iklil for Humanity Studies

The Iraqi marshes, whose vast areas extend in the south and east of Iraq, Mesopotamia, are an important and distinct natural and environmental landmark throughout the history of Mesopotamia since ancient times. They are the Gardens of Eden, as Kevin Young calls them. These marshes, unique in their features and nature, frame an important part of the map of Iraq in the past and present. It highlights and reveals important details of Mesopotamian history. This history, which extends in depth to nearly seven thousand years to the present day. It presents a true and clear picture of the depth of Iraqi civilization, and summarizes for the visitor and viewer a true picture of our beloved country with all its features, terrain, picturesque nature, and the diversity of its atmosphere and locations throughout the stages of history. They are a successful attraction for people, tourists and visitors for a long time, because of the unique elements that these areas possess. The UNESCO decision, which called and encouraged UNESCO of the United Nations to include it in the World Heritage file, as well as many unique and important historical and tourist attractions scattered all over the world. Although this UN resolution took a long time and came late, but despite everything, it was an important and required decision and the Iraqis waited for a long time to be put on the ground and implemented as it was recently announced after it was resolved in the meetings of the committee in charge of the issue during the meetings of Turkey months ago .In order to get to know well and closely the most important details of these marshes, their nature, history, the diversity of their inhabitants and the most important events that they witnessed throughout their long history, we must pause for moments at each of these important pivotal stations in order to reach the details and interesting information we aspire to support the health of Our words and the news we went to were included in our research marked the Iraqi marshes in the eyes of a foreigner.

Heritage is the sum of the thought, science, art, lifestyle and arts of civilization left by the ancients and the elite of the ancestors, which the current generation can benefit from, and use it to solve the problems and challenges it faces, or define it as all the secretions produced by the past, harmful and beneficial, toxic and healthy. It still has an effective impact on our behavior, beliefs, way of living and our outlook on life, some of which we should adhere to and develop, and some that we should try to eradicate, or limit as much as possible the scope of its negatives.
Although the heritage of every country or tribe is a human heritage owned by people in every time and place, experiencing the vocabulary of heritage in the living reality facilitates entry into the heritage mine and dealing with its treasures, and as long as experiencing the vocabulary of heritage in the living reality facilitates entry into the heritage mine, we have to realize This coexistence is only possible for those who are of the same belief as the owners of the heritage, because the vocabulary acquired from the beliefs is the most important component of the heritage.
Heritage is the experiences of the ancestors that they left in museums, cemeteries, installations or manuscripts, and they still have their impact in our present time, and we will focus in our article on the damage caused to this heritage.

The issue of women’s rights in general is one of the issues raised on the international and national arena, which occupies the forefront of global and local attention, especially after the end of the Second World War and the emergence of bodies and organizations of the international community concerned with human rights and fundamental freedoms, from which many declarations and international agreements in various fields of human rights emerged. And after the project for the advancement of women legally became the concern of all countries, Which was considered as a basis for building the societal and developmental advancement of the state, it became necessary to define those rights guaranteed to women nationally and internationally, after providing them with opportunities for empowerment, which has become the main entrance sought by many countries, which is intended to raise awareness, capabilities, understanding and readiness for women to bring about change in society. It ends discrimination, violence and inequality in relations between her and men Since equality does not mean the abolition of biological differences, i.e. sexuality between men and women, nor does it mean the abolition of the principle of the distribution of duties, but rather we mean the abolition of discrimination, non-oppression and violence, limiting capabilities and opportunities and disparity in the distribution of resources and capabilities, as the participation of women in achieving development is supported by their access to Education, health, work, participation in decision-making and protection from poverty and violence in all its forms, Although there is a jurisprudential and practical trend that seeks to separate the international protection of women’s rights from the universal protection of human rights of a general nature, and according to this trend, women enjoy internationally recognized human rights without exception and on an equal basis with men, in addition to the enjoyment of a number of rights imposed by social reality , which made women need special protection in order to effectively equal them with men.
The United Nations has been the pioneer in the field of women’s rights, as it has taken equality between men and women as a target for its human rights activities since 1952 by issuing the Convention on Political Rights, followed by many conventions and declarations in an attempt to eliminate discrimination and obligate states to comply and implement those conventions. At the national level, most of the constitutions and legislations of most countries dealt with what stipulates part of the rights of women, although some countries are deficient in activating these texts and raising the human rights level for women.

