Diyala Agricultural Sciences Journal

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of fenugreek feeding on milk production , serum constituents and prolactin hormone in lactating Damascus crossbred goats. Eighteen lactating goats in early lactation were divided randomly into three groups . First group was left without treatment as control group . The second and third groups received 4% and 6% fenugreek seeds powder respectively . Milk yield was recorded daily and blood samples were collected weekly . Milk yield was found to be significantly higher (p<0.05) while there was a significant decrease (P ≤ 0.05) in the milk fat percentage in the treated groups as compared with control group. Fenugreek fed goats exhibited significantly lower serum glucose (p<0.05) and urea (p<0.01) as compared to control group. Mean serum levels of total protein and prolactin hormone were significantly higher (p<0.05) in the fenugreek treated goats as compared to control . It could be concluded that Fenugreek feeding increased milk production in Damascus crossbred goats and this effect might be mediated via prolactin hormone stimulation.

Present study were carried out on ten males of coot bird Fulica atra . The results were showed that the mucosal layer of proventriculus, characterized by of presence of branched longitudinal folds lined by simple columnar epithelium and presence of simple tubular glands in the lamina propria. The submucosa of proventriculus is constitute of numerous proventriculus glands ,which are classified as branched tubular glands that open into the mucosal surface. The muscular layer was developed and consisted of two layers, internal longitudinal and external circular layer .The serosa appears as connective tissue layer lined by mesothelium contain blood vessels and adipose tissue. The tunica mucosa of gizzard has folds lined by simple columnar epithelium and thick layer covered it known as cuticle. The lamina propria of gizzard contains simple tubular glands separated by a thin connective tissue and muscle fibers of muscularis mucosa. The muscular layer consists of internal circular layer and external longitudinal layer. Followed by the serosa which is lined by mesothelium.

Very strong evidence was obtained from this observation of competition between two wild plant species (Imperata cylindrica and Cynodon dactylon), those two species living at semi-natural pasture, in competition and coexisting conditions with reduced densities. The two species have different life-forms, therefore effect of mowing activities was in benefit of C. dactylon. as creeping plant which suffer less of mowing process. The plowing disturbance plot was invaded by only species that had already exist at the plot (C. dactylon and Alhagi maurorum). There was no I. cylindrica, recover, in spite of this species was existing at the same pasture. Concluding that there is (might be) chemical (allelopathic) substances produced by C. dactylon, inhabited germination seeds of I. cylindrical.

This study was carried out at the College of Agriculture University of Baghdad aiming to make evaluation of two weighs day old chick(41.0g) medium(M) and higher (H) of (46.06g) in body weight and carcass weight and percent of dressing and cuts and viscera , as it was brought up from hatchery chicks were separated into two categories of chick by 150 chick/category to the age of 42 days , the following results indicated that :- There were consequential better in live body weight , carcass weight and dressing percentage , also predominant in weight of the carcass main (breast , thigh . drumstick) and secondary cuts (neck , back , wing) for birds resultant from chicks weights highly comparison with weights medium with percent 7.75% and 8.87% respectively . There were consequential better in weight of heart , giblet , spleen also in percentage weight of the carcass main and secondary parts for birds resultant from chicks weights highly comparison with weights medium were 59.68% and 40.59% comparison with 58.15% and 38.44% respectively

This study was carried out at the Sheep and Goat Research Station, State Board for Agricultural Research /Ministry of Agriculture /Abu-grab (20 km west of Baghdad).The objective of study was to investigate the effect of Propolis extract ( 0 , 5 , 10 and 15 ml) on some mineral levels in blood. Twenty four Turkish Awassi weaned lambs (90 day years old) over the period from 20- 2-2011 until 20-5-2011. Blood calcium levels did not differ significantly, one month post treatment, whereas, the difference became significant, two and three months post propolis treatment. Blood calcium increased obviously with increased propolis extract level. Calcium level was different (P≤ 0.05) among treatment months using 10 and 15 ml of propolis extract. Oral treatment of 15 ml of propolis extract led to increased calcium level to 1.88 and 1.94 M/ litter , two and three months post treatment. Blood phosphorus level was differ significantly (P≤ 0.05) among treatment groups. Blood magnesium was significantly (P≤ 0.05) affected by propolis extract. The differences in magnesium level were not significant within treatment period. Blood potassium in Turkish Awassi lambs was increase using 15 and 10 ml of propolis extract. Potassium level was increased with advanced the treatment period. The potassium level was significantly (P≤ 0.05) with advanced age of lambs to six months. Blood sodium level did not differ significantly using 5 and 10 ml of propolis extract, while it increased (P≤ 0.05) using 15 ml of extract. In conclusion, propolis extract was profoundly affected blood calcium, potassium and sodium level in Turkish Awassi lambs and their growth rate consequently.

