was remote from the surrounding evanescent field, intensity can propagate
outside the segment fiber when the core diameter is less than 100 nm. To expire a
easy-going has developed the diameter of the fibre after etching to the process has
been done successfully

Abstract
In this research the bond of strontium hydroxyapatite that electrochemical
deposited on TiO2 nanotube with biomimetically hydroxyapatite formed was in vitro
investigated .The TiO2 nanotube synthesised by anodizing titanium metal and Ti-6Al-
4V alloy using special electrochemical cell prepared for this perpous, the solution that
used consisted from 70% vol. glycerene ,30% vol. water and 1.5 % wt.
NH4F.Different concentrations of strontium hydroxyapatite (0,50,100)% were
electrochemical deposited by using solution consist of Ca(NO3)2.H2O , (NH4)2HPO4
,Na(NO3)2 and Sr(NO3)2 as required , then the samlpes was calcined at 500 ºC. Then
the samples coated biomimaticaly by immersing in concentrated simulated body fluid
(SBF×5) for 30 days in order to investigate the formation of naturally hydroxiapatite
on them. The samples were calcined at 500 °C in tubular furnace under air
atmosphere .The optical microscope ,XRD and SEM tests were achieved for each
step ,and FTIR test for electrochemical coated samlples and biomimeticaly coated
samples were made .The final result shows that the TiO2 nanotube is successfully
synthesized .The samples that coated with strontium hydroxyapatite (Sr 100%
without calcium) achived a good formation of naturally hydroxyatite similar to bone
composition than the others samples(that contain 50% Sr or 0% Sr)

Antibacterial fabrics were papered by using cotton fibers, CuSO4: 5H2O,
ZnSO4 and TiO2. These cotton fibers were coated by nano thin film consists of
titanium oxide, copper oxide and zinc oxide. The study of structural properties by
XRD had indicated that the coated fabric thin film was polycrystalline. The
topography of the thin films surface was identified by using a scanning electronic
microscope (SEM) and optical microscope (OM). Optical properties were measured
using optical spectrometer, the optical properties improve lead to
increase in the effectiveness of anti-bacterial fabric during add titanium dioxide and
zinc oxide to coated fabric by copper oxide, as well as improve the biological activity
of fabric the thin film using the substance added (Methanol Sulphate) to a chemical
solution during the initial preparation process of the coating fabric by oxide copper
thin film. Biological characteristics have been studied for fabric against bacteria types
Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus.

In this paper Nano powders were used a mono; copper oxide CuO and di metal oxides powder; titanium dioxide (TiO2) in fabrication of mortar. Powder particle size about (67.8 nm) for TiO2 and (55.7nm) for CuO with crystal structure tetragonal and monoclinic system respectively have been used. These Nano powders were used as additives to the mortar material (0.5, 2.5, 5, 7.5 wt %) in order to be used in construction application including covering building, and studies on these mortar. Investigation was done on the mortar including XRD, AFM, optical microscopy, physical and some mechanical properties, micro hardness and wear rate). Results shows that where there an increase in micro hardness and decrease in wear rate in the mortar with the addition of Nano powder. Also be reduced Ca(OH)2 soft crystals and formation fine grains structure and homogeneous and the abolition of flaws or cracks. And the mortar with the Nano addition has been improved, which make the addition of Nano material beneficial and have a promising future in modern construction application.

Electrospinning has recently emerged as a leading technique for generating
biomimetic scaffolds made of synthetic and natural polymers for tissue engineering
applications. PVA was dissolved in distilled water at concentration (10% wt). PVA
10% DW solution was prepared as biopolymeric materials for fabricating tissue
engineered scaffolds by electrospinning, varying ambient temperature (25, 30, 35, 40,
45 and 50) ͦ C and investigated the ambient temperature effect on tissue nanofibers
pore size. Scanning electron microscopy was utilized to profile the topography of
individual electrospun fibers. Statistical measurements for each SEM images lead to
measure the mean pore size of tissue obtained. Our results indicate that the average
pore size of PVA fiber tisues could be scaled down to mean values (132-300)nm
smooth nanofibers without any beads, pore size decreased as ambient temperature
increase to certain temperature at (40 °C) and retrain increasing at (45 and 50) °C
temperature

CdTe nanorods have been prepared with the different reaction time period from 1hour to 3 hours. CdTe nanorods visible photoconductive detector films have been prepared on porous silicon layer with etching time 10 min. The CdTe nanorods crystallization has been studied, the crystalline structure appears hexagonal when the samples dried under vacuum at 400C° for 1h. The Hall measurements show that all samples were p – type semiconductor. The response time of the fabricated CdTe detector with different reaction time was measured by illuminating the samples visible light (Halogen lamp) and its values were decreased from 0.411ms for 1hour to 0.364 ms for 3 hours, the photoresponsivity of the detector for reaction time 3hours was to be 3.25×10-6 A/W and specific detectivity is found to be 1.05×106W-1Hz1/2cm

Two types of carbon nanotu bes (M W C N Ts and SW C N Ts) films were u sed to
fabricate hyd rogen gas sensors.C N Ts films were d eposited on porou s silicon
su bstrate by the d ropcasting method.The two sensors showed high sensitivity to
hyd rogen gas atdifferentconcentrations.Experimentalresu lts indicated thatthe
SW C N Tshave abetterperformance thanM W C N Ts.The SW C N Tsgas sensorshows
high sensitivity at150 oC with 29sec response time,whereas M W C N Ts gas sensor
shows bestsensitivityat200 oC with24sec response time

Thin films of copper oxide nanoparticles mixed with 6% nickel oxide are deposited on glass and Si substrates with orientation (111) utilizing pulsed laser deposition technique for the manufacture of hydrogen gas sensor. The films are annealed in air at 400 °C for two hours, then the structural and morphological properties are characterized using x-ray diffraction and atomic force microscopy. The results of CuO:NiO/Si films are exhibited a polycrystalline monoclinic CuO and cubic NiO phases. In addition, the peak of Si located at 28.3º which refer to (111) direction. Furthermore, this peak becomes very broad with varying full width at half maximum for etching current density of 30 mA/cm2 at time of 30 min which confirms the formation of pores on the crystalline silicon surface. On the other hand, the average diameter of 84.31 nm and 34.98 nm for CuO:NiO on a glass substrate and PS, respectively, were obtained. A sponge-like structure is produced for PS which reveal that a part of pores transform to a larger structure. The peak sensitivity of 204.8% was observed at optimum operating temperature of 350°C.

First,ZnO nanorod s were su ccessfu lly synthesized by simple evaporation
method,u sing single stage controllable horizontaltu be fu rnace and qu artz tu be
withou tcatalyst.The ZnO nano powd erwas mix ed with (10 and 20%)of TiO 2
powd er(weightratio),then ZnO -TiO 2 thickfilms were synthesized u singsimple,
low-cost efficient screen print techniqu e. The thick films were heated at 500 C ˚ for
one hou rto remove the organic bind erand anyimpu rities.The prepared thickfilms
were examined withX -Ray,and FESEM to stu d y the stru ctu raland morphology of
the films,the X -ray resu lts show thatthe films are polycrystalline withsharpand
highintensitypeaksindicatinghighcrystalinityofthe prod u ct.The FESEM pictu res
show nanorod s withdiameters less than 100 nm and severalmicrometers in length
of ZnO withTiO 2 nanoparticles.ZnO -TiO 2 d evice was bu iltu pby electrodingthe
thickfilms.The I-V characterization of the films were stu died in darkand light,
thenphoto d etectionparameters were estimated and itwas fou nd to be efficientand
highresponse inUV range d etection.