Ethics and politics are important topics in philosophy, particularly Greek philosophy, because they are among the first philosophical subjects, as well as looking at raising society and creating a society with moral values based on virtue with a political system that meets the requirements of this society. The Greeks have long been interested in morality and politics, and they have looked at it, especially after Socrates, this subject has taken on a large part of philosophical research, and there have been several philosophical philosophers and currents dealing with ethical and political theories and opinions in their philosophical subjects, but we will focus on the late socratic schools of dogliness, hungarianism and greekism, but in politics the focus will be on the stoic school, and how this school has worked to melt Greek thought into Roman culture.
The research aims to shed light on the moral and political values of these late Greek schools, whether morality is linked to their politics or to each side of its own theory, especially since morality and politics were associated with the philosophies that preceded them.
One of the difficulties of research is the lack of sufficient and authentic sources to examine this subject in late Greek philosophies, as most translations and studies have focused on the philosophies of Socrates, Plato and Aristotle, and there has not been sufficient attention to late Greek philosophies.

The white land is a potential resource، and it is that land area that is not used in human activities within the administrative boundaries of the city، and it is an engineering unit with clear content، subjected to permanent transformations that allow the movement of human life and the practice of its urban activities، which geographical factors - natural and human - contributed to its emergence and non-exploitation ، its negative and positive effects were reflected on the pattern of urban distribution and orientation in the city of Hail. The study aimed to identify the pattern of the geographical distribution of white spaces in the city of Hail in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. It also aimed to monitor the places that are considered a strategic stock for reconstruction. It also contributes to building an information base and maps that help decision makers. The study followed the analytical approach through the GIS program، through the Nearest Neighbor Analysis method، because it is one of the most important tools in spatial analysis to know the distribution pattern of geographical phenomena، as well as the Weighted Mean Center method، in order to calculate the population weight and measure green spaces. The directional distribution method Standard Deviational Ellipse One of the most important results of the study: There is a large percentage of white lands in the city of Hail that are untapped and constitute a strategic stock and an important economic resource that must be exploited، and the white lands fee system works to increase the supply of developed lands in order to achieve a balance between supply and demand، Among the most important recommendations that came out of the study: the serious quest by decision makers to optimize the exploitation of those white lands for the benefit and interest of all، and to harness these tools (closest neighbor - weighted average - directional distribution) to transform geographical data into information that can be used in decision-making from During the creation of a model that can be used in the city of Hail، or any other city whose inputs from the layers are similar to the inputs of the model، and the weights given to each criterion can be changed to suit the nature of any region in the world.

The rapid changes and transformations of the current era .which was one of the most important reasons for reconsidering the curricula, methods and teaching methods to ensure that they keep pace with the latest development and contemporary trends .
The follower of scientific and technical progress in education and the efforts made to develop it and with the presence of modern sciences in all fields .but the humanities remain one of the important disciplines related to all sciences because the focus of its study is human and the educational process that is concerned with teacher preparation and qualification . therefor, attention must be paid to the methods and strategies of teaching social sciences . In general and history in particular ,which contribute to the development of thinking and linking what is taught and learned to life .
Given the importance 0f studying history , those intrested in it and educators have made continuous efforts to develop curricula and methods of teaching history . these efforts have resulted in many visions and perceptions that have contributed to raising the level of curricula and teaching methods effectiveness of teaching and employing new and advanced strategies such as the multiple intelligences strategy it leads to increasing students ,acquisition of information and developing t heir mental skills ,motivations and attitudes towards the study .
Therefor ,the researcher decided to study the effect of using the strategy of multiple intelligences in developing analytical thinking and motivation towards studying history among students of the fifth literary grade .In addition to a statement of the procedures followed in that ,the measure of motivation towards learning the concepts of history was applied to

There is no doubt that the indicator of the success of the teaching and learning process is the level of academic achievement that the learner reaches, because learning is the mainstay on which the progress and advancement of nations rests. In his sound thinking, in his psyche and body, and in his integrated personality, The study aimed to determine the level of achievement of the fifth preparatory grade students in the subject of economic principles in the Republic of Iraq as a case study to highlight the importance of the factors affecting academic achievement and to know the factors affecting the academic achievement of the fifth preparatory grade students in the subject of economic principles in the Republic of Iraq as a case study - preparatory Al-Salam and Al-Amin College within Salah Al-Din Governorate. The importance of this study is shown in helping economics teachers to know the factors affecting the academic achievement of fifth-grade students as well as decision-makers. This study contributes to adding new results on how to use teaching strategies to increase the academic achievement rate. At the preparatory level, The problem of the study lies in trying to answer the main question: What are the factors affecting the academic achievement of fifth year middle school students in the subject of economics principles in the Republic of Iraq as a case study - Al-Salam Preparatory and Al-Amin Preparatory within Salah Al-Din Governorate.

