Journal of Al-Farahidis Arts

Because our Messenger and his pure and good family are our role models, we have chosen his daughter Fatima al-Zahra, as she is a part of him. We have taken her nickname (Umm Abiha) as a starting point to show the deep linguistic significance of the nickname that described her, and described the sublime family relationship that she lived with her father, that nickname that we hope other Muslim girls who are dutiful to their families will be characterized by.
Regardless of who launched the description (Umm Abiha), there are those who attribute it to the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, and there are those who doubt that, we started from the principle of showing the linguistic differences between the words used in the nickname and its synonyms, and the linguistic structure that combined them in this form; To show us the rhetorical value of the Arabic language, and the multiple linguistic purposes that reveal the reason for giving this description to the daughter of our noble Messenger, and the results of that and its impact on family relationships, by looking at the type of emotional relationship between the daughter and her father, that relationship in which both parties bear their responsibilities willingly and with love, and thus they are a role model for later generations that preserve the family, starting with the mother, who many researchers in family affairs believe begins her upbringing by raising her mother.

This research attempts to reveal the role of implicit systems in reading the poetic text, especially since reading is a type of interpretation that practices its existence as a parallel text to the original text, and the original text cannot be understood without referring to the implicit systems - the parallel text. Perhaps our choice of the poem by the poet Karim Al Iraqi, which came to imitate the wound of a country that does not rise from fatigue except to fall into greater misery, that poem that tries to imitate a painful reality that the poet feels, so he releases his cry in pain and suffering through his poem that lacked the title to present an open meaning, thereby exceeding the threshold of the title. From here, the poet's language aroused our curiosity in reconsidering the arrangement of the textual structure that the poem came upon in search of the implicit systems to reshape the text and draw the path to its meaning stemming from the poet's feelings and his crisis as an individual and a group in searching for the details of a homeland filled with wounds.
The research attempted to answer the following questions that formed the methodology for drawing up the research plan. These questions are:
Was the poet Karim Al Iraqi able to master this art? This is what our readers will try to search for in the selected poem to stand at a real crisis for the person who is expatriated in his homeland and homeless far from it. The study dealt with the crisis of identity, self, homeland and authority in a serious attempt to rearrange the vocabulary of a safe life for the person of a safe country.

Poets throughout the ages have realized the importance of linking the quality of expression and image in poetic language, and this is evident in the poetry of Ibn Nabatah al-Saadi, the Abbasid poet who was born in Baghdad in 327 AH and died in 405 AHS. His poetic language was distinguished by monitoring the energies stored in words, and it seems to the researcher that the poet was distinguished by beautiful imagery.
The researcher focused on showing this in two sections in addition to the introduction and preface. In the first section, he mentioned the beauty of poetic language, and presented this in two requirements. The first requirement is the intentional language that he mentioned in the intellectual vision and expressive function, and in the second requirement, he mentioned the spontaneous language, through charging the language with connotations. New.
As for the second topic, it mentioned the combination of senses in monitoring the features of the artistic image. This came in two requirements: the beauty of visual formation and the auditory image. After that, a conclusion and research sources.
The researcher's goal was an attempt to enrich the Arabic library with what he could provide to serve it, and success comes from God.

The research aims to study dystopia as a literary phenomenon that expresses the bitter reality that resulted from social changes and political events. Dystopia stands in contrast to what has been known as the literature of the ideal city or "utopia". This style of writing expresses the fragmentation in our contemporary world, and depicts the burden of life in the shadow of the culture of consumption and the prevalence of defeats and the similar phenomena resulting from those worlds, such as the movement of immigration and asylum. The novelist takes the city as the ground that prepares for the emergence of corruption, destruction and fear and their impact on the human self and gives a clear picture of the corrupt, destructive city and reveals the dimensions of the mental and spiritual secrets towards dystopia from various angles, and then its negative impact on society. The novel (Shores of Ashes) comes to reveal the implications of this literary phenomenon in it. The research sheds light on reality in its disappointments and failures, which are reflected in the features of people as well as the features of the city. Dystopia, with all its manifestations, draws a bleak picture of reality and the future in the text.

This study aims to identify instances of phrase structures in Surah Al-Kahaf and evaluate them based on Chomsky's head-position parameter theory. The method used in determining the head is mainly syntactic. Semantic criterion is also used here to determine certain cases of head-final structures. English translations (Abdullah Yusaf Alli translation) will be provided of the analyzed phrases for better understanding.

Onomatopoeia is a word which has the same pronunciation and spelling of the thing it describes in real life. The main problem of this study is that Onomatopoeic words can only be understood within the Context Which they are used. The Context is the only key to determine the real Meaning of Onomatopoeic words. This study aims to shed light on the grammatical features of Onomatopoeic words. It also examines the actual usage of Onomatopoiec words in English written discourse. This study is limited to the second years students in the translation department; College of Arts/university of Tikrit. This study hypothesizes that:
1. Foreign language students of English have difficulty in understanding.
2. The meaning of Onomatopoiec words in their own Language.
3. The meaning of Onomatopoiec words is derived from the contextual Meaning
4. Iraqi foreign language students cannot use the onomatopoiec words correctly in their writing.
The procedures of the Study are:
1. The researcher Constructs a T. Test.
2. The results of the test are analyzed Statistically.
3. The researcher draws conclusions-
In this study, the researcher chooses Ullman (1962) Model regarding the Onomatopoeia.

The issue of equality between men and women has a long history back to thousands of years. Women have rights and duties that differ from men according to the sexual differences between them which have made man hold responsibilities vary from women. From ancient times to the present time, women still struggle to get their right regarding different issues in life. This paper deals with analysing the film ‘suffragette’" which portrays women's suffrage to get their right to equal pay and to vote. The purpose of this study is to depict human sufferings in a diverse and detailed manner, especially, for women. For this purpose, this paper is designed to consist of an introduction and four sections. In the first section, the writer gives the definitions of some important terms related to the present study. The second section introduces the literature background regarding women’s rights in ancient Rome and Greece, then in the time of Christianity, and finally in Britain in 19thcentury in which, it is related very much to the analysis of the movie ‘suffragette’. Section three includes a summary of the movie ‘suffragette’. Section four has the task of analysing the data and portraying the place of women between gender equality and social history and women’s rights as a human demand. The analysis of the film depicts how women of Britain struggle to get their rights in life and bring welfare for all the community although being neglected by history.

The research included five axes. The first reviewed an overview of the conditions of the Jews in Poland before the seventeenth century, their origins and the myths that mentioned them, and how the royal system and local authorities dealt with them. The second followed the Jews in Poland from the beginning of the seventeenth century until 1646. The most prominent outcome was the injustice that the Jews were subjected to as a result of the harsh treatment of them by the Christian community, especially the clergy. The Polish King Wiladyslaw IV was tolerant of the Jews, unlike the fanatical Christian community. The third showed the persecution and suffering of the Jews during the period of rebellion and unrest 1648-1651. The Jews were subjected to brutal operations, extermination and killing. The fourth focused on the conditions of the Jews in Poland during the Russian and Swedish occupation. As a result of that occupation, the Jews suffered from extermination and torture, whether by Orthodox Christians or Catholics alike, and they were treated with dignity. The latter undertook to follow up on alleviating the suffering of the Jews in Poland until the late seventeenth century, especially during the reigns of the two Polish kings, John Casimir and John III. Sobieski, and despite their standing with the Jews, especially John III, the local Christian community harbored enmity and hatred towards them due to the slander supported by the fanatic clergy.

Mrs. Wassila Bent Ammar, the wife of President Habib Bourguiba, played a major role in Tunisian political reality throughout the three decades of President Habib Bourguiba's rule (1957-1987). Any reader of Tunisian history can sense the role she played, especially after Habib Bourguiba's illness in the late sixties and the competition between members of the Constitutional Socialist Party to succeed him. She was a difficult figure in favoring one party over another, and her interference made her appoint and remove heads of government and ministers and party directors and create some crises and problems that the country suffered from. This matter went beyond interfering in foreign affairs, especially her major role in the failure of the Tunisian-Libyan unity in 1974.
The importance of the study (The Role of Women in Tunisian Political Life: Wassila Bent Ammar as a Model) comes as a result of the role that this woman played in running the country and the influence of her personality on the decisions taken by President Habib Bourguiba and the great importance of her presence in the history of contemporary Tunisia.

Trade relations and exchanges are the vital artery of the economies of the countries of the world, as they represent the effective force in framing political relations, and reflect the positive planning of the economies of the countries of the world, and despite the importance of the economic and commercial aspect in particular, it has not received the attention it deserves from those interested and historians.
The importance of studying the history of trade relations between the Mosul State and Anatolia, especially the northern neighbor Turkey, with its strategic location and distinctive economic and human capabilities, comes in a way that serves their common interests at all levels, especially the commercial sector, and the repercussions of the Ottoman Empire's trade policy on trade relations between the Iraqi states and Anatolia, and the nature of trade relations between it and the Iraqi states in general and the Mosul State in particular, especially with the states of southern and southeastern Anatolia, in addition to the impact of World War I (1914-1918 AD) on trade relations between the Mosul State and Anatolia.

Allah the Almighty has preserved the Holy Quran and the pure Sunnah, as they are the second revelation after the Holy Quran. The biography of the Prophet, may God bless him and grant him peace, his bearing of the trust, his endurance of harm, and his patience in the face of hardships in order to spread the religion, eliminate polytheism, and raise the word of monotheism, his determination, firmness, and strength in conveying the message inside and outside the peninsula and advising the nation, he is the strong and trustworthy one who was patient and steadfast from the beginning of the call until his death, may God bless him and grant him peace. His entire honorable life was determination, struggle, and sacrifice, and he is the role model for us in leadership, good management, and planning in correspondence with the kings and princes of the earth and documenting it through the Seal of Prophethood, and in his conquest of Mecca, the last stronghold of polytheism in the Arabian Peninsula, and his keenness, determination, and struggle during illness to go out to the mosque to advise the people, may God bless him and grant him peace, to pray constantly and continuously.

Solidarnosk (Solidarity) was founded in 1980, a Polish social movement that led several labor strikes, with thousands of Polish workers protesting poor economic conditions and workers' rights. In the context of general social unrest, the movement posed a direct challenge not only to the Polish communist regime but also to the Soviet Union itself, which forced the movement underground after the declaration of martial law in 1981. However, Solidarity was unable to end the communist government in Poland on its own without the reforms of Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev, through the policy of openness, introduced in 1985, which created the conditions for change. The movement was the first non-communist labor union in the Eastern Bloc, and played a pivotal role in ending communist rule in Poland, after it forced the Polish regime to the negotiating table, known as the Round Table Talks in 1989, which resulted in the movement's official recognition as a social movement and a political party. She won a landslide victory in the 1989 elections, bringing an end to communist rule in Poland in 1990.

The Prophet's biography is part of human history, and encyclopedic Muslim historians have made it a habit to document the Prophet's biography in their books in chronological order, after mentioning what they have found of the news related to those who preceded the Prophet (ﷺ) of the prophets and messengers (peace be upon them). Therefore, the pure Prophet's biography and history share a common factor, which is the historical arrangement according to the years and dates of events and the attention to the history of the incident and its details. However, the honorable Prophet's biography is distinguished from the events of history and the news of those who came before by the abundance of its details, the richness of its events, the diversity of its events, the flow of its sequence, and the clarity of its stages, in addition to the reliability of most of its news, and this is a feature that is not available in any other biography. Moroccan and Andalusian works did not differ in transmitting and documenting the Prophet's biography with all its details and the diversity of its topics from his birth until his death (ﷺ).

