Misan Journal of Engineering Sciences

As a result of the development occurring recently in the construction industry and
infrastructure development, with respect to the importance of the geotechnical aspect in this field, the
two-dimensional representation unable to develop the complete picture of the soil characteristics.
Therefore, the necessity to create a three-dimensional representation of the soil layers can be
considered as crucial element. The 3D model will provide the required clarity among soil information
in the process of integrating designs between different disciplines. Moreover, it will be facilitating the
work environment and anticipating potential risks which caused previously by lack of information.
This research investigates the process of integrating the information obtained by spatial interpolation
techniques using “GIS” environment in order to divide areas according to construction safety zoning
by transferring the obtained information to a “BIM” environment (Civil3d) and representing soil
layers. The area of study in this research is located in the Tanuma area in Basra Governorate, which
consists of 19 boreholes extending to a depth of 45 meters, including 332 SPT and 360 soil
descriptions. The research relied specifically on SPT values in order to divide the areas according to
OSHA regulations.

A truly need and biggest challenge that the border rural areas are suffering is difficult
chance to connect to electricity grid due to nature of area and distance among population centers. A
case study in this paper, Al-Teeb Area is located in the southeastern of Iraqi-Iranian border. To
overcome on this dilemma, a best substitute is Hybrid Energy System (HES). The Techno-Economic
Feasibility analysis of grid-tied by photovoltaic(PV) -battery(BT) - wind turbine(WT) - diesel
generator (DG) in that region are focus in this research.. This study made use of the MATLAB-based
three different types of Particle Swarm Optimization algorithms(PSO),namely,(Modified PSO,
Canonical-PSO and Hierarchical PSO with Time-varying Acceleration Coefficients (HPSO-TVAC)
When designing a HES, it is important to strike a balance between the three goals of Cost Of Energy
(COE), Reliability (REL), and maximizing the value of Renewable Energy Penetration (REP). Based
on the results from the first type of PSO algorithm were found to be the most suitable for
implementing this system were as follows, the ideal values for Number of Photovoltaic (NPV)
(1235), Number of Wind Turbines (NWT) (58), Number of Diesel Generators (NDG) (12),
Number of Batteries (NBT) (3112), Number of Converters (NCon)(46), COE (0.117
US$/KWh), loss power supply probability (LPSP) (0.2065%), REL (79.35%), REP (18%) and
TNPC (9.36 MUS$). In addition, the results show that the algorithm efficiently and effectively
found ideal solutions to lower total costs. Finally, it was determined that HES was a suitable way to
fulfill the electrical demands of rural, outlying areas in Iraq and other developing countries with
comparable temperatures.

This research paper investigates the feasibility of utilizing recycled bricks as an alternative
to traditional aggregates in concrete mixtures. Various mix designs were developed with a variablewater-to-cement (w/c) ratio for the and fine aggregate, while the composition of coarse aggregates
was modified to examine the effects on the physical and mechanical properties of fresh and hardened
concrete. The study focuses on evaluating parameters such as compressive strength, splitting strength,
and flexural strength at different ages of curing. Additionally, the impact of different treatment
methods on the performance of recycled brick aggregates is examined. The results indicated that
incorporating crushed bricks into concrete mixtures significantly affects the workability of the
mixture, resulting in a notable reduction. Furthermore, when recycled bricks are added to the concrete
mix, along with various treatments, there is a negative impact on the compressive strength of the
hardened concrete. The irregular shape and size distribution of the crushed brick particles contribute
to stress concentrations and weak zones within the concrete, leading to a decrease in compressive,
tensile, and flexural strength properties.

Microgrids are small power systems and can operate in two modes: island mode and gridconnected. Switching between these two modes may cause a change in the load, which causes
disturbances that affect the operation of the microgrid (MG), as the load change leads to a change in
the voltage and frequency of the system so the operating control problem main issue for the microgrids
that is need addressed during operation. A control system is required for accurate synchronization,
system protection, and load reduction in an imbalance scenario, as well as to achieve system stability
while supplying robust and efficient electricity to the microgrids. Droop control is one of the common
methods used in the microgrid (MG) to adjust the real power and reactive power and control the
system voltage and frequency. However, the traditