Diyala Agricultural Sciences Journal

The present study was undertaken to evaluate polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique in the diagnosis of brucellosis in comparison with the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and microbiological culture techniques in animal’s blood and aborted fetuses. Thirty animal blood samples were used 20 of them were rose bengal plate test (RBPT) positive and which were subdivided into two groups (11) vaccinated and (9) not-vaccinated, and 10 negative controls. ِ All these samples were examined by PCR using primer pair to amplify a 223-bp region within a gene coding for 31-kDa Brucella antigen, ELISA and culture. Five aborted fetuses were also included in this study these were examined by PCR using the same mentioned pair of primers and culture only. The results of the 20 RBPT +ve blood samples revealed that 13 and 7 were also positive by PCR and ELISA representing 65% and 35% sensitivity, none was positive by culture. There was no positive case among the control group by all the tests which included in this study so its specificity were 100%. The overall agreement between PCR and ELISA and PCR and culture were 73.33% and 56.66% respectively. From the five aborted fetuses which included in this study 4 were positive for Brucella infection by PCR and 3 of the 4 were also positive by culture, one was negative by both. The overall agreement between PCR and culture was high and reached 80%. On the basis of biochemical characteristics results the two isolates which were from sheep fetuses were Brucella melitensis and one Brucella abortus isolates from aborted buffalo fetus. Due to many advantages, like speed, safety, high sensitivity and specificity, PCR is recommended to use in the diagnosis of animal brucellosis but its results need more evaluation in the vaccinated animal.

Soil losses of different aggregate sizes were studied under a range of raindrop sizes and matric potentials .A single raindrop device was used to produce four different sizes of drops namely ,2.45,3.34,4.0 and 4.93 mm in diameter with a constant height (163) cm. Soil losses were collected by aluminum foil cups. The effect of raindrop sizes and aggregate sizes on soil losses under a range of soil matric potentials were statistically significant at (0.01) level. Soil losses increased with increasing raindrop sizes and aggregate sizes with respect to matric potential. On the other hand, soil losses decreased rapidly as matric potential increased from (0) to 40 cm. The higher amount of losses at (0) potential as compared with higher potential. Soil losses gives good indication for the stability of soil aggregates.

This experiment was conducted at the poultry house / Department of Animal Resources / College of Agriculture, University of Sulaimanya during the period from 1/8/2007 to 1/6/2008 to investigate the effect of different intensities of magnetically treated water on seminal plasma traits of roosters. A total of 80 Hy – Line Brown cocks, 22 weeks old were used in this experiment. Cocks were randomly distributed into 4 treatment groups of 4 replicates each. Each treatment group constitutes 20 cocks with 5 cocks for each replicate. Experimental treatments included in this experiment were: Treatment 1: roosters drank magnetically treated water which passed through magnetic device with strength of 500 gauss, treatment 2: roosters drank magnetically treated water which passed through magnetic device with strength of 1000 gauss, treatment 3: roosters drank magnetically treated water which passed through magnetic device with strength of 2000 gauss, and treatment 4: roosters drank normal water without magnetism which considered as control group. Seminal plasma traits included in this experiment were: concentrations of seminal plasma glucose, protein, cholesterol, and activities of GOT, GPT, alkaline phosphatase and acid phosphatase. Results revealed that treated the cocks with magnetically treated water resulted in highly significant (p < 0.01) decrease as concerns the concentrations of seminal plasma glucose, protein, cholesterol and activity of GOT and GPT enzymes and highly significant (p < 0.01) increase in regard to the activity of alkaline phosphatase and acid phosphatase enzymes in seminal plasma. However, T3 (2000 Gauss) recorded the best results in relation to all seminal plasma traits included in this experiment. In conclusion, treated the cocks with magnetically treated water resulted in significant improvement in reproductive performance of cocks as indicated by the increase of positive components of seminal plasma constituents and the decrease of negative components of seminal plasma constituents. Therefore, magnetized water technique can be used as one of important tools for enhancing the reproductive efficiency of roosters.

This study was conducted at the Dept. of Animal Resources, College of Agriculture. University of Baghdad and completed at the laboratories of dangerous material and environmental research at the ministry of science and technology during the period from 15/10/2004 to 30/9/2005 to investigate the karyotype features of the Local and White Leghorn chickens, because there is no such studies about this subject in Iraq before, so four birds from each of Local and White Leghorn chickens at sexual maturity which were vaccinated with staphylococcus aureus (S.aureas) antigene killed by formalin prepared for this purpose were employed for this study. By using lymphocyte leocus culture technique photographic karyotype pictures for Blast cell of female leghorn were obtained and pictures for chromosomes at Metaphase for local female were re-arranged according to their length from CH 1 to CH 8 including the Sex chromosomes CH 5.