The study aimed to determine the impact of chicory wild local leaf extract, on blood sugar, magnesium level and the level of serum lipids of mice, mice infected with hepatitis induced chemically by injecting them with CCl4 by 1 ml / 1 kg Intra-peritoneal. the use the three concentrations of the plant extract (75, 150, 300 mg / 1 kg) given orally mice for 21 days, mice divided into five groups of seven mice in each group, group I, control uninfected second control infected untreated the third, fourth and fifth groups infected and treatment with concentrations (75, 150, 300 mg / 1 kg), respectively. Better record low level of sugar in the blood serum mice infected with hepatitis chemical group of mice orally by 75 mg / 1 kg of extract of leaves, amounting to 112 mg / 100 ml compared with a control non-infected and infected untreated reaching each 150 146 mg / 100 ml respectively. He did not give any significant difference at the level of magnesium in blood serum. There was a positive effect of the extract on cholesterol levels because of lower concentration compared with a control noninfected and infected untreated values were 171, 163, 90, 92, 122 mg / 100 ml, respectively, to totals for the five mice. As well as the lowest concentration level triglycerides three groups of three treatment 238, 184, 188 mg / 100 ml, respectively, compared with control groups not infected and the infected untreated, each reaching 240, 280 mg / 100 ml, respectively.

In this study twelve of purred local isolate from Bacillus stearo thermophilus were obtained among 40 isolates from different sources of Iraqi soil. They were subjected to primary and secondary screening to select the isolate which produce the highest level of L- arabinose isomerase . It was found that the isolate B4 was the highest producer of the enzyme , with enzyme activity of 35 unit /ml. According to morphological and biochemical tests this isolate was identified as Bacillus stearothermophilus and designated as HB4 . The optimum conditions for production of L- arabinose isomerase from Bacillus stearothermophilus HB4 by submerged culture were achieved on broth medium containing 1.5% glycerol as carbon source and 0.15 % of L- arabinose as inducer and 1 % of mixture of casien, beef extract and yeast extract with equal quantity of each them as nitrogen source with 0. 15 % of magnesium sulfate and 0.02 % of manganese sulfate at pH of 7.5 after 72 hours of incubation at 55 C 0 . Under these conditions The enzyme activity was 55 U/ ml with increasing about 150 % comparing with same isolate before optimization.

The object of this study was to assess the body weight (BW) of 15 local Awassi ewe lambs, 5 high (HBW), 5 medium (MBW), and 5 Low (LBW), on attainment of puberty (AP), enhancement of ovarian activity and carcass quality. All ewe lambs were slaughtered at 242 days (at 60% adult weight of Awassi ewes) The differences of BW on AP lacked of significance. There are numeric increase in ovarian and Graffian follicles at HBW as compared with other two groups. Significant effect (P<0.05) of HBW two groups. Significant effect (P<0.05) of HBW on chilled carcass weight. Dressing percentage and spleen weight. The correlation coefficient between Graffian follicles and Corpus Latium was highly significant (r=0.875) The correlation between BW and chilled carcass weight, dressing percentage and spleen weight also significant weight.

Field experiment was conducted in the farm of Agriculture College, Diyala University during winter season 2010 – 2011 in silty clay soil to investigate the effect of potassium and organic manure on growth and yield of broad bean – Spanish cultivar ( barcelona). Three poultry residues levels (0,2.5 and 5 ton.ha-1 and three levels of potassium fertilizers levels (0,50,75kg . ha-1)were used . RCBD in a factorial experiment was used , with three replicates. Results was showed that a significant differences among organic residue levels the addition with 5 tons . ha-1 was significantly the best on plant height , number of branches , dry weight , %K in shoot , leaves chlorophyll content , weight of 1000 grains , and total yield compared with no addition , that gives lowest means in the studied parameters . On the other hand the results revealed a significant differences among potassium levels in all growth and yield parameters , the third level of potassium (75)kg k.ha-1 was significantly the best in plant height, number of branches , dry weight , % K in shoot , leaves chlorophyll content , weight of 1000 grains and total yield , compared with no addition . two interaction treatment ( 5 tons .ha-1 + 75 kg . ha -1 ) and ( 5tons , ha-1 +50 kg k. ha-1 ) was significantly the best in most of the studied characters.)