Modern means of communication have become the gateway, the bridge for communication between near and far, and it is one of the dangerous and exciting tools, if it is properly used at the intellectual, cultural, religious or social level.
It is said: “Every age has its own means of media and communication.” With this phrase, we can say today about the phenomenon of using electronic media, specifically: social networking sites, in the age of the Internet, and the era of rapid development of information technology.
(The nature of the Internet), which is characterized by immediacy and speed in transmitting information, makes it the ideal means of communication.
Add to that the ease of use of this medium without the user having high technical expertise, or any specialization in information programming, as it is enough to communicate via a computer or a computer. Mobile phone to run Internet content.
There is no doubt among computer and Internet technology experts that the future of this technology lies in the development of all social media, especially after the feasibility of these means and their technologies have been proven in various areas of life: social, economic, cultural and others.
The field, if it is still in its infancy regarding the development of these means; Evidence for this is: the large technology companies are eager to develop and create their own social networking sites; In order to increase its share in this emerging market, rich in opportunities, as Google did by launching Google Plus as a social networking site. Millions of people around the world subscribed to it, and like other companies that worked on developing their sites in order to support social networking services; By adding links to those sites on its site, and creating its own pages of contact.

This paper first argues that the idea of “reconstructing the Temple in the place of the Holy Sanctuary” is an invented idea that employs the ancient structure of unknown connection and location according to scientific studies, which was completely destroyed by the Roman Emperor Titus in 70 AD in order to enhance and complete the invented political sovereignty that he established On the land of Palestine, which in turn is based on the invention of a nation and a “promised land” to which this nation returns after two thousand years of exile. Secondly, the paper argues that this Zionist conception, if it is generalized globally, will result in the creation of global chaos, resulting in, for example, the right of the Arabs to demand the restoration of Andalusia and dozens of other “rights” similar to other peoples, and the same global chaos can arise from demands to revive religious places that were destroyed tens of years ago. and/or hundreds of centuries. And thirdly, the paper shows, by tracing the Ottoman and Mandate positions and decisions regarding Palestine, that there was no inclusion of any right of the Jews to worship around the Al-Buraq Wall in any of the Ottoman firmas that were limited to regulating the status quo (statesco) in the holy Christian places only, while only a license was granted (and not The right) to visit the site for the Jews during a limited period and it was limited to the period of the rule of Muhammad Ali Pasha and his son Ibrahim Pasha over Palestine (1832-1840). And only during the British Mandate era after 1917 granted the Jews the right to pray near the Al-Buraq Wall for the first time officially from the Mandate authority within the policy of implementing the Balfour Declaration. Al-Aqsa / Al-Haram Al-Sharif, including its walls, is the exclusive property of Muslims and does not belong to anyone but them. Finally, from the perspective of international relations, the paper attempts to propose a solution to the issue of the holy places in Palestine, so that the occupying power is responsible, according to international law, for regulating freedom of worship for all religions within its 1948 borders, which it has not done since its establishment until now, which is an additional violation of international law.

The Khazars are of Turkish origin who came from Asia and headed towards Eastern Europe. They appeared around the second century AH corresponding to the seventh century AD. The king of the Khazars, his entourage and his leaders were of the religion of Judaism by embracing, and they had nothing to do with the Jews of the Children of Israel. The Jews today who are now in Jerusalem and the West Bank are the Jews of Russia in particular, the furthest Jews ever from being truly among the Children of Israel.
One of the goals of the Judaized Khazars is to dominate the world and destroy societies morally, politically and economically. It was necessary to hide and proceed with caution to achieve these goals through the Zionist organization and Freemasonry. The Jews of the Khazars had a great impact on the Jewish religion in its new form and perverted it further

The issue of kohl is one of the nicknames, and it is one of the issues of the noun of preference in which most grammarians allow the noun of preference to be raised an apparent noun, and his right to raise a subject with a hidden pronoun only, and its formula: (I have not seen a man better in his eyes kohl than in the eye of Zaid). The research has focused on her narrations, the conditions available in those narrations that were contained in the books of the early grammarians, the poetic evidence and the prophetic hadiths that came along their lines, and the comparison of the evidence with what came in the novel of the issue, there are many poetic and prose evidence, which came along the lines of the presentation of the research in these papers, Explaining its conditions, and comparing it with what came in the novels.