Nickel oxide (NiO) films were deposited by using a homemade DC reactive magnetron
sputtering system at different working pressure in the range (0.05-0.14)mbar. The effect
of working pressure on the structure, surface morphology, optical of NiO films was
investigated. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results suggested that the deposited films were
formed by nanoparticles with average particle size in the range of (8.145-29.195) nm.
And the films are identified to be polycrystalline nature with a cubic structure along (111)
and (101) orientation also Ni2O3 was found by XRD. The texture of the films was
observed using SEM and AFM, it was observed that the grain size was increased with
working pressure. The energy band gap was found to be in the range of (4.1 eV to 3.9
eV) When the film thickness varying from 73 nm to 146.9 nm.

Pulse laser deposition was used in this research by Nd:YAG laser with (λ=1064 nm average frequency 6 Hz and pulls duration 10 nm) to deposit an adoped ZnO thin films with 0.02 CuO with thickness (100) nm. X-ray diffraction pattern for Zinc oxide films with doping ratio of CuO shows that these films have polycrystalline hexagonal structure, and the X-ray diffraction patterns of porous silicon showed a broadening in the FHWM with increasing etching time. .From atomic force microscope of prepared samples show an average diameter of PS nanostructure. The operation temperature of gas sensor was studied for different temperature and found that the maximum sensitivity is (67.55) at T=350 cº.

Non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasma is new branch and tool in physics
.Building generation dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) system at atmospheric
pressure and studying of its thermal characterizations. The discharge was produced
by applying high voltage (5-25 KV) and frequency (12 kHz). The thermal
characterization was done by measuring discharge temperature at different applied
voltage and different distances from barrier. The results indicate that the applied
voltage and distance between electrodes effect on discharge (increasing or
decreasing) according to operation conditions because they affects, as expected, the
DBD plasma temperature decreases with the increasing of the dielectric thicknesses
which results in the decrease of the discharge voltage across the gap, accordingly, the
discharge across gap is also weakened

Silver nanoparticles have found tremendous applications in the field of diagnostics
and therapeutics. This work was aimed to study the antioxidant activity of Ag
nanoparticles in water by scavengers the free radicals produced by radiation. The
antioxidant properties of silver nanoparticles prepared by wire explosion technique
have been evaluated using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH) assay.
Ag nanoparticles were characterized by UV-Visible absorption and the results
showed surface Plasmon resonance absorption peaks around 397nm. The nanoparticle
average size and its size distribution were determinate by Atomic Force Microscopy
(AFM). The results showed that the absorption intensity varying systematically with
increasing silver nanoparticles concentration with certain limits. So Ag nanoparticles
were found to have significant antioxidant capacity and thus can be used as potential
radical scavenger against deleterious damages caused by the free radicals

This study we don't use any catalyst or buffer layer before the reaction by
hydrothermal method was used to prepare ZnO nano rods and flowerlike. The process
has taken place inside Teflon lined stainless steel autoclave with volume 50 ml
(homemade). ZnO nano rods and flowerlike were successfully synthesized using ZnO
nanoparticles (20 nanometer) and NaOH (concentrations 3M) was the starting
materials for the chemical reaction under stirring. The suspension was transferred into
a Teflon lined sealed stainless steel autoclave and kept at 90 0C for 24 h,48 h and 72
h. The influence of the synthesis process on the morphology, the crystallinity and
structural properties are studied by X-ray diffraction and field emission scanning
electron microscope (FE-SEM), the experimental pattern of the films show that
diffraction peaks can be assigned to the Wurtzite hexagonal-shaped ZnO as shown in
the FE-SEM pictures, also the morphology of the films studied by atomic force
microscope shows that the prepared thick films have high roughness specially for the
powder prepared 46 h .