The main objectives of this study was determine the water requirement and water use efficiency of corn under different irrigation treatments ( deficit irrigation concept ) . under middle of Iraq conditions ( Baghdad ). Randomized Complete Block Design ( R.C.B.D. ) with three replications was used . Corn was grown under five irrigation treatments . A control treatment ( no water reduction ) and four deficit irrigation treatments ( reduction 30 % from applied water irrigation to the control treatment ( Full irrigation ) at main growth stages : ( seedling T2 , vegetative growth T3 , flowering T4 and grain maturity T5) . The result showed that control treatment had highest consumptive water 610 mm , and decreasing to 538-574 mm at deficit irrigation treatments , The applied water reached to 620 mm for control treatment and decreasing to 539-576 mm at deficit irrigation treatments . This closeness between values of irrigation and ETa can be related to high irrigation efficiency and using of active deep according the plant developing stages in this study because of the minimization of water losses as deep percolation . There is no significant differences in grain yield between the control treatment and deficit irrigation treatments at seedling , flowering and seed maturing stages . This result pointed that stages are law sensitive to water stress ..The field and crop water use efficiencies values reduced when deficit irrigation was applied at vegetative growth stage , and increased when deficit irrigation was applied at seedling , flowering and grain maturity stages in comparison with full irrigation treatment

The main objectives of this study were to detect the response of corn to deficit irrigation practices at different growth stages of the crop , and to determine the crop water requirements under middle of Iraq conditions ( Baghdad ). Randomized Complete Block Design ( R.C.B.D.) with three replications was applid to analyzed data. Corn was grown under five irrigation treatments . A control treatment(no water reduction) and four deficit irrigation treatments ( reduction 30 % from applied water irrigation to the control treatment ( Full irrigation ) at main growth stages : ( seedling T2 , vegetative growth T3 , flowering T4 and seed maturity T5). The amount of irrigation water required was estimated based on measurement of soil water content by using gravimetric method , to moistening the 0-20 cm from planting up to the vegetation stage , 0-30cm from vegetation stage to the flowering,and 0-40cm from flowering stage up to the end of the growing season.Actual evapotranspiration was estimated by measuring the soil water content after each irrigation and before the next irrigation during the entire growing season.Reference evapotranspiration was estimated from atmometer gauge . Crop factor ( Kc ) , yield response factor ( ky ) , plant height , leaf surface area , leaf area index , dry matter , grain yield were estimated. The result showed that The reduction in actual evapotranspiration for deficit irrigation treatments were 6.0 , 11.8 , 10.7 and 7.5 % at seedling , vegetative growth , flowering and seed maturity ,respectively in comparison to full irrigation treatment . In general , Kc values increased with progress of season, and reached to highest value at flowering stage , then decreased at seed maturity . On other hand , found same behavior in deficit irrigation treatments with notice decreasing value of factor at growth stage that subjected to water stress . The crop response factor ( Ky ) was affected by deficit irrigation . The Ky values were 0.42 , 1.96 , 0.32 and 0.13 for deficit irrigation at seedling , vegetation growth , flowering and seed maturity stages, respectively. This means that the vegetative growth stage is more sensitive to deficit irrigation than other stages . There is no significant differences in grain yield between the control treatment and deficit irrigation treatments at seedling , flowering and seed maturing stages , their relative yield reached 96-99 % from control treatment This result pointed that stages are law sensitive to water stress . The other plant properties were take similar pattern of those for the grain yield