The concept of "serifice" is one of the poetic issues in Al-Mutanabi's poetry in particular and in poetry in general . The reason behind writing this paper is due to the repetition of this concept "serifice" and what is related to it and it's connection to other meanings . It shows a clear similarity between what Al-Mutanabi said and what other poets did . It decodes the fact that there is a asimilarity between the ways employed by poets who are influenced by those who preceded or around them and what Al-Mutanabi was influenced by like the prominent poets . This paper deals with particular intertexual extractd aiming to focus on the availability of this issue in Al-Mutanabi's poetry which reflects his innovation and exclusion of pligiarism following a procedure depending on the date of death of the poets not the refarenaces and sources where intertexuality exists . As a result , we discuss the concept of intertextuality in Arabic dictionaries , as a term and an expression . The paper is divided according to the kinds of intertexuality represented by the visitation and departure , then sacrificing " women " with camles , sacrificing those who accompany birds and animals in the fight , sacrificing " the king " , and some other kinds .

The research deals with the study of (the laws that governed the work of the Iraqi Ministry of Interior during the first royal era) because of their great importance as they are the cornerstone on which the ministry was built in the subsequent eras since its establishment since 1921 and included many important laws that affected the establishment of the Iraqi state and the life of the Iraqi state. Iraqis. The Iraqi Ministry of Interior has implemented a set of important laws and regulations، the main objective of which was to serve the public interest. The most important of these laws is what was issued on April 3، 1922، called the 1922 Elections System، which includes a set of classifications and instructions for the parliamentary elections in Iraq، and these terms Included in the law، the word (Iraq)، which was defined as the country that includes the 13 brigades that were mentioned previously، and that the Iraqi (every Ottoman is now settled in the country of Iraq without claiming a foreign affiliation).

This research aims to provide a comprehensive definition of the most important historical texts that described the Mongols, their origin, their upbringing, their tribes and their traditions, in an accuracy and detail that we have not seen in any other source, given that the author Khawaja Rashid al-Din Fadlallah al-Hamdani was the minister and physician, a contemporary of the Mongol state in its best times and that he served the greatest of the Ilkhanid sultans and reached the highest ranks During the reign of "Mahmoud Ghazan" and "Uljaitu" and during the part of reign of "Abu Saeed Bahadur Khan", he played important roles in the politics and administration of the Mongol state. The research aims also to know the status of his authorship, "Jami’ Al Tawarikh", in the historical writing on the Mongols in his time, and its impact on later dates, material and method.
Thus, the reason for choosing this topic is the importance of this history and the necessity of introducing about it and its methodology in historical writing about of the most important invasion of Islamic countries at the beginning of the seventh century AH / thirteenth century AD, the most prominent historical events of these new invaders and the history of their states in the Islamic lands.
The researcher used the historical text analysis method, content extrapolation, and the deductive method, and came up with a set of results and discussed them at the end.

Muslims were concerned with zoology and were interested in knowing it and writing down this knowledge with accurate observations about each animal regarding its creation, its evolution, its life and everything related to it such as food, housing, reproduction, breeding, and animal behavior, and this reached advanced stages in Islamic civilization throughout successive eras. Zoology is one of the branches of natural sciences and Ibn Sina put it in the eighth art of the natural world, which is in the natures of animals. conditions and actions.