The Chemical composition of Cat Fish Silurus triostegus heads were studied ,the percentage of protein content was 22.96% ,moisture 70.05% ,fat 4.66% and ash 2.11%. using sodium chloride salts (1,3 and 5)% to prepare protein concentrate from this fish heads ,the obtained yield percentage is increasing as concentration of sodium salt ,the yield was (8.5, 9.3, 10.3)% respectively in concentrate 1%,3%,and 5% .the chemical composition of protein concentrate the percentage of protein ,ash ,and fat is increasing with increment of sodium salts concentration ,the moisture percentage is lowering with gradually increment sodium salts concentration Noticed it contained high percentage of minerals as (Calcium ,sodium ,potassium and magnesium) ,and have a good physical (functional) properties ,especially solubility ,fat binding ,water absorption ,viscosity .to all salt concentration .

This bacteriogical study was conducted in department of burns of general Baquba Hospital to assess the bacterial of burns , (126) swabs were collected from(70) patients with burns the period from 15/11/2003 to 15/7/2004. The swabs were cultured on suitable media for isolation and diagnosis of bacteria. Different concentrations of honey were tested against 18 isolates from bacterial genera in this study (by diffusion in agar ) whereas , the determination of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) for honey were done for all isolates . The result of cultures showed that 101(80.16%) of the burns swabs yielded bacterial growth while 25 (19.84%) were negative. The number and percentage of bacterial isolates were as follow: Enterobacter spp. 35(34.66%) Pseudomonas ,aeruginosa 24 (23.76%), Staphylococcus aureus 21 (20.79%) , Escherichia coli 8(7.92%) , Klebsiella spp. 8(7.92%) , proteus mirabilis 5(4.95%). The diameters of inhibition zones of different concentration of honey(20,40,60,80,100)%. against Ps. aeruginosa , Enterobacter spp ., klebsiella spp., Staph .aureus , E.coli and Pr . mirabilis at aconcentration were (0,0,0,4,6,9) mm, (0,0,3,4,7,10) mm, (0,0,4,5,6,15) mm, (0,0,5,9,11,20) mm, (0,0,0,10,20,25) mm and (0,0,6,20,22,25) mm respectively. Whereas the (MIC) of honey for Enterobacter spp., Ps. aeruginosa,Staph. aureus and, E. coli was (40%) while the (MIC ) for Klebsiella spp., Pr. mirabilis were (30and25)% respectively .

The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the effect of mange infestation on the chrome tanned leathers of the native goat. For the 1st time in Iraq. It has been conducted by purchasing a number of mange infected hides from AL-Shu'ala abattoir and some scattered private farms in al-shuala Baghdad. The gross examination study of chrome tanned leather of goat revealed Disturbance in the granular surface of the leather and roughness of the granular layer. Severe destruction in the dermis and epidermis layers were also seen, which causes malformation and decrease in leather's surface quality. The histopathological examination of the affected leather with mange mites revealed: thickness of the layers, acanthosis, hyperkeratosis and sever infiltration of inflammatory cell in both dermis and epidermis.

The result show that bacteria Lactobacilus rhamnosus GG (5 × 1010), Sacchromyces serevisiae(15× 1010) and the compost of Pleurotus ostreatus at 7% used reduction T2- toxin from liquid media with 60, 68, and 45% respectively .The blood serum characters albumens and immunoglobulin (β,γ ) proteins show good improving in the biological agent addition to the animal diet treatment compared to T2-toxin treated only. The blood enzymes GPT and ALP show low concentration to the biological agent treated compared to T2-toxin treated only, but GOT enzyme stay in height level.

This study has been conducted to identify Transferrin (Tf ) Types and their relation to some physiological traits of native chicken , These traits were include : weight gain (gr) , hemoglobin values(gr/100ml) , packed cell values% , and mortality % . Ninety chicks of native chicken raise on floor litter from one day age to 8 weeks . ln the first week blood samples taken directly from heart and blood serum was isolated . Transferrin types were isolated by gel electrophoresis technique. Three types of Tf were identified A 39 , AB 23, B 28 The results indicated that , although the transferrin A is high in value in all traits but the differences among the three types were not significant and the means of these traits were weight gain. 69.40 g , 67.129 g , 66.986 g for type A, AB and B respectively. hemoglobin values ( 10.329, 9.691 , 9.343)gr/100ml for type A, AB and B respectively . packed cell values ( 29.987 , 28.901 and 28.892)% for type A, AB and B respectively . mortality ( 0.648 , 0.543 , and 0.446)% for type A , AB and B respectively.