Afield experiment was Conducted in the fields of Department of field crop Sciences ,College of Agricultural University of Baghdad during Summer Seasons of 2009 and 2010 . The Objective of this study was to investigate best method to applied nitrogen and effect that on growth and yield of three Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) Cultivars (Has ,Pamair and Dise ).The layout of the experiment was factorial experiment in Randomized Complete Block Design ( R.C.B.D ) with four replications , to Compare the following treatment : N1 : ( Control all of the ground recommendation with water spray ) , N2 ( half of the ground recommendation + tow spray of nitrogen ) N3 ( half of the ground recommendation +three spray of nitrogen ) and N4 (half of the ground recommendation + four spray of nitrogen ). The Concentration of Nitrogen was 3000 mg. L -1 ,The spray was after month from planting , for two weeks among Sprayer and other . The Plants of Has Cultivar was significant superior in plant height 106.68 & 111.82 cm , number of symbodial 7.47 & 8.40 symbodial . Plant -1, dry weight per plant 124.12 & 133.41 gm , leaf area 2265.42 & 2290.04 cm2 . plant -1 on the two seasons respectively, plants of Pamair Cultivar produced higher boll weight 3.52 & 4.57 gm, number of open bolls 9.33 & 10.42 boll. Plant -1 and seed Cotton yield 1.42 and 1.44 ton. ha -1 , lint yield 487.76 & 496.61 kg. ha -1 on the two seasons respectively, The Third fertilizer treatment was the Superior in plant height 104.08 & 109.31cm , number of symbodial 7.97 & 8.97 symbodial . Plant -1, dry weight per plant 118.69 & 128.88 gm , leaf area 2313.60 & 2352.52 cm2 . Plant -1, boll weight 3.51 & 4.54 gm , number of open bolls 10.91 & 11.96 boll . Plant -1 and seed Cotton yield 1.52 and 1.53 ton. ha -1 , lint yield 0.51 and 0.52 ton. ha -1 on the two seasons respectively with increasing about (11.85 % , 10.99 %) &( 7.55 , 7.81 % )& (1.55 , 1.49 %)&( 12.88 , 10.09 %)&( 9.68 , 6.32 %)&(61.86 , 53.13 % )&(33.33 , 33.04 %)&( 30.76 , 30.00 %) on the two seasons respectively compare with Control . The Third fertilizer treatment with Has cultivar was superior in plant height 116.16 & 120.44 cm , number of symbodial 8.26 & 9.05 symbodial . Plant -1, dry weight per plant 144.86 & 151.93 gm , leaf area 2571.24 & 2593.53 cm2. Plant -1 and seed Cotton yield 1.68 & 1.69 ton . ha-1 , lint yield 0.57 & 0.58 ton . ha-1 and with Pamair cultivar in boll weight 3.71 & 4.73 gm & number of open bolls 11.41 & 12.50 boll . Plant -1 on the two seasons respectively .

Cucumber mosaic virus belong to Cucumovirus genius and Bromoviridae family it had record at the first time in Iraq. But it is recorder on cucumber crop in 1988 . Many test was don on Cucumber crop in the Season crop agriculture to study the effect of use disease Management such as agricultural applications, chemical applications combined to Reduce the proportion of the virus and the appearance it will delay by comparison the (Obstacles Plant., planting date, plant population, the use of insecticide, mineral oil) in reducing infection rates and delay the appearance compared to other transactions are free of these agricultural applications. Where the results have indicated that there were significant differences between transactions using disease Management and the treatment comparison in terms of time symptoms of infection and percentage in both seasons, and was to postpone agriculture seasons, has an obvious effect on the onset of symptoms and the infection rates in percentages, the experience of diagnosis of the virus depending on the symptoms shown by the infection to indicators plants and the transmission mechanism mediated aphid Myzus persicae indicated that the virus is a pathogen CMV Through To these results we recommend using the disease Management program in an attempt to curb the spread of the virus CMV.

In this reseach , the total cost and the total revenue and finuncial evalution for strawberries were condacted in Iraq . for Present Culaivation and fore using anew technology . The total cost mounted to (8703000) Din/ donum and the net revenue monted (2097000) Din/dounm and cost of kag . was (2417) Din and the pay-Back period mounted to (5.7) years for present cultivation. While the total Cost mounted to (2143900) Din / dounm and the net revenue mounted to (8561000) Din / dounm and cost of Kag. Was (2144) Din and the pay -back perioad mounted to (2) yaers for using a new technolgy . It was recommended in this research to use anew technonlogy in cultivation in order to increace the production per dounm and in order to incraese the profits per dounm .

