Engineering and Technology Journal

Soot obtained as an effluent from Kademia diesel-power station was recycled and utilized as feedstock for preparation of nano carbon particles. The porosity, surface area analysis featured by BET N2 adsorption, proximate analysis, Fourier Tranform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) were employed for the structural and morphological characterization of the halocarbon formed.
Ultimate analysis of the fuel oil samples indicate that the H/C ratio of nanospheres is less 0.085 which is an indication of crystallization in the nanomaterial formed.
The results obtained from BET analysis had specific surface area increases to 50 m2/g, comparing with 28 m2/g of that the raw soot. SEM results shows a variations in size and shape of nanocarbon particles formed. The FTIR spectrum of soot shows characteristic signals in the range of 400-4000 cm-1 where corresponding to SO4 2- (600 cm-1), NO3 - (850 cm-1), CO3 2- (900 cm-1), SiO4 4- (1050 cm-1), C–OH aromatics (1250 cm-1), NO3 - (1300 cm-1), CO3 2- (1650 and 1720 cm-1), C=CH alkenes (2930 cm-1), and C – OH alcohols (3400 and 3550 cm-1). XRD investigation indicates the presence of large amount of amorphous material in association with nanocarbon at moderately high intensity broad peak; 2θ=23.5140o, where at the low intensity; 2θ=48.6389o indicate of the low quality of nanomaterial presented in the soot

Tellurium dioxide (TeO2) nanoparticles were synthesized directly by pulsed laser ablation using Nd:YAG, λ=1064nm laser in pure water. The AFM and XRD measurements, in combination with FTIR and UV–Vis spectroscopy have been employed for the characterization of the prepared samples. The effects of operating parameters on nanoparticles composition, production rate and size were also studied. The XRD measurements revealed crystallization structure of TeO2 nanoparticles. The particle diameter by use of Scherer's equation was calculated to be about 28. nm and confirmed by AFM measurements. The UV–vis spectrum of the colloidal nanoparticles shows maximum absorbance around the UV region, indicating the formation of TeO2 nanoparticles, which confirmed by FTIR

The aim of present work is to study the erosion –corrosion behavior of aluminum metal composite which consists of the (Al – 12wt % Si) alloy as matrix phase and 10wt% SiC particles as reinforcing phase. Composite material was prepared by stir casting using vortex technique. A general corrosion and erosion-corrosion for the base alloy and the prepared composite were carried out in 3.5wt% NaCl solution as corrosive medium for general corrosion while in erosion-corrosion ,with varying impact angles (0° ,30° ,45° and 90°) in slurry solution ( 1wt%SiO2 sand in 3.5wt% NaCl solution as the erodent).
It was found that the general corrosion rate for composite specimen is lower than that of the base alloy (Al-12%Si). In case of erosion-corrosion results, it was found that the weight loss rate or corrosion rate in (gmd) unit at impact angle (0°) is lower than that of other impact angles for the base alloy and composite material.

TiO2 nanoparticles were prepared from TiCl4 as a precursor with ethanol solution with 1:10 ratio in ambient atmosphere, without additive. Sol-gel synthesized has been dried and calcined at (550-600)°C. The structure, morphology and the particle size of the nanoparticles were investigated by X-ray Diffraction and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The optical properties were studied by UV-Visible Spectrophotometer. Results showed that the anatase phase was only in titanium dioxide powder up to 500. The average grain size of TiO2 nanoparticles was obtained in the range of (3- 30) nm. The synthesized TiO2 nanoparticles in 10-5 and 10-3 concentrations exhibited superior antibacterial activity with two types of bacteria, Escherichia coli (E-coli) and Staphylococcus aurous respectively. TiO2 nanoparticles are more efficient as antibacterial agents with Staphylococcus aurous as compared with E-coli