This study was conducted in silty clay soil at Diyala Governorate, Baquba (Longitude 69E12 Latitude 34N31). To observe the effect of different period of irrigation (5, 10, and 15) days, symbol as (w1, w2, and w3), and seeds hardiness processing before planting corn seeds (Zea mays) as not soaking, soaking in water, salt solution (Calcium Chloride) and acid solution CH3COOH, (T0, T1, T2, and T3). Two levels of Potassium fertilizer was used (0, 80kgh-1). The corn variety (research 106) was planted in Randomized Complete Block Design, by used three replications. The result gave evidence that the biological yield was increased significantly by five days irrigation. Whereas in irrigation of (15) days increased significantly the quantity of proline and percentage of protein in plant leaves. Seeds hardening by water gave significant effect for the biological crop and increased of proline quantity and the chlorophyll in leaves. In contrast the seeds soaking in salt solution of Calcium Chloride increased of protein percentage. Seeds soaking in acidic solution before planting corn plant, lead to increase of leaves area. Adding of Potassium fertilizer act in reducing of negative effect of moisture tension and in quantity an quality characteristics of yield. The aggregation of proline , particularly with Potassium fertilizer and seeds soaking in water, before planting of corn plant, may be responsible in regulation of water movement inside plant and circumistances of moisture tention stress.

A field study was conducted at the experimental farm of the College of Agriculture, University of Baghdad Abu–Grab at latitude ˚33.22 N and longitude ˚44.24 E, during the spring seasons of the year (2006 and 2007) to study the effect of tillage systems and fertilizers on some growth traits and seed yield of sunflower crop (Helianthus annuus L.). A split-Plot arrangement in a Randomized Complete Block Design with three replicates was used. Three tillage systems treatments including, Mold board plow, Chisel plow with control treatments (no-tillage) were assigned in the main plots , and four fertilizers treatments including, cow and chicken manure chemical fertilizers with control treatments (no-fertilizer) in the subplots. L.S.D at (0.05) level were used to compare the means of treatments. During the flowering and maturity stage plant high , number of leaves leaf area, weight of dry matter of (leaves , stems , disks and roots) and seed yield were studied in this research. The experimental results showed the following: 1. Tillage treatments including Mold board plow influenced on the plant morphological characters plant high , number of leaves , leaf area, weight of dry mater and gave the highest seed yield (3.51 and 3.05 t/ha) compared with control treatment for the two seasons respectively. 2. Cow and chicken manure fertilizers showed improve in soil physical and chemical properties which reverse to improve plant growth traits and sunflower yield for the two seasons. 3. The interaction between tillage systems and organic fertilizers treatment was showed improvement in all plant growth traits and seed yield of sunflower crop for the two seasons also.

This experiment was conducted on potatoes tubers, Desiree Cv. grade A from spring season of 2004 which has been obtained from Horticulture Dep. Fields. Curing was carried out for these tuber seeds and divided them to a loats each loat was dipped in either Dill seed extract, the leaves extract of Rosemary and sage with three concentration (2, 4, 8 gm/ L H2O) for each extract beside Greap water as (1.5, 30, 6.0 ml/ L H2O), as well as the control treatment. Dipping was done for 10 and 20 min. and the treated tubers stored in a cold store at 4 ± 2C0 and relative humidity of 85% from 1/6/2004 until 31/12/2004. Tubers then preperated from spring cultivation by conditioning from three weeks. Results show that Sage extract increased sprouting percentage to 82.97% and T.S.S to 5.60 also increased peroxidase enzyme activity to 26.24 absorbing unit/ gm tuber but decreased protein percentage to 1.22. Vit C. content increased to 7.52 mg/ 100 gm in the control treatment.

In study carried out in the cold storage unit, horticultural department and plant protection department laboratories , college of Agriculture / University of Baghdad showed that Alternaria , Pencillium and Rhizoctonia are the fungi that causes tomato fruits decay in the cold storage under 4 ْ C This is the first record of Rhizoctonia as a one of tomato fruits rot under 4 ْ C in Iraq . There is no fungal infection on cucumber fruits.. Waxing tomato fruits reduced the severity of the fungi Alternaria and Pencillium infection and gave shelflife (24 days) there is no infection with Alternaria and Pencillium up to 24 days on fruits of this treatment while keeping fruits without packing reduced the severity of the infection with Alternaria without any infection with Pencillium , while waxing treatment revealed lowest level of infection severity and frequency after 24 days.