The results of this study showed that there was high activity for extract plants Thymus vulgaris and Mentha piperita against Candida albicans ,The infection ratio of Candidiasis that found in Diyala province was 69.3 % . In studying some virulence factors for Candida albicans were the average activity adhence ratio with epithelial cells was 17.5, and activity average Phospholipase %33. The Minimal Fungicidal Concentration (MFC) of antifungal (Flucanazole, Ketacanazole, Nystatin) was 50 µg/ml. AL- coholic extracts (Ethanole70%) for thyme and Peppermint gave better compared to the activity thyme is batter activity than Peppermint extract: In rate 100 mg /ml for the thyme alcoholic extracts (Ethanole70%) give the highest inhibition ratio 100% while in concentration 20 mg/ml for cold water extract Peppermint plant gave the lowest inhibition ratio 66.66%. The concentration 80,100 mg/ml for the alcoholic extracts of thyme and also the concentration 100 mg/ml for alcoholic extracts (Ethanole70%) of Peppermint howed similar activity to Nystatin (2mg\ml) in inhibition of C.albicans

This study was conducted at the field of the Department of Horticulture – College of Agriculture – University of Baghdad – Abu Ghraib during the growing season (2005 – 2006) to study the effect liquorice extract spraying and applied this extract to soil on onion plant Texas Grano cultivar, The experiment include 9 treatments which were the interactions between three concentrations of liquorice extract spraying,[ no spraying (S0) ,2.5 gm \ L (S1) and 5 gm \L (S2)] and three levels of liquorice extract application without adding (G0) , 5 gm \ m2 (G1) and 10 gm \ m2 (G2)] ,Each treatment replicated three times in Factorial Experimental arrangement with RCBD . The experimental Results showed that interaction liquorice extract spraying and In addition to soil (S2G2) significantly gave the highest plant height of 63.08 cm , dry weight of Total vegetative of 5.91gm and the highest average bulb weight of 187.6 gm and the highest yield of 72.58 ton / ha. While the lowest values of these parameters were found in the control treatment (S0G0). The neck diameter of the bulb did not affected by liquorice extract spraying and addition to soil treatments

This study was conducted to determine the optimum inoculation level of Sphacelotheca sorghi teliospor to utilize in plant breeding programme for this disease. That Four teliospore levels of Sphacelotheca sorghi were evaluated 0.1, 0.250, 0.5 and 1.0 ( gram teliospores/ 100grams seeds ) for infecting five sorghum cultivars ( Sugar, Speed, Jumpo, New gerx and Super den ) . The results revealed that all teliospore inoculation levels induced clear infection, but the concentrations 0.5, 1.0 gm /100gm seeds showed the highest disease incidence with no significant differences between each others .So the concentration (0.5 gm teliospores / 100 gm seeds )was recommended for breeding programmes for resistance to this disease in future investigations .

The study was conducted in private farm in Al- Mameer Location 50 km west of Baghdad city during autumn season 2010, in silty loam soil classified as typic torrifluvent، to study the effect of organic manure and mulching on salt distribution in soil under deficit drip irrigation on potato crop. The study included three levels of deficit drip irrigation(100%، 75% and 50% from Epan).Secondary treatment was includes organic manure(sheep+ cows+ poultry)with three levels(without organic manure، 5 ton.ha-1 and 10 ton.ha-1. The sub secondary treatments included soil mulching with plant residual(mixed from peatmoss+wood excelsior) and without mulching . 3 kg.m-2of plant residual was added percent 50:50%. The distribution of salt in soil treatments were measured in three stages during the growth season (after 45، 60،and100 day of planting) for distance 0-30 cm of planting in vertical and horizontal from the emitter. The graphs of salt distribution were constructed using surfer program(version 9). Results showed that salt content increased far from drippers vertically and horizontally ،with great rates under level irrigation 50% from Epan. But with advancement of plant growth stages was noticed decrease salt content for soil. It caused advanced growth stages to increased adding water depth depend on rooting zone،which was for control treatment and layer 10-10 cm 3.75،4.15 and 5.1 ds.m-1adding 100%،75% and 50% from Epan respectively in growth season initial. But when adding two level from organic manure 10 ton.ha-1 with mulching and notice decrease electrical conductivity when added this level which was electrical conductivity value 1.95،2.45 and 2.65 ds.m-1 for the layer 10-10 cm when adding 100%،75% and 50% respectively in growth season end.