In this study, multiwall carbon annotates (MWNTs) were modified with concentrated sulfuric acid and nitric acid. The activity of f-MWCNTs toward the removal and inactivation of bacteria Gram negative Bacteria (E.coli) were examined. Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) shows formation of oxygen containing groups such as C=O and COOH. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to characterize the treated -MWCNTs structure due to oxidation during acid treatment. Moreover, the treated MWCNTs exhibited antimicrobial activities towards E.coli using viable cell technique. Finally, these observations point to the potential use of MWNTs as building blocks for antimicrobial materials

In this work, a double frequency Q-switching Nd:YAG laser beam (λ=532nm, laser fluence 1.2 J/cm2 ,repetition rate 10 Hz and the pulse duration 7ns) has been used, to deposit TiO2 thin films pure on glass and Si (111) substrates .The structure properties of pure TiO2 were investigated by means of x-ray diffraction. As a result, it has been found that film structure and properties strongly depended on substrate temperature. X-ray diffraction (XRD) showed that at substrate temperatures higher than 300 °C the structure of the deposited thin films changed from amorphous to crystalline corresponding to the tetragonal TiO2 anatase phase.The surface morphology of the deposits materials have been studied using scanning electron (SEM) and atomic force microscopes (AFM). The grain size of the nanoparticles observed at the surface depended on the substrate temperature, where 500°C was the best temperature and partial pressure of oxygen 5×10-1 mbar was the best pressure during the growth process. RMS roughness increased with increasing substrate temperature (Ts) which are (11.2nm) for thin films deposited at (500)ºC.UV-VIS transmittance measurements have shown that our films are highly transparent in the visible wavelength region, with an average transmittance of ~90% which makes them suitable for sensor applications . The optical band gap of the films has been found to be 3.2 eV for indirect transition and 3.6 eV for direct transition at 400˚C.The sensitivity toward CO gas has been measured under 50 ppm

In this paper, the synthesis of nanocrystalline Nickel oxide (NiO) thin films on quartz substrates using a pulsed 532 nm Q-Switched Nd: YAG laser is presented, the annealing temperature was varied from (200 - 400 ˚C). The X-ray diffraction (XRD) results show that the deposited films are crystalline in nature. Furthermore, a higher annealing temperature resulted in a thicker NiO film, which was attributed to an increased grain size. The morphology of deposited films were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and atomic force microscope (AFM);with increasing annealing temperature, the grain size increase .The grain size value (10,23 and 40 nm) for thin films annealing at 200 ,300 and 400˚C respectively., and with increasing annealing temperature, surface roughness decrease. RMS roughness values were (13.5, 7.8 and 5.5 nm) for thin films annealing at 200, 300 and 400˚C respectively. UV–Vis spectrophotometric measurement showed high transparency (nearly 92 % in the wavelength range 400–900 nm) of the NiO thin film with a direct allowed band gap value lying in the range 3.51–3.6 eV

Nanostructured Tin oxide thin films were deposited on the Si (111) substrate using pulsed laser deposition technique at different substrate temperatures (200, 300,400 and 500 °C) in an oxygen pressure (5*10-1 mbar). The structure and morphology of the as-deposited films indicate that the film crystallinity and surface topography are influenced by the deposition temperature by changing from an almost amorphous to crystalline nanostructure and rougher topography at a higher substrate temperature. Hall Effect has been studied to estimate the type of carriers, from the result we deduced that the SnO2 thin films are n-type

The present investigates experimentally the pressure drop and convective heat transfer coefficient of ethylene glycol(EG) and distilled water (DW) based Titanium oxide (TiO2 (30nm)) and silver (Ag (50nm)) nanofluidsin horizontal tube (4mm inner diameter ,6mm outer diameter, and length=2.5m) in the fully developed laminar flow. The concentrations of nanofluid mixture used are ranging from (0.5 –5% vol ). The properties of nanofluids (density, viscosity, thermal conductivity and specific heat) are practically measured. The obtained results show an increase in heat transfer coefficient of 35.4% for TiO2 + DW, 30.2 % for TiO2 + (EG + DW), 23.5%, for TiO2+ EG and 50.6 % for Ag + DW, 36.2% for Ag + (EG + DW), 25.7 % for Ag + EG. The measured results show that Ag with distilled water nanofluid gives maximum heat transfer enhancement compared with other nanofluid used. As well as the experimental results show that the data for nanofluids friction factor show a good agreement with analytical prediction from the Darcy's equation for single – phase flow. This paper decided that the nanofluid behaviors are close to the typical Newtonian fluids through the relationship between viscosity and shear rate. Moreover to NuR are used to present the corresponding flow and heat transfer inside the tube