The present work is concerned with the measurements of uranium concentrations in
twenty surface soil samples from selected locations (some of them were measured for the
first time as far as authors know) in Thi-Qar governorate by using uranium fission
fragment U-235 (n-f), obtained by the bombardment of U-235 with thermal neutrons. The
results have shown that, the highest uranium concentration in surface soil samples in the
selected regions in Thi-Qar governorate was found in T1 (AL-Refai) region , which was
equal to (2.896 ppm), while the lowest uranium concentration was found in T18 (Garmat
Beni Saeed) region which was equal to (0.779 ppm), with an average value of (2.077±0.4
ppm). The present results have show that the uranium concentrations in the studied
surface soil samples were less than the allowed value (11.7 ppm) recommended by
(UNSCEAR, 1993).

A novel CdO:In2O3 nano composite has been synthesized by a pyrolysis method. The
prepared nano composites have been carefully characterized using X ray diffraction and
atomic force microscopy. The obtained results showed that the synthesized nano
compositeCdo:In2O3 at optimum conditions has excellent grains. It was found that
synthesized CdO:In2O3 nano composite can be used as NO2 gas sensing to exhibit the
highest sensitivity for NO2 at 200°C. The constructed sensor showed a very low detection
limit of 5 ppm

Gold thin films have been prepared and deposited by sputtering deposition system at 17
nm and 34nm thickness on Ni-Cr-Mo alloy substrate. SEM, AFM, XRD, and
Spectroscopic Reflectometer were used to characterize the thin films deposited.
Electrochemical corrosion tests also have been carried out by measuring open circuit
potential (E o.c.p), Tafel extrapolation and cyclic polarization methods in artificial saliva
solution at 37 0C with elements analysis of the corrosion solution by using atomic
absorption spectroscopy (AAS). The results obtained indicate the ability to deposit gold
thin films (17nm and 34 nm ) by sputtering deposition method on Ni-Cr-Mo alloy with
uniformity and without defects, decrease the roughness from 2.54 nm to 1.8 nm
for gold nanocoated with 34nm and 17 nm respectively, FCC crystalline structure (111)
with diffraction peaks results from XRD, and improvement of the localized corrosion
resistance by decreasing the hysteresis loop of nanocoated with 34 nm of gold compared
with the uncoated alloy.

Synthesis natural hydroxyapatite in different nanostructure shapes and sizes such
that the toxicity is reduced to the minimum for an individual application. However, the
synthesis and functionalization processes are accomplished using chemical method. The
morphology of the HAP nanoparticles changes from rod to spherical. Rod shaped particle
are found with length between 10-20 nm while the spherical particles are found with
radius less than 10 nm. But for the pure HAP only rod morphology observed with the size
ranging from 30-60 nm

The cooling system of a car plays an important role in vehicle's performance, consists of two main parts, known as radiator and fan. Improving thermal efficiency of engine leads to increase the engine's performance, decline the fuel consumption and decrease the pollution emissions. This study presents an experimental study on enhancement of heat transfer in car radiator by using aluminum, copper and distilled water nanofluids. The range of nanoparticles concentrations used were in the range of (15 – 35 wt %). Two nanoparticles aluminum (Al (50nm)) and cupper (Cu (30nm)) used in this study and distilled water was used as base fluid (distilled water). The coefficient of heat transfer was studied with the effect of many parameters such as inlet temperature of nanofluid, Reynolds number, nanofluid concentration and types of nanoparticle.. Results show that Nusselt number increased with increasing of nanofluid inlet temperature, nanoparticle volume fraction and Reynolds number.The obtained results indicated that the enhancement in heat transfer for the nanofluid (Cu(30nm) + Dw) was greater than nanofluid (Al(50nm) + Dw) due to nanoparticles size and thermal conductivity of the cupper. The results indicated that using nanofluid as working fluid leads to higher heat transfer performance which is promoted the car engine performance and would reduce fuel consumption. Furthermore, Thermal conductivity for the nanofluids (Cu + Dw) was greater than nanofluids (Al + Dw) due to nanoparticles size and thermal conductivity for the cupper. It was indicated that the type and size of nanoparticle play an important role in enhancement of heat transfer rate.