Field experiment was conducted in Al- mameer region 50 km west of Baghdad at east longitude ً80 88 َ 43 ْ and north latitude ً42 27 َ ْ 33 during autumn season 2010, The soil was classified as typical torrifluvent that silt loam texture ، to study the effect of organic manure(Animal residual) and soil mulching(peatmoss+wood excelsior) on moisture distribution under deficit drip irrigation. Split- split with R.C.B.D design was applied with three replications. The study includes three levels of deficit drip irrigation(100% ، 75% ،and 50% from Epan. secondary treatment was included organic manure(sheep+cows+poultry) mixture percent 1/3 both of type with three levels(without organic manure،(5ton.ha-1)،and (10ton.ha-1). where the sub secondary treatments included soil mulching with plant residual mixed from (peatmoss+wood excelsior) and without mulching .3 kg.m-2 of plants residual was added mixture percent 50:50%.The distribution of moisture in soil treatments were measured in three stages during the growth season for potato yield after (45، 60،and100 day of planting) for the distance 0-30 cm in vertical and horizontal from the emitter. The graphs of moisture distribution were constructed using surfer program(version 9).Results showed that moisture content decreased far from drippers vertically and horizontally ،with great rates under level irrigation 50% from Epan. But with advancement plant growth stages(Initial stage ، tuber development and ripening stage)notice increased moisture content for soil. It caused advanced growth stages to increased adding water depth depend on rooting zone. Which was for control treatment and depth 10-10 cm 16.5%،13.3% and 11.4% adding 100%،75% and 50% from Epan respectively in growth season initial. But when adding two level from organic manure (10 ton.ha-1) with mulching and notice increase moisture content when added this level which was moisture content value 29.5%،23.8% and 19.8% for the depth 10-10 cm when adding 100%،75% and 50% respectively in growth season end.

The experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of sieves holes and type of grains on some performance indicators of hammer mill in college of Agriculture / University of Diyala during may and June 2011. the sieves holes for grinder with Two levels of Diameter were used included 1.5 and 3.5 mm with grinding three types of important grain in the manufacture of feed included wheat, barley and maize. The technical indicators which studied were: Specific Capacity Kg/Kw.h and the specific energy Kw.h/Kg, were also examined some of the qualities of the volumetric of the grinding grains Average particle size mm and standard deviation and Milling evaluation Factor. The experiment carried out using the completely randomized design (CRD), with three replications. Resulted in an increase of sieve holes change the diameter from 1.5 to 3.5 mm resulted a significant increase in Specific Capacity and Average particle size and standard deviation either the specific energy and Milling evaluation Factor recorded lower significant. Led change the type of grain to excellence wheat and maize got significantly higher specific capacity and less specific energy either the barley got significantly highest of the milling evaluation factor and less a average particle size and standard deviation, given the combination factors of the study the highest Specific Capacity and lower specific energy with holes sieve 3.5 mm and wheat and maize either excellence the holes 1.5 mm sieve and barley against giving them the highest the Milling evaluation Factor and less a Average particle size and standard deviation,

A field experiment was conducted during Autumn season 2010 using potato tubers of Desiree in private filed in Al-Maimer region ,50 Km west of Baghdad in a silty loam texture soil Typic Torrifluvent. The study involve 12 integrated treatment, foliar application with fulvic acid (extracted from wheat straw compost) at the concentration 0,100,200 mgk. L-1 have the symbol (F0, F1, F2) respectively at three plant stages and land potassium fertilization 0 , 400 kgk. ha-1 have the symbol (KL0, KL1) respectively and spraying with potassium at the concentration 0,3000, mg. L-1 have the symbol (KS0,KS1) respectively under Tape drip irrigation. Spilt-Spilt plot Design was adopted with three replicates. Samples were taken from leafs and tubers to determine their content from potassium and some of growth properties and yield were measured .the results showed superiority the treatment F1*KS1*KL1 by giving higher potassium concentration in leaf (3.89%) and the same treatment give higher potassium concentration in tuber (2.23%) , whereas the treatment F2* KS1*KL1 had higher number of steam per plant (5.70 steam .plant-1) while the treatment F2* KS1 *KL1 gave higher potato plant height (71.50 cm ) and the same treatment give greater dry weight for leaf (6094 kg. h-1 ) and higher tuber yield ( 44.97 ton.ha-1). and this confirm the importance of potassium fertilization and fulvic acid foliar application, the no difference between fulvic acids levels refers to the level 100 mg. L-1 fulvic was the best level under reiging study condition