In our research, we dealt with this monetary policy during the era of the Fatimid Caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah (386-411 AH / 996-1020 AD), that man whose personality was surrounded by many suspicions and differing views about him and his rule of the Fatimid state in Egypt, as he inherited a sprawling state at the height of its glory.
The Fatimid government did not expand in striking the dirhams at the beginning of its reign until it was the era of the Caliph Al-Hakim by the command of God, so Egypt clearly turned to the system of metals, so the government decided that every eighteen dirhams be in a dinar, so the dirhams became a legal currency that did not have to be dealt with.
The Caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah has taken firm measures to deal with monetary affairs and fix prices, and this indicates his keenness to protect the currency price from manipulation and fraud.
In completing this research, we relied on a number of historical sources, including: the book (Initiation of the Call) by Judge Al-Nu’man (T.: 363 AH / 973 AD), the book (The Hanafa’s Exhortation with the News of the Fatimid Imams Al-Khalafa) by Al-Maqrizi (T.: 845 AH / 1442 AD), and the book (The Bright Stars in The Kings of Egypt and Cairo) by Abu al-Mahasin (T.: 874 AH / 1469 AD). Among the references that were relied upon in this research are the book (The History of the Fatimids in North Africa, Egypt and the Levant) by Muhammad Suhail Taqqosh and the book (The Historical Encyclopedia of the Fatimid Caliphs) by Arif Tamer and other sources and references that I enriched the search and made it look like this.

The science of inheritance، or what is known as the science of ordinances، is one of the legal sciences that the people of Andalusia were interested in studying and excelled in، and they left books of this science، which combines jurisprudence and arithmetic because this science is linked to these two fields.
Even the ruling authority in Andalusia created plans (administrative institutions) for this profession practiced by scholars، which is concerned with distributing the inheritance of the deceased person and stating their shares to those who left them from his offspring.
The research deals with the study of “Inheritance in Andalusia”.
1 - Research problem:
It includes the issue of research in the science of inheritance، or what is also called the science of statutes in the country of Andalusia، and what are the legal limits of inheritance and the difference in Islamic sects prevailing in the country of Andalusia.
2- Research hypotheses:
The researcher sets a set of questions and hypotheses for research in this title، which deserves to be a historical academic study، namely:
1. When did the science of inheritance or inheritance appear in Andalusia?
2. To what extent is it related to Sharia sciences، jurisprudence، and pure sciences، especially mathematics، or what is known as arithmetic?
3. Why was the word “farid” or “farid” used for those who work in this field، and from where did it derive?
4. The most prominent families that worked in the science of ordinances in the country of Andalusia، and are they hereditary or what?
5. The most prominent Andalusian scholars who practiced this science through teaching and authoring these works?
6. Inheritance plans and the extent of the interest of the Andalusian princes and caliphs in this plan and its divisions ((general plans، special plans))?
7. A statistic about those who practiced this science according to the Andalusian cities، and why are cities ahead of others in this field?
8. What is the extent of the eastern influence on this science and its fields in Andalusia through books of trips to the East، discipleship of scholars of the East، and oriental literature?
These questions are posed by the researcher and sheds light on him through his research tagged ((the science of inheritance and the statutes in Andalusia، a historical study)).
And it tries to reach historical and scientific facts about this science and its development in Andalusia، especially as it is one of the legal and mathematical sciences because it is based on the distribution of inheritance and the legal shares of the inheritances that deceased persons inherit after their death. It is a chapter on the distribution of inheritance، as stipulated by Islamic law for fathers، mothers، brothers and sisters، husbands، wives، and offspring in order to preserve the rights that God Almighty has imposed on humans، even if there are individual cases in Islamic sects.
The main objective of this research is to shed light on these sciences and the extent of their spread in Andalusia and the work of Andalusian scholars in this science and keenness to apply it through their gathering of scholars of jurisprudence and arithmetic to be able to distribute inheritance and inheritance in a correct and sound manner and that it does not conflict with Islamic law approved by religion Through the books of Islamic translations that we reviewed، we found that the majority of those engaged in this science were well-versed in these sciences and had extensive consideration through the application of Islamic law equally to the families of the deceased، be they males، females، or brothers and sisters. Forms The inheritance and the inheritance were distributed to them according to what was specified by Islamic Sharia.
As for the most important books and sources that were used، they are mainly the books of layers and Andalusian translations، whose book was translated by these scholars and referred.