On the purpose of finding the effect of partition application of potassium on some field physiological characters of corn. A field experiment was carried out at the research farm ، college of Agric University of Baghdad ، during the spring and autumn seasons of 2002. A split plot arrangement in R. C. B. D. with three replications of genotypes (Bohoth 106, IPA 5012 ، IPA 3001 and IPA 3003) were assigned in the main plots , while four application time of potassium 120 kg K/ha (all potassium applied after emergence as a control) and three other treatments include the partition of potassium (five , four , three parts) were assigned in sub plots. The field physiological traits , number of days to 75% tasselling and silking , height of plant and ear , number of plant leaves and its area , crop growth rate and dry weight at anthesis and mature. Partition application potassium fertilizer every two weeks (five parts) led to shortening the period flowering tassel (2 day) and silk (1 day) in spring. The percent of increasing in weight of dry matter at physiological mature was 2% and leaves area was 3% , and crop growth rate when comparison with control treatment. Lowest plant height and ear height while the number of leaves increase to 16 leaf for autumn. The hybrid IPA 3003 gave highest crop growth rate (2.33 and 2.61 gm/cm2/ day) and highest weight of dry matter at flowering (189.79 , 57.20 gm) in both season , respectively ,and higher weight of dry matter at physiological mature (274.57 gm) for spring season.

Potato tubers (Solanum tubersom L.) attacked by some of soil insects especially the larvae of Wireworms (Agriotes spp.), larvae of Black Cutworm(Agrotis ipsilon) and Mol cricket (Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa (L.) .The damage of these insect doesn’t observed in oftentimes until the tubers pulling out. This study were conducted to evaluate the population density and percent of infection according to crop growth stage of potato. The results showed that the larvae of wireworms were accompanied the growth of crop in autumnal form planting tubers at the second half of September until harvested in the second half of January. The highest average number of larvae (2.4 larvae\ sample) were recorded at during October which synchronism with the first growth stage (sprout development),and the percent infestation of tubers was 11.11 % . In spring planting the highest average number of larvae (3.2 larvae/sample) was recorded during April which synchronism with tuber initiation and the percent of infestation was 14.13%. The black cutworm was accompanied the Crop growth during the first fourth stages only in autumnal planting. The highest average number of larvae (1.4 larvae / sample) was recorded during November when the crop was at tuber initiation .In spring planting the larvae of cutworm escort crop from the second stage (vegetative growth) and even the stage of maturation . The highest average number of larvae (2.4 larvae/sample)was recorded during April with 11.11 % infestation. Sample methods did not succeed to estimate the population density of Mol cricket, but their injures were recorded in the spring and autumn planting in the all stages of plant growth and the highest percent of infestation was 22.22% in spring planting during vegetation growth stage.

A field experiment was conducted at the farm of the college of Agriculture, Baghdad University during the two seasons of 2006 and 2007 on cotton Gossypium Hirsutum L.. The objective of this study was investigated to response of some cotton properties to tillage systems and fertilizers. A split plot design under randomized complete block design with three replications was used. Tillage systems (moldboard plow, chisel plow and no-tillage) were represent main plot treatments , fertilizers ( cow and chicken manure, chemical fertilizer and no fertilizer) as sub plot. L.S.D (0.05) for comparing the means of properties was used in this experiment. Leaf area, Plant height, length of inters nodes, number of sympodia per plant, dry root weight and lint yield were studied in this research. The experimental results showed the following: 1- Tillage moldboard treatment was significant increased percentage of leave area, plant height, and length of inter nodes, number of sympodia per plant, dry root weight for the two seasons, also increased lint yield percentage during seasons 2006 compared with other treatments. 2- Cow and chicken manure fertilizers treatments, increased in leaf area, plant height, length inter nodes, number of sympodia dry root weight and lint yield for the two seasons compared with other treatments. 3- The interaction between tillage moldboard and fertilizer include cow treatment was significant increased all the properties were studies in this research compared with other treatments.