A field experiment was conducted during Autumn season 2010 using potato tubers of Desiree in private filed in Al-Maimer region, 50 Km west Baghdad in a silty loam texture soil Typical Torrifluvent. The stady involved 12 treatments result from integrated three factors, spraying with humic acid extracted from wheat straw compost at the concentration 0,100,200 mg. L-1 have the symbol ( H0,H1,H2) respectively at three plant stages and land potassium fertilization 0,400 kg. h-1 have the symbol (KL0,KL1) respectively and spraying with potassium at the concentration 0,3000, mg. L-1 have the symbol (KS0,KS1) respectively under Tape drip irrigation. Spilt-Spilt plot Design was adopted with three replicates. samples were taken from leaf and tubers to determine their content from potassium and some of growth properties and yield were measured .The results showed superiority the treatment H1*KS1*KL1 by giving higher potassium concentration in leaf (3.88%) and higher potassium concentration in tubers (2.24%) while the treatment H2* KS1 *KL1 give higher potato plant height (69.33 cm ) and greater dry weight for leaf (5979 kg. h-1 ) , whereas the treatment H2* KS1*KL0 had higher number of steam per plant (5.80 steam.plant-1) and the treatment H2*KS0 *KL1 had higher tuber yield ( 43.20 ton.ha-1) . and this confirm the importance of potassium fertilization and humic acid foliar application, the no difference between humic acids levels refers to the level 100 mg. L-1 humic was the best level under reigning study condition.

Bureen cultivar of potato class A was planted during Autumn season 2009 , in loam soil at the right bank of Euphrates in Ramadi ,to study the effect of soaking tubers before planting in Gibberellic acid 5ppm and liquorice extract 5g/l on promoting sprouting . In addition , the effect of once ,twice or thrice foliar application of liquorice extract 5g/l on vegetative growth and yield of potato was studied and compared with untreated control plants . Randomized complete block design RCBD arranged in split-plot with three replicates for each treatment was adapted . Gibberellic acid significantly hastened field emergence of sprouts and gave the best germination percentage . higher means of plant length , stems number per plant , potassium content in leaves were found when potato tubers were soaked in gibbrellic acid . Soaking in liquorice extract , increased drymatter and starch in tubers. Soaking treatments had no significant effect on vegetative dry weight , tubers number per plant and nitrogen and protein percentages in tubers . Foliar application of liqiuorice extract significantly increased plant length , dry weight of plant , potassium content in leaves ,and nitrogen and protein percentages in tubers . In addition , it gave higher means of total and marketable yield for all treatments compared with control . Foliar application had no significant effect on stems/plant , marketable tubers/plant , tuber mean weight and percentages of dry matter and starch in tubers during growth season . The inter action between treatments was significantly only for potassium content in leaves and nitrogen and protein percentages in tubers .

The theme of the certificate of satisfaction important to health institutions with and Dimomcitha, where he is one of the forms of feedback, particularly regard to the services provided by the institution, and an essential step towards The objective basis of this research to successful Alttoiralaml Organisational. disclose level of satisfaction of farmers with the services provided at them and then identify the reasons that prevented buyers without the consent of Ihn from what is submitted to them. As well as disclosure of the moral differences of personal variables of age and duration of belonging and access and agricultural expertise, marital status and educational level as well as for maintaining the target. Research methodology used a descriptive approach used methods of surveys, where it is commensurate with the nature of the objectives of the research. Research community included all farmers benefiting from the services of training centers and farms within the Guidelines the central region provinces. Were selected in three provinces is intended to Najaf, Karbala and Babil. Then took a random sample of 20 farmer beneficiaries from each province. It reached a final total of 60 farmer beneficiaries from the services of training centers and farms of its guidance. The results showed that the level of satisfaction is the The research found that there is a average farmers generally tend to rise relative. orrelation between satisfaction and variables of farmer beneficiaries belonging c As well as the research has come and number of years of agricultural expertise. to a number of recommendations including the need to involve women farmers m development projects and programs in the planning, who could benefit fro -setting in order to adhere, motivation and self-organization and goal development as reflected on the community