Manuscripts are handwritten works and works, and many interested people believe that the word (manuscript) was born after the occurrence of printing, so books were divided after that into two parts: manuscript and printed. Manuscripts acquire great importance because they accommodate the religion of nations, their civilization, their sciences, their history, and their language, and if you look at the number of manuscripts that have been printed in comparison to the amount of the Arab and Islamic heritage written and spread in all countries of the world, you will find it is very small. One of these countries is Palestine.
Manuscript indexes are a guide for every researcher, student, and investigator to access the copies of the manuscript to be worked on or refer to and the places where they are preserved around the world, but there is still an unknown percentage of manuscripts that are not indexed, which makes access to them very difficult, in light of the lack of indexes. Completed in some centers for the preservation of multiple manuscripts in our Arab countries, I was pleased to have in the hands of indexes prepared by Professor Khader Ibrahim Salama: (Index of Manuscripts of the Al-Aqsa Mosque Library), which is devoted to twelve resources, namely: Quranic sciences (readings and intonation), interpretation, hadith and its term. Usul al-Din, Sufism and legal manners, Usul al-Fiqh, Jurisprudence with its four branches, Miqat, Arabic language, Arabic literature, History and translations (including the Prophet’s biography), Logic. Where in this index he collected the titles of its manuscripts, the names of their authors, their date of death, numbers and places of preservation. The aim of their work is to be a guide to the definition of intellectual and scientific heritage in Jerusalem, and to facilitate the task of investigating and publishing heritage manuscripts in the library of Al-Aqsa Mosque, and to facilitate access to those manuscripts scattered in places There are many, and the truth is that Professor Khader Ibrahim Salama made a commendable effort in this bibliography in the service of science and history.

The Muslim Arabs paid great attention to Arabic manuscripts because they were the only way to preserve what the Arab Islamic mind had produced, so they made them valuable masterpieces, and left in them a huge scientific product. What does not work, and authorship has increased and developed since the second century AH, especially after the emergence of lesson circles and dictation councils that achieved their spread in Baghdad and the extension of the Islamic state.
The emergence of the process of maintenance and restoration in a late period was intended to preserve this cultural heritage left by scholars, and restoration is a precise technical process through which archaeological materials are returned to their condition or given the form closest to their original without damaging or forged additions. This study came to clarify the importance of maintenance And restoration, especially at the present time, due to the looting, sabotage and neglect of manuscripts by many research centers. The aim of the restoration is to give a new age to the manuscript in order to keep it available for future generations.
In this study, we dealt with the stages through which the manuscript passes in terms of the method of preservation, maintenance, restoration and ending with binding, in addition to the most important factors affecting the manuscript, including natural factors, biological factors, human factors and natural disasters. Through the modern means and methods used in the House of Manuscripts, including photocopying, indexing, maintenance and restoration in modern ways and with distinguished cadres in order to preserve all these manuscripts contained in the House of Manuscripts, and it is obvious that any study or attempt to preserve books, manuscripts and historical documents must be based primarily on The first is a definitive identification of the prevalent or potential causes of damage in a particular place or specific circumstances. Fortunately, we do not start from a vacuum. Sincerity and dedication generations have preceded us and succeeded in identifying the general causes of damage that can occur at all times and in every place, and we have no choice but to We are increasing and deepening so that we can take a step or steps, perhaps paving the way for later generations, who will be responsible for continuing the march.

Many institutions, including both public and private press institutions, are interested in tracking manuscripts. This is a press archive to be used by the journalist through the Archives and Press Information Department to value him on several occasions for manuscripts, where various sources supporting them are collected and the facts of the news are known to perform the journalistic work to be prepared. As a result of technological development, experts and press editors have found it imperative to keep abreast of this development, namely the electronic transformation of the holdings of these archived manuscripts, in order to maximize the benefit of the services it can provide to all categories of beneficiaries from historians, offices and archives. The manuscripts represent a cultural heritage and an essential pillar of the nation ' Preserving it means preserving national identity in its various dimensions in the light of today's changes in the world; In this paper we will try to highlight the importance of preserving this legacy of the manuscript and the need to cover and publicize it informatively and highlight the manuscript's relationship with the digital press archive.

One of the reasons that prompt researchers to study the cuneiform texts from the third dynasty of Ur is its abundance in the Iraqi Museum, as well as being related to a large percentage of the economic aspect, which represents the greatest and last Sumerian dynasty in Mesopotamia.
The research included the study of four unpublished cuneiform texts with economic implications that belong to the fifth and last king, Abi Sin, who is the son of the fourth king, Shosin, who ruled for 24 years. The country was attacked by the Umayyads from the west and the Elamites from the east, and they were able to pounce on the capital Ur and plunder it and took King Abi Sin captive to Elam until he died there. Their influence over most of the cities of Mesopotamia to begin their new era, the ancient Babylonian era.