This study came to shed light on the important position of the region in the Arab East, as this region occupies great importance in the world as it is one of the most important regions located in the middle of the world since ancient times in the relations of the East and the West, in addition to its strategic importance in modern times from the civilizational, economic, cultural and even geographical aspects, and it was the subject of the ambitions of colonial countries that are trying to control it, which made it one of the most affected regions in global events, and the result of this strategic importance was the subject of strong competition in order to control it, which led to the intervention of competing powers, including Turkey, to try to reconsider this region, and try to establish relations to achieve the desired goals and principles that are compatible with their various interests.

This research addresses the political and economic developments in the Middle East during the post-World War II period (1945-1970) through a descriptive analytical approach. The research reviews the important transformations that the region witnessed during this critical period, and how global and local events affected the political and economic structures in Arab countries and the Middle East in general. Through an in-depth analysis of the events and transformations that occurred, the research sheds light on the factors that caused the radical changes in the region, and how these transformations affected the stability of the Arab state and the emergence of ideological and national divisions. This research aims to shed light on the importance of understanding the historical transformations in the Middle East during this important period, and the role of global and regional factors in shaping the path of the region. Providing a comprehensive view of this period contributes to a deeper understanding of the challenges facing the region and their impact on contemporary political and economic developments in the Middle East.

The study aimed to clarify the political situation in the state of Sana'a 1872-1908 AD and how the Ottoman governors dealt with the rebellion of the tribes in Sana'a. The analytical approach was followed by analyzing the Ottoman documents that were the backbone of this study, which dealt with all the information related to the rebellion of the tribes against the Ottoman state and worked to provide an in-depth study on the important information contained in those documents.
The study reached the following results:
1. The Ottoman state faced resistance movements in the state of Yemen by the Zaidi Imamate, which were difficult to contain. The main reason for the problems was the arrival of incompetent governors, corruption and the spread of bribery among the officials, because when the Ottoman state wanted to punish an employee or governor, it sent them to the state of Yemen.
2. Despite the strength of the Ottoman state, its army suffered greatly from rebellions, and the large number of the Ottoman army was unable to eliminate the rebels in Sana'a because it was a rugged mountainous area that was difficult to fight in, in addition to the difficulty of delivering military supplies in the event of fighting between the two parties in the mountainous areas.
3. The failure of negotiations between the Ottomans and the Zaidis during the period 1905-1908 AD was the reason for the continuation of the rebellions in Sana’a, which prompted the Ottoman authorities in Istanbul to send a delegation to conduct negotiations to conclude an agreement, and the two parties succeeded in reaching the Da’an Agreement.

The ministry and its designation appeared at the beginning of the Abbasid state; Caliph Al-Mustarshid Billah is the twenty-ninth caliph of the Abbasid state, and the ministry played a vital role in managing the affairs of the Abbasid state; the era of Al-Mustarshid Billah witnessed great tensions between the caliph and the Seljuks, who actually controlled most of the Abbasid lands.
The ministers had a great impact on the scientific and economic aspects in addition to the political aspect, as most of them assumed the ministry due to their closeness to the caliph and the caliph's trust in them. However, the unrest had a great impact on changing the ministers in Baghdad.