This experiment was conducted in the field of plant protection department, College of Agriculture, University of Baghdad, to evaluate the response of potato cultivars, AR99, Arizona, Monaco, Avalon, Ambition, Disserie, Rudolph, Savanna, Saviola, Sinora, and Manitou to infection by Potato virus Y (PVY). The virus was isolated from infected potato plants and identified by means of symptoms on indicator plants sap inoculated by the virus, serological immunostrip reaction, and transmission by aphids Myzus persicae. Results showed that the virus induced chlorotic local lesions on inoculated leaves of Chenopodium amaranticolor, mild mottle followed by leaf necrosis and dropping on potato Solanum tuberosum. Nicotiana tabacum Samsun, Nicotiana glutinosa developed vein clearing followed by mild mottle on the new leaves. Mild mottle was developed on tomato leaves which disappeared within few days. Positive reaction on immunostrip containing PVY-polyclonal antibodies with extracts from infected plants was detected. No reaction was observed with extracts from healthy plants. Results of susceptibility of potato cultivars, exposed to natural PVY-infection by Myzus persicae from infected potato plants placed at different sites of the field, showed that two cultivars, Disserie and Rudolph were susceptible to PVY as proved by symptoms developed on these cultivars and test plants and positively reacted with PVY-polyclonal antibodies on immunostrip. The cultivars, AR99, Arizona, Monaco, Avalon, Ambition, Savanna, Saviola, Sinora, and Manitou were found to be resistant as proved by no symptoms were developed on these cultivars in the field and on test plants sap inoculated by extracts from these cultivars as well as no virus was detected in these cultivars by serological immunostrip.

Ten filamentous fungi isolated from a growaste samples .Three isolated were of high productivity for pectinase enzyme compared with other isolates , depending on diameter of clear hydrolyzed zones on the medium plates containing commercial pectin as sole carbon source , this isolates were Aspergillusniger (A2),closely followed byAspergillus sp.(A1 ) and penicillum sp.(P1) . The three isolates also produced pectinases with different a growastes ( Orange peels , Apple peels , Banana peels)as the sole carbon source ,Aspergillusniger(A2) was the best isolate for pectinase production on the medium containing orange peels as the sole carbon source . Peak pectinase activity of 675 and 370 u/mg protein was respectively obtained by solid – state fermentation (ssf) and submerged fermentation (smf) for A.niger(A2) .Solid – state fermentation yielded higher levels of pectinase activity than the submerged fermentation . The strain of A.niger(A2) have good prospect for pectinase production ,and the orange peels is a good low – cost fermentation substrate for pectinase production by the investigated isolate.

Field experiments were conducted on a field at Babylon Governorate in a silty clay loam soil to study the effect of integrated application of mineral and organic-bio fertilizers under drip irrigation system on available and distribution of NPK in soil. Treatments included three rates of mineral fertilizers 0,50% ,and 100% of (300 KgN.ha-1+100 Kg P. ha-1)by fertigation ,10 Mg ha-1 organic fertilizer (organo fert.), 950 Kg ha-1 bio fertilizer(Al-Muaferbio), organic+ bio fertilizers, and control treatment(without neither organic nor bio.). Results indicated that combined fertilization increased available soil P to one fold for all irrigation and fertilization methods. Organic fertilizer application increased available soil P by 50 compared to that without organic. Bio fertilizer application increased available P by 30% compared to that with no bio fertilizer. Although, these increments were almost the same under different methods of irrigation and fertilizer application and the amounts of available P were almost the same , the distribution under soil surface was differ under among irrigation methods. Available P was at its highest concentration at 0-10cm layer at drip irrigation while with furrow and sprinkler at 10-20 cm layer. The good distribution of P at the most active root zone (0-30 cm) in all irrigation methods especially under drip irrigation and fertigation open the way to adopt this method of fertilizer application especially with soluble P fertilizer sources and with combined fertilization.

This study was conducted at the laboratory of Plant Tissue and Cell Culture. Department of Horticulture. College of Agriculture. Diyala University. The objective of this study was to show the effects of GA3 . kinetin and magnetic field on seeds germination and growth of kiwifruit var. Bruno . In the first experiment . MS media supplemented with various concentrations of GA3 (0 . 0.2 . 1 and 3 mg/l ) . in the second exp. the medium was supplemented with kinetin ( 0 . 4 . 6 and 8 mg/l).In the third exp. magnetic field 200 MT was applied to seeds for ( 0 . 24 and 96 h). The results showed that GA3 decrease seeds germination . however 0.2 and 1 mg/l initiation callus about 10% . 2ed exp. showed that MS medium free from kinetin gave the best results in germination of seeds . shoots and roots length and leaves number. Seeds applied to magnetic field for 96h showed an increase in shoots number (4 shoots/plant) as compared with 2 shoots for the control . Initiation of buds and shoots formation from callus and plantlets cultured on MS medium supplemented with BA and IBA.