Recent developments in nanotechnology have demonstrated that it is feasible to manufacture Nano electronics devices using Carbon Nano Tubes (CNTs) because the mobility between the channels is increased while the switching delay is decreased. The devices based on Nano scale objects with well-defined structure and original electronic properties are great interest for the development of innovative electronic circuits. In this paper, a proposed design of carbon Nano tube transistors, Nano RAMS, Nano wires, Nano Flip Flops and Nano Diodes are presented. The Carbon Nano Tube Field Effect Transistor (CNT FET) leads to an area reduction, density of carbon Nano tube as well as the power consumption is decreased when it is compared with MOSFET. The comparison between Nano CMOS and CNTFET shows that CNTFET is very promising and superior technology for circuit design access time reduction with temperature increasing which is opposite to the Nano CMOS behavior delay. The results obtained are useful in characterizing and evaluating performance of Nano devices and related circuits. The results proved that CNTFET appears to be the best device in future for VLSI. The modeling and simulation has been implemented using MATLAB program

The amount of generated electricity by photovoltaic fixed panels depend on tilt angles so must be identified correctly and accurately to increase the rates of solar radiation falling on them in this research were the optimal tilt angle of solar panels on locations of all Iraq provinces monthly and annually by locating a accurate GPS location depending on Google Earth program and then determining the values of the optimum tilt angles using the program in the NASA website. Has been found that the optimal tilt angle range between 28.3 for the province of Basrah as a minimum tilt angle with the horizon and 34.5 for the province of Dohuk as highest tilt angle with the horizon. Has been shown that the difference between the inclination angles optimal annually to Iraq's provinces on the horizon for the solar panels and between latitudes for those provinces almost invariably ranging from 2 to 3 degrees. It was noted that the difference between the monthly optimal tilt angles of provinces is ranging from 1 to 8 degrees

A concept of indoor solar illumination is described and designed. The solar illumination system is composed of a none tracking primary reflector and controlling mirrors. The primary reflector is in form of a truncated tetrahedral pyramid covered by a thin flat glass sheet on the wide opening of the pyramid to prevent dust to accumulate on the reflecting sides of the pyramid besides preventing dust from coming inside the room. The controlling mirrors are plane and rectangular. Each part of the solar illumination system is optically suited and compatible with other parts to realize high efficiency. The optical design is conducted for Baghdad city at interior building in two solstice days over the year. Research results showed that the design of the solar system is achieved on the base of minimum and maximum solar illuminance level in 21 June. Tetrahedral pyramid's dimensions in a question as a solar concentrator for this paper are: concentration ratio is 3 for 90 cm entrance opening, 25° for half angle and 5° for controlling mirrors.

Quick mast–105 is a well-known epoxy-based adhesive used in fabric reinforcement, bonding of wooden parts and variety of metals. Its mechanical and thermal properties are still limiting factors for extended technological and industrial applications. Enhancement of mechanical, wear and thermal characteristics of this epoxy resin using a cheap filler of CaCO3powder is the focus of the present study. The mechanical properties are demonstrated in terms of the flexural modulus, hardness and impact strength of the reinforced cured compound while thermal properties are presented through thermo gravimetric analysis and thermal conductivity coefficient. Results show that addition of 15% by weight of CaCO3 to the epoxy resin improves the mechanical properties and the thermal resistance of the end product paving the way for wider applications in industry and technology. Wear characteristics show that the reinforced product is suitable for high-speed applications.