This topic deals with (the role of vanguards and spies in the battles of the Prophetic era). The inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula knew before Islam the system of monitoring enemies by collecting information on other peoples.
When the Islamic religion came, the reconnaissance campaigns continued among Muslims consisting of several people in Mecca, Medina or other cities. The goal of sending these spies was to meet the needs of the first Islamic call led by the Messenger, may God bless him and grant him peace, who took his enemy into account through the news that came to him through these spies, so he would make plans to confront them based on the information available to him, and to monitor the infidels of Quraish and their Jewish supporters. There are spies and vanguards that explore places and people before the Islamic army.
The importance of the research lies in the fact that it sheds light on several matters, including: The commander has, before any decisive battle, a sufficient amount of information about the enemy's forces, their land, their leaders, their natures and their customs, to determine the enemy's weak points before the battle begins. These campaigns were one of the secrets of Islamic victories and major conquests throughout history, and all of this is studied. He provided high-precision information to the army leaders so that he would know everything about his enemy, so he would send spies to enter the enemy army to obtain information, then bring accurate news about them.

Multi-track diplomacy is one of the most important tools for managing and resolving international conflicts in today’s complex and interconnected world. It goes beyond the traditional approach of official government diplomacy (track one) to include other tracks that include the role of non-governmental actors, such as international organizations, companies, civil society, academics, and the media. This research seeks to reveal the origin and development of multi-track diplomacy and its principles, in addition to the nine diplomatic tracks, along with how and the impact of political and judicial means to resolve international conflicts.

The annual method or the history arranged by years was concerned with the abstract facts that were recorded in contemporary sources, and it is somewhat far from personal whims, so that no later writer can change, expand or improve these facts. The annual method or the annals are simplified definitions that express historical works that depend on recording historical facts and events arranged in a precise chronological order according to the years without restriction in most cases. The annals or histories arranged by years have taken various forms over the long course of writing history. Some see the science of annual history as a specialized form in the science of the history of years, and as its name indicates, it is subject to the succession of individual years. The various incidents were collected in each year, and linked together with the phrase “and in it”, meaning in the same year. If the year and the incidents of one year ended, the historian moved on to the incidents of the following year by using certain phrases from them, then such-and-such year entered or such-and-such year came.

The research addressed several criteria for measuring climatic comfort in the research area, most notably the Thermal Discomfort Index (DI) and the Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI) in order to determine the elements that most affect human comfort and health in the research area. It was shown through this that the rates of temperature, humidity and wind speed have a clear effect on the human feeling of comfort, as the frequencies of the comfortable and healthy biological species are more evident from November to April, and this coincides with a decrease in temperature and moderate humidity.

The current research aims to identify (the effect of the debate strategy on the achievement of fifth-grade literary students in the subject of philosophy and the development of their dialogical culture), as the research community consisted of fifth-grade literary students in Salahuddin Governorate - Science Education Department, and the sample number was (66) students from Al-Kharjah Intermediate School for Boys. The researcher built an achievement test and a scale for the culture of dialogue, and confirmed their validity and stability. The researcher used appropriate statistical methods, and after statistically analyzing the results, the researcher reached a set of results through which a number of recommendations and proposals were presented.

The aim of the research is to collect the hadiths related to hearts in Sahih Al-Imam Muslim. I first graduated the hadiths, then studied them and explained the strange hadiths in them, relying on the most important explanations that dealt with this topic.

This research addresses the impact of a set of teaching methods on the quality of the educational process and the level of students' comprehension. The research focuses on studying the impact of lectures, dialogues and discussions, the problem-solving method, as well as the exploratory method, explaining the pros and cons of each in the context of learning.
With regard to lectures, the research reviews their ability to provide information to a large number of students at the same time, pointing out the challenges related to student interaction and weak participation. It also discusses the dialogue and discussion methods, clarifying the differences between them and the opportunities they provide to enhance critical thinking, in addition to some of the challenges that these methods may face. The study also addresses the problem-solving method as a means of enhancing analytical thinking and independence among students, and the exploratory method that encourages self-learning and discovery.
Finally, the research focuses on the pivotal role that the teacher plays in the successful implementation of these methods, through managing activities and providing continuous support to students, which contributes to achieving effective and interactive education.
This research aims to provide an in-depth understanding of how to employ these different educational methods to improve the quality of education and overcome the challenges associated with each method.