This study was conducted at the field of the College of agriculture / University of Diala ,during autumn season 2006 , to determine the influence of plant rows orientation in addition to find best plants distribution including fixed plant density . The design used was the randomized complete block design (R . C .B . D . ) ,in a factorial experiment with three replications , the replicate include , two plant rows orientation ( East-West , North-South ) and the plants distribution ( 20 x100 , 40 x 50 ,80 x25 ) cm. Between plants and rows respectively . Characters evaluated were number of days from planting to 75% flowering (tasseling and silking ), plant high (cm) , leaf area ( L A ) (ds2 ) , Leaf Area Index ( L A I ) ,Stem diameter ( cm ). The results were as follows : 1- Plant height, ( L A ) and ( L A I ) are significantly affected by row direction . 2- silk appearance, plant height , L A and L A I are significantly affected by plants distribution. 3- Significant interaction effect were observed between plant row direction and plants distribution on plant high , L A and L A I .

Study of the natural factors namely, Geographic site, climatic factors, irrigation resources and soil characteristics were investigated in Diyala Governorate. The aim of study was to Know the capability and suitability of Sugarcane Succharum officinarum L. cultivation and its economic industrialization in Diyala Governorate. The following results showed : 1. As the governorate is situated between latitudes 33˚ 11 and 35˚ 28 north of equator , so that it is considered as part of sugarcane productive region . 2. Middling of mean temperature during the first months of the crop growth (tillering stage). Then, gradually increases during months which are coincident with the great vegetative growth stage. Followed, by gradual decrease of temperature during both early and late maturity stages are considered of significant positive effect on the crop growth and maturity. 3. Coincident of lightly duration length with the increase of temperature during Sugar cane growth stage is considered of magnificent favorable condition for the crop growth and maturity. 4. Total mean yearly rainfall in the governorate is about 169.4 mm. This indicates that Sugarcane cultivation is impossible without using other irrigation resources.

The present study was carried out to evaluate the effects of using cereal – fallow cropping system and irrigation water quality on some morphological properties of gypsiferous soil at Al-Saglawia ,Al-Anbar governorate. According to free lance soil survey result, three locations were selected. The locations were differed in the quality of irrigation water which used. The survey was depended on the variation in the topographical features and natural vegetation. The cereal – fallow cropping system was employed at these locations during the last ten years Eight pedons (two from each site) were cultivated, one from soil locally called (Gathini)and the second one called (Hamra) ,as well as ,two pedons from uncultivated soils. All sites were cultivated with wheat. Water samples were collected at every location and analyzed to limitation its quality .The results could be summarized as fallows:- 1- All studied soils were shallow G2 (20 50 cm). 2- Soil texture was varied, the gypsiferous soil (Gathini),G2 223 FXW has moderate coarse texture, while(Hamra),G2 233 FXW ,was medium coarse texture class. Both agricultural practices and irrigation water quality have no significant effect on soil texture. 3- The agricultural practices had a clear effect on the surface horizon thickness. It increased from 20 cm in the virgin soils(uncultivated)horizon A1 to 25 cm in cultivated horizon Ap .Flooding irrigation had negative effect on the surface horizons structure .it caused destroyed to soil aggregates because of rapid wetness which accompanying this method of irrigation. 4- The boundary between surface horizons and gypsum was abrupt ,but it showed gradual boundary specially at the two uncultivated pedons. 5- Irrigation water quality has clear effect on the morphology of surface horizon in studied soils Which were irrigated with ground water showed higher gypsum accumulation in Ap horizon because of high concentrations of calcium and sulfate ions in these water,whose deposition with time inform gypsum therefore the plow horizon in these pedons pointed Apy,in comparison with soils irrigated by thirthar canal water whose named Ap. 6- Horizon A1 of uncultivated soils and horizon Ap of the cultivated soils, irrigated with ground water, showed a presence of clear individual coarse gypsum crystals in the soil skeleton . Such crystal was not clear in soils irrigated with Al- Tharthar water.The gypsiferous sub surface horizons had clear white gypsum crystals filling soil pores.

Three Laboratory experiments were carried out with (CRBD ) design, to Study the effect of three chemical pesticides namely; fungicide (benomyl ) ,Insecticide (super atracedein ) and herpicide (grawand ab) with (4) levels for each treatment on A.chroococcum number .Three dilution of inculation bacterial ( 10-4 , 10-5 , 10-6) with four period of Incubation (3, 6, 12 and 18) day were used for measuring (MIC) of bacterial cell number. The results showed that (MIC ) of fungicide with dilution of ( 104) is (1.2 ) g.L-1 and (0.6 )g.L-1 for each dilution of ( 10-5 and 10-6) for (18) day Incubation . The (MIC ) of Insecticide is ( 0.875)ml.L-1 for the period of (6,12 and 18) day Incubation with all dilution Inculation . The (MIC ) of herbicide is (20)ml.L-1 for (6) day Incubation with dilution of 10-4 , 10-5 and (10) ml .L-1 for dilution of 10-6. For the period of Incubation (12,18 ) day the (MIC) is (10 )ml.L-1 for dilution 10-4 and (5) m.L-1 for both dilution of 10-5 and10-6. The results showed that the dilution of 10-4 is considered resistant for concentration of pesticide as compared with 10-5 , 10-6 .