History: It is the knowledge that informs us about the conditions of the past nations, i.e. (the news of nations), but if the news is based on mere transmission and does not govern the principles of custom, the rules of politics, the nature of urbanization, and the conditions in human society, and the absent from them is not measured by the witness and the present by the one who is going, perhaps he did not believe in them. From finding, the slip of the foot, and deviation from the path of truthfulness. Historians, exegetes and imams of transmission often fall into errors in tales and facts, because they depend in them on mere transmission, whether flat or fat. About the truth and wandered in the desert of delusion and error. Therefore, the transmitted news must be examined, investigated and justified.
Through the definition that we have presented, it is clear that the transmitted news is a source of doubt, and that history is a false, false and falsified science in some of its transmitted news. Ibn Khaldun presented us with many false stories and false news and commented on them and refuted them with investigation, scrutiny and scrutiny, so history needs investigation, scrutiny and scrutiny, and historical accounts need support in order to distance them from suspicion and doubt and support their credibility.
Through our reading of history, we find that it is a science with a fragile aspect compared to other sciences, as it is written by both bears and bears, and passion affects its writing, personal interest, doctrine, religion and race all affect the credibility of history, in addition to the fact that the victor is the one who writes history and this is one of the other negative aspects of history . So archeology came to clarify many of the circumstances of history through the discoveries because it is a science that deals with tangible, material things that exist, so it is beyond doub.

The gospels are called the first four books of the New Testament, which are respectively: Matthew, Mark, Luke and John.
Its concept aims to present the Christian viewpoint on the person of Jesus. Her book did not aim to lay out his biography with its historical details and clear chronological order. Rather, the most important intention was to push readers to faith and attain eternal life. However, it did not neglect history, but it is a written history from the Christian point of view.
They are historical documents specific to the time of their writing and the inclinations of those who wrote them. We cannot compare them in the same way as we compare other documents because they differ from any type of ancient writings. A specific time and place at the hands of people who were not isolated in any way from society or the world around them, and that its contents are part of a theological debate, although it is not a journalistic investigation or a fictional work, so it requires the presence of historical events and real people from history.
In order to get to know the truth of the Four Gospels, this requires addressing them in terms of the historical circumstances in which they were written. Perhaps one of the most important of these circumstances is the persecution that Christians were subjected to at the time of writing the Gospels at the hands of the Jews first and then the Romans, which left its impact on the nature and contents of the Gospels.

This research is concerned with tracing the biography of the great messenger Muhammad in Spanish Orientalism in his early ages and the beginnings of their contact with the Arabs, especially among their scholars who are among the first Spaniards who wrote in their history about the Messenger Muhammad and the Muslims, trying in one form or another to understand the nature of a Muslim and his religion to get to know it closely in order to confuse them intellectually, As well as getting to know their private lives in order to understand the nature of a Muslim to emulate him intellectually influenced by Muslims because of their distinct civilization at that time. Especially the author of the message, the Messenger Muhammad, and to see what they wrote about him, trying to elucidate the truth, which these fanatics wanted to hide in order to visit his honorable history and show it in another appearance that is inconsistent with his great personality and through our study of books, not forgetting the rare events they mention, in which Muslims disagreed with each other. They agreed different teams and disagreed with others, according to their vision of the events.

The Mamluk State was greatly concerned with the upbringing and upbringing of their Mamluk , because of the task entrusted to these Mamluks and Manna to defend the state and protect it from any external aggression . Soldiers led to fight decisive battles and steadfastness in confrontation . So l made sure to prepare them and train them in special schools known as Taibaqs , which is a combination of barracks or military schools for housing the purchases from the Mamluks , where each class includes the Mamluks brought from a particular country . And by tracing the method of special education for the Mamluks from the first moment they are bought and taken for their own residence and the start of their educational program and since childhood , the Mamluk educational school begins with the Qur`an and jurisprudence , as the owned were taught the principles of reading and writing , and each Taibaq was divided into several it accommodates a total of about a thousand owned .