In this study, a novel three-dimensional porous scaffold was fabricated from nano particles (CaCO3) with the micro-macro architecture for the purpose of bone repair, and their material properties were evaluated in vitro. Ideally, scaffold should have the following characteristics: biocompatible and biodegradable, suitable surface chemistry and highly porosity, with an interconnected pore net work. The method may not only accomplish the bone formation on the base of template (scaffold), but also optimize the mechanical properties of new formation. For the in vitro the cells were subculture for 5 weeks on the scaffold. The ability of cells to proliferate on this scaffold was assessed by a osteoblasts cells presented a significant increase in alkaline phosphatase activity and calcium deposits were observed at 21 days. Light and scanning electron microscopy revealed the presence of many osteoblast-like cells with development of calcification of the dense collagenous fibril network and bone matrix-like tissue were observed in many area of scaffold, resulting in the formation of bone-like tissue containing osteocyte-like cells. The scaffold properties was characterised by x-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-Transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Compression mechanical tests

A power-free single channel microfluidic device was designed for rapid and sensitive detection of cadmium (Cd2+). Unmodified gold nanoparticles (AuNP) colloid was prepared by an electrochemical method to detect Cd2+ into water upon colorimetric assay and electric resistance. The detection method based on color changes resulted from AuNP aggregation and their impact on surface Plasmon resonance. Colloidal solutions of AuNPs have high extinction coefficients and absorption band in the visible region of the UV-Visible spectrum. Its position depends upon the Au particle size and inter-particles distance. Therefore, a well-designed chemical interaction between the analytic and AuNPs surroundings resulted in aggregates and changes in surface plasmon resonance band position and width that lead to visual detection of Cd2+. These visual results could be observed by the naked eye when the mixture color changed from red in blue with Cd2+ concentration. Optical property’s changes with Cd2+ concentrations in water were studied via UV-Visible spectrometer. Using PDMS surface modified to construct microfluidic device supported to get stable electric resistance values for AuNP colloid and Cd aqueous solution mixture. Electric resistance results accomplished with UV-Visble results could be employed to detect low ion concentrations in water (10 μM) sensitively

In the present research the development of liposomes by studying various processes as well as formulation related factors such as effect of cholesterol, effect of alkyl chain length of lipids which may affect the size, shape and encapsulation efficiency of liposomes was reported. Cholesterol and phospholipids were studied by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. From scanning electron micrographs, the liposomes appeared in various figures, the sizes of prepared liposomal particles varied in the range of 0.147-0.412 um (147- 412) nm and most of them were multilamellar structures. The vesicle size was found to be varied from 0.147 to 0.412 um. The liposomes were photographed using scanning electron microscope. Vesicles were found to be spherical in shape. Analysis of vesicle size was carried out of each formulation code and the size was found to be reproducible. FT-IR is very useful tool for detecting chemical changes, chemical structures and the thermodynamic of phase transitions and conformational changes in biological systems. Frequency shifts in different regions (symmetric, anti-symmetric stretching or bending, scissoring) or changes in the widths of the corresponding peaks can be used to extract information about various physicochemical processes taking place preparation. This research review the development of liposomes, and speculates optimistically about some future applications.

A study on the dynamic characteristics of the excitonsin finite GaAs single quantum wells surrounded by Ga1–xAlxAs barriers. We consider the calculations of exciton binding energies as a function of well width was presented for five different values of mole fraction (0.15, 0.25, 0.35, 0.4, 0.45). In addition, we study the exciton Bohr radius λ as a function of the same previous mole fraction values. Also the effect of mole fraction on the binding energy was taken into account for a series of 5-period50AGaAs/50AGaxAl1-xAs multiple quantum wells as a function of the equal well and barrier widths, also for different values of mole fraction (0.1, 0.12, 0.14, 0.16, 0.18, 0.2).