A line x tester analysis involving three lines of maize (Agr183, W13R and W17.161) and six testers (OH40, IK58, IK8, ZP, DK and SH) was done. Lines, testers and crosses among them were planted using RCBDesign with three replications, and data taken for traits: plant height, upper ear height, number of leaves over upper ear, number of ears per plant, length and diameter of ear, number of rows per ear, number of grains per row, 100-grain weight and grain yield per plant. Marked significant heterosis was observed for almost all the traits examined. It was shown that additive gene action was more important in the inheritance of plant height, length of ear and 100-grain weight, and non additive one more important in the inheritance of upper ear height, number of leaves over upper ear, number of ears per plant, number of rows per ear and grain yield per plant. Among lines (W17.161) and among testers (IK8) were the best general combinors for the most of traits, and the cross (Agr183 x DK) was the best specific combinor. Broad sense heritability was high for all traits and narrow sense one was high for plant height, ear length and 100-grain weight, moderate or low for the remainder traits, while genetic advance as percent of the mean was moderate for number of ears per plant and 100-grain weight and low for the remainder traits.

A study was carried out in the cold storage unit, Hort. Dept. and laboratories of Plant Prot. Dept. , College of Aric. , Univ. of Baghdad, during the seasons 2005-2006 showed that isolation of the genera Alternaria , Aspergillus and Penicillium as a causal agents of green bean pods rot under 8 , this is the first record in Iraq of these genera on green bean pods in cold storage. Sterilization of pods and packing them in netted bags decreased the percentage of infection severity by Alternaria . No infection was occurred for non sterilized pods treatment with Aspergillus and the best treatment was polyethylene bags with 32 holes. The genus Penicillium was not found in non sterilized pods kept in polyethylene bags with 32 holes and sterilized pods kept in netted bags . Less weight loss percent in sterilized and non sterilized pods kept in polyethylene bags with 16 holes. There was no physiological disorder occurred in sterilized and non sterilized pods kept in polyethylene bags with 16 and 32 holes. the netted bags treatment record higher firmness in sterilized pods after 4 and 6 days storage . No pod cracking was occurred significantly in different treatments.The sterilization of green bean pods and packing them in the netted bags prolong period of storage

Seven tomato genotypes were used in a study , four of them was well known varieties such as Early Person represented in this study (1), Special Pack (2) , Super Qween (5) and Castel Rock (6). The other three parents was local deviser progency they are : SL3 , represented by (3) , WL4 (4) and LL1 represented by (7). The seeds were planted in February 2002, using full diallel crosses with first method of fixed model Griffing 1965(18). The first hybrid seeds which then planted with their parents in January under plastic house condition until these seedlings reached a size suitable to be planted under plastic tunnel during February 2003 and 2004 seasons at a private farm, Beni Saaid district, Diala governorate. Using RCBD with three replicates, each replicate contain all the hybrids and their parents as well as the hybrid control. The following characters such as , mean of fruit weight (gm) early and total yield (t/ha) , fruit hardness, T.S.S % total acidity and vitamin C contain in fruit. The experiment results shows that the parents 1 and 7 was superior in early yield, but while the parents 2 and 4 superior in total yield and the parent 1 which was best in the fruit quality . While the parent 2 which was lowest in fruit hardness and v.c content. The diallel hybrid (2×4) was superior in fruit weight and early yield in both seasons, the diallel hybrids (2×3) and (3×7) and reciprocal hybrid (7×1) which was superior in total yield in both seasons. The reciprocal hybrid (7×1) was superior in fruit hardness and the fruits of diallel hybrids (3×7) which was best in the T.S.S.

This study was carried out to : (1) evaluate effectively of clove tree oil (Eugenia caryophylata Thunb) against the growth of Pythium aphanidermatum In Vitro . (2) Determine the effective extract concentration on seedling damping - off caused by pathogen on cucumber In Vivo , and (3) Identify the active component (s) of the effective Clove oil.
The results showed that Clove oil extracted by steam distillation at 250 , 500 and 1000 ppm inhibited the growth of P. aphanidermatum by 33.3 , 100 and 100%. Thin layer chromatographic analysis of the clove oil revealed that Eugenol was the active component against the pathogen . As consequence artificially contaminated soils , drenched with clove oil at 2000 ppm was significantly reduced the damping - off on cucumber by both pathogens.