The Arabs, especially Bedouins lived in an era of pre- Islam period on their instinct which Allah bestowed upon them away from the civilized influences of the neighboring societies، So the superstition became essential to their thinking and entered into every aspect of their lives, whether it was family, military, economic or social, until they got accustomed to some habits that have no logical explanation other than that they are the origin of superstition or illogicality, clinging to it as if it were a lifesaver for them from all calamity until it became an inherited inheritance of their own. These customs became the course of the sacred religions or the sacred creed, even if they follow the path of superstitions that are contrary to reason, and which gradually ended with the emergence of Islam that abolished many of these irrational superstitious customs because they are not related to faith, religion and the judgment of Allah.
By this research, we will bring out those customs and traditions endowed with superstition, which were common and followed by the Arabs, especially the Bedouins, in an inherited method and that we decided Divide it into several axes, including: axis the thought of superstition in military habits, axis thought of superstition in therapeutic habits, axis thought of the superstition in family customs, axis superstition thought in funeral customs, axis thought of Superstition in unseen customs, The conclusion of the research and a list of sources and references,

The political conditions that the Islamic world experienced in the third century AH / ninth century AD had a clear impact on social, economic, scientific and religious life, especially after the shift of the weight of the Abbasid state towards the Turks after Khorasan was the owner of the call and the establishment of their state from it, and in this period the scientific movement expanded Intellectual and research became active, so research, writing and writing were active, theological schools and philosophical and intellectual currents arose, and the movement of translation from different languages began. Many trustworthy people, including Ibrahim bin Mahziar.
One of the motives that made me touch on this character is that these societies need organized scientific efforts to remove from them intellectual misguidance and ideological extremism, as well as studying the biography of Ibrahim bin Mahziyar in Ahvas. the Alawites from Iraq towards Khorasan and Ahwaz, as they thought that they were safe from the Abbasid authority, but what happened after that of the martyrdom of the Imam peace be upon him led to their dispersal in disguise in those countries, and they became religious circles that included the Alawites and some trusted people in Ahvas, and their relationship became secret between them and the Their imams feared the eyes of the Abbasids.
The importance of studying this subject comes so that it is not hidden from everyone that the imams of Ahl al-Bayt peace be upon them played a role in the movement of society and history, as well as their companions and agents, and the great work that this group did in the process of change and missionary building, so they were like the arms of the Imamate and an extension of its roots in the nation, and the delivery of Their voice and their message to the people, and that the imams have taken agents to preserve the heritage of the nation and pass it on to successive generations. That is why we find them keen to select a group of loyal companions and trustworthy people who see in them the ability to bear some of the sciences of the Imamate and assimilate it. The Shi’ite banner campaign in Ahwaz, at a time when the centers of scientific and intellectual activity expanded in the metropolises of the vast Islamic world through the development of a system of agents to help them connect and move towards people easily, as this system was a practical necessity to relieve pressure and censorship on the imams peace be upon them.
Despite the circumstances of oppression, besieging and political pressure that was tightening the screws on the religious activity of the Imam and the arbitrary policies carried out by the Abbasid rulers towards the sons of Ali peace be upon him, and the deviations that the Islamic reality was exposed to, we find that the Imam is the first responsible for the nation, correcting its path and protecting it from error. And Imam al-Hadi peace be upon him had a great role in clarifying religious issues, especially in Ahwaz and with his well-known message in response to the principle of compulsion and delegation (meaning that God Almighty has forced His servants to do their deeds, and the servants have no choice in what they obey and disobey, for obedience is from God and disobedience is from Him), and he was pregnant The letter Ibrahim bin Mahziar is among the names that were received by some historians.
The purpose of choosing agents is during the era of Imam al-Askari, peace be upon him, when the Abbasids tightened the noose around the imam, so he paid more attention to the issue of agents and scholars because of its importance and the role it plays in preparing for the absence of Imam Mahdi may God bless him and grant him peace, and the connection of people with the people of the House peace be upon them, and all of this. The great interest of the Imam, peace be upon him, in preparing a conscious, believing generation of agents who were active in defending the causes of the Ahl al-Bayt, peace be upon them, and contributed to guiding the masses to what is the best of this world and the hereafter, and they were a distinguished link between the leadership of the real nation represented by the Imam And among the common Shiites scattered throughout the Islamic state, and these played a prominent role in those critical circumstances and in introducing the Twelfth Imam of the Ahl al-Bayt, peace be upon them, who was hidden from people’s eyes except from the elite of the agents and companions who succeeded in that task and ordeal. Under the direct guidance and supervision of the Imam, peace be upon him