Electrochemical and structural properties of titanium implant materials with a nanotube surface treatment and heat treatment were examined. Amorphous TiO2 nanotubes were grown homogeneously on α phase of Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy.
Amorphous TiO2 nanotubes were partially crystallized to rutile by heat treatment at 8000C for 2 hrs. The corrosion potential (Ecorr) of the annealed sample had value of -162.881mV due to the stable TiO2 crystal phase compared to the -343.629 mV observed in the untreated sample. At 0.5 V, where a passive layer had formed, the corrosion resistance of the annealed sample was approximately ten times that of the untreated sample

crylonitrile was grafted on polystyrene and modified with nano materials such as CNT, C60 and activated carbon using gamma-irradiation technique. This process was carried out at various gamma doses 0.2-1.5 Mrad (0.002-0.015 MGry) and used different percentage (w/w %) of monomer (Acrylonitrile) and catalyst ferrous ammonium sulfate (FAS). The new grafted polymer modified with nanometrials has good physical and chemical properties of hardness, insolubility, and stability. Also the sensitivity under conditions of cyclic voltammetry is significantly dependent on pH, electrolyte and scan rate. The grafted polymer modified with nano materials was used in different applications in electrochemistry such as in cyclic voltammetric technique by fabrication of working electrodes from these materials as a substitute of glassy carbon electrode, platinum electrode, gold electrode…etc. and self modified these electrodes with nanomaterials

This work reports the syntheses of preparation nano/micro size zinc oxide with polyanaline. ZnO particles were synthesized by simple and efficient method in aqueous media from zinc nitrate without any requirement of calcinations step at high temperature. These particles were characterized by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared analysis (FTIR), X-Ray Florescence (XRF), optical transmittance microscope (OTM). The particles distribution size (PDZ)) of powder are calculated. Optical properties of ZnO films by uv-visible and PL spectra for PANi, ZnO/PANi were studied also. This review highlights the potential use of ZnO in modified biosensing applications.

SnO2/CdS-CdTe heterojunction has been fabricated by thermal evaporation technique, 0.05 μm thicknesses of SnO2 nanostructure was evaporated as thin layer to be used as an antireflection and as transparent conducting oxide. The prepared cell has been annealed at 573K for 180 minutes. The general morphology of SnO2 films was imaged by using Atomic Force Microscope (AFM), the image shows that the average grain size of the prepared film is constructed from nanostructure of dimensions in order of 72 nm. There are two wide peaks were presents at the x-ray pattern which were refers to SnO2 and is in agreement with the literature of American Standard of Testing Materials (ASTM).
The capacitance- voltage a measurement has studied at 102 Hz frequency, the capacitance- voltage measurements indicated that these cells are abrupt. The capacitance at zero bias, built in voltage, zero bias depletion region width and the carrier concentration have been calculated. The carrier transport mechanism for SnO2/CdS-CdTe heterojunction in dark is tunneling – recombination. The value of ideality factor is 1.56 and the reverse saturation current is 9.6×10-10A. Band energy lineup for SnO2/ n-CdS-p-CdTe heterojunction has been investigated by using I-V and C-V measurements

The current study showed the ability of Prosopisfarcta L. plants to uptake and accumulate pollution caused metals present in the environment, and their role on the phytoremediation by indication of Zinc oxide nanoparticles uptake at various concentrations.
For this purpose Zinc oxide nanoparticles of 120 nm were used with concentrations of 1.0, 10, 50, 100μg ml-1.
Resultsof this study referred to the formation of Prosopisfarctaplants stems callus on MS modified medium supplemented with 1.0 mg L-1 NAA (Naphthalene acetic acid) and 4.0 mg L-1 TDZ (Thidizurone). It was clear from the results that callus cultures of Prosopisfarcta had the ability to uptake and accumulate nanoparticles of Zinc oxide.Scanning electron microscope (SEM) photography showed that 100μg ml-1of Zinc oxide nanoparticles was the higher to be accumulated by callus tissues ,photographs showed a high density of these particles on the surface of the cells. In the same time a linear increasing of callus fresh weight with the increasing of Zinc oxide nanoparticles concentration was recorded. The study revealed that Prosopis seedlings had the ability to uptake Zinc oxide at 50 μg ml-1more than the other concentrations