Six varieties of bread wheat (IPA 95, IPA 99, Abo-Graib, Fateh, Tahadi and Taka1) were used in this study. These varieties were planted at two locations in Diyala Governorate, the first Baladrose and the second Mandely, using randomized complete block design with three replications. Data recorded on plant height, spike length, number of tillers per m2, number of grains per spike, 1000-grain weight and plant yield, to determine the growth and yield component characters that correlated (environmentally, genetically and phenotypically) with yield, and partition the correlation coefficients to direct and indirect effects, through path coefficient analysis, to use it as a selection indices for plant yield improvement in wheat. The results showed that the most characters positively and significantly correlated with plant yield, and path analysis method (environmentally, genetically and phenotypically) showed that number of grain per spike and 1000-grain weight high and positive direct effects (genetically and phenotypically) with yield at the two locations. In addition the total direct and indirect effects (environmentally, genetically and phenotypically) of these two characters was positive and high, thus the two characters could be used as effective selection indices for plant yield improvement in wheat.

Factorial experiment was conducted with randomized complete design at College of Agriculture during (2001- 2002), (10Kg) of silty loam soil was put at each pot, (10plants) of millet were planted per pot. The first factor was nitrogen levels (80,160, and 240 Kg N.ha-1), while second factor was quality of irrigation water (Dijla Deraa and Abu Ghraib rivers). Results showed that reduced yield of green forage percentage (15.93 %)when irrigated with Dijla Deraa river in comparison with Abu –Ghraib river, leaf flag area was increased percentage (44.06 %, 45.50%) when used second and third levels of nitrogen fertilizer in comparison with the first, high percentage protein in grain of millet was (12.55 %) when interaction between third nitrogen level with Abu – Ghraib river.

This research included studying some variables process manufacture mash animal inform pellets for fish feed from during determination two levels for mash moisture are 39.2 and 42.3% and using die holes with three diameters are 2 , 4 and 6 mm and effect it in pellet mincer performance during power consumption, Equipment productivity and also pellet temperature and pellet water absorption. The experiment carried out using the completely randomized design (CRD) with three replication. The results showed that with increase mash moisture from 39.2 to 42.3% it significant effect in increase the productivity and decrease power consumption and pellet temperature and pellet water absorption with increase die holes diameter from 2 to 4 to 6 mm to it significant effect appeared in increase The productivity and decrease the power consumption and pellet temperature and pellet water absorption and the best state between two factors mash moisture and holes diameter are mash moisture 42.3% and die holes diameter 6 mm it provided the productivity up (39.11 kg / h) and the lest power consumption (0.982 kw) and the least pellet temperature 32.3 C and lest water absorption at water immersion different.

The study was conducted to evaluate performance of semi-permanent sprinkler irrigation system . The experiment included main line with three length (10-100) ,(100-190), And (190-280) M,which represent main plot . sub line in three length (0-60) , (60-120) , and (120-180)M,which represent sub plot . Uniformity coefficient (VC%) , distribution uniformity (Du1/4) , efficiency of application (Ea%) and over all efficiency of the system(OE%) were studied in this experiment. Split plot design within randomized complete block was used . Result can be summarized as follow: Main line in length (10-100)M recorded best UC, Du 1/4 ,Ea and OE % which give (77.3 ,70.7 , 85.7 ,and 67.3 )% respectively . Also the sub length (0-60) M gave higher Vc, ,Du and Ea % Which recorded ( 76.9 ,66 ,86.7 ,and 66.5 %) respectively . The interaction between main length (10-100 ) M and sub length(0-60) And (60-120)M gave higher (Vc) then recorded (82 and 80.3 %) respectively Also they gave best ( Du1/4 ) which recorded (72 and 71 % ) respectively In parameter (Ea % ) the interaction between sub line ( 0-60 )M and main line In both length ( 10-100 ) and ( 100-190 m) gave best (Ea%) which is (88 and 87) Respectively , in additional the main length ( 10-100m ) and sub (0-60m) Recorded best (OE%) which (71.7 %)

To identify to the differences nature which were happened to natural vegetation by agricultural utilization action at oasis Fhaida. The natural vegetation was descripted at agricultural utilized soil series 142CCE. Wherever the present species were diagnosed and ecological system was analyized by measure the plant community properties. The results of relatively distribution study for natural vegetation were showed that perennial species formed 40% in comparison with Annuals species which was reached 60%. Alhagi maurorum formed the higher percent followed by Lagonychium farctum, and Atriplex tataricum, Artemisia herbaalba , 15.8 , 13.0 , 5.8 , 5.4% respectively for the perennial species. While the Annuals species were showed the super macy for Avena Salsola barysoma followed by, Cutantdia memphitica, Avena barbata, and Plantago ovate, 2.5 , 2.5, 1.8 , 33.8 , 10.1 , 9.3 % respectively. The agricultural utilization and the type of agricultural system were affected on the species percentages and its existence in this environment. when we was compared this results with (11) study, It was appeared the disappearance of many plant species from this region of Iraq, which means we needs to consolidation and checking for exist species in this important part of country with time and attempt to saving which is remain from it and returning which was lost in the future.

Implemented this Experiment in Haweija, Government of krikuk during the season 2007 using planted five varieties of wheat (Abo-gharib3, Maxibak, Ibaa99, hamm6, Iraq) in three replication using randomized completely block design for study the correlation, variance and some genetic parameters. The results showed significant different at 1% in mean of variety in all traits except length of spike and the spike number/plant showed significant different's at 5% the genetic variance was biter variances. Heritability can between 0.11 for weight of 1000 grain in sprinkler irrigation and 0.99 for many characters in the irrigation methods the character of high heritability indicated to selection index. The correlation showed positive significant correlation in the number of day in surface irrigation at 1% and high plant correlated with spike length at 1% in surface irrigation. The number of grain in spike wasn’t significant correlation with weight of 1000 grain in the three methods.

This study was carried out to : (1) evaluate effectively of some plant extracts Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) , Blue gum (Eucalyptus microtheca F.) , Myrtle (Myrtus communis L.), Oleander (Nerium oleander L.) and clove tree (Eugenia caryophylata Thunb) against the growth of Pythium aphanidermatum and In Vitro . (2) Determine the effective extract concentration on seedling damping - off caused by each pathogen on cucumber In Vivo . The results showed that ethanolic extract of the clove was superior over that of the other examined plants in preventing growth of pathogen. The growth of P. aphanidermatum was totally prevented at 500 and 1000 ppm clove ethanolic extract respectively.
Portioning the clove ethanolic extract by various organic solvents indicated that the inhibitor (s) was mainly separated with diethyl ether and to less extract with ethyl acetate . Component(s) separated by the diethyl ether was inhibited the growth of pathogen at 1000 ppm. However , the component (s) separated by the ethyl acetate at 1000 ppm was cause 75% inhibition to P.aphanidermatum . On the other hand, total inhibition of P. aphanidermatum was obtained with powdered raw clove at 0.1 into Potato Dextrose Agar

Two field trials and other glasshouses pot experiments were carried out at the fields of the Agricultural College / Abu ــ Ghraib during the period 2004 ـــ 2005 to investigate the residual effects of herbicide Chevalier15WG ( Mesosulfuron ــ methyl + Iodosulfuron ــ methyl sodium ) , which is used to control weeds of wheat (Triticum aestivum) on the successive crops ( corn , sorghum ) . The subsequent effect of this herbicide on seed yield and yield components was also studied . Results revealed that Chevalier was highly effective in controlling both types of weeds in wheat data obtained after 30 and 60 days of application showed that broadleaf weeds density were reduced to 8 and 7 plants / m² , respectively , compared to 84 and 135 plants / m² in not treated weedy plots . Densities of grassy weeds were 3 and 2 plants / m² compared to 55 and 63 plants / m² in control plot during the same periods ، respectively . Consequently , wheat yield and yield components were improved spikes number per m2 , number of seeds per spike and weight of 1000 seeds were 309 spikes / m² , 51.7 seeds / spike and 46.9 gm / 1000 seeds , respectively , in the Chevalier treated plots compared to 200.2 spikes / m² , 43.5 seed / spike and 42.3 gm / 1000 seeds in the nontreated weedy plots , respectively . increase in wheat yield components consequently resulted in significant increase in the yield of wheat seeds 43 % when compared with the nontreated plots . there were no significant differences regarding characters included in this study between Chevalier and Lintur and Granstar which used as control . Results of bioassay tests revealed that the herbicide Chevalier was dissipated in soil samples after 3 ــ 5 months of application when corn and sorghum were taken after various periods after application and used as indicator crops for the herbicide residues. Plant growth characters such as plant height , fresh plant weight , root length and weight were considered in determining Chevalier residual effect . No significant residual effects of the herbicide were detected on growth and yield of the crops ( corn , sorghum ) planted directly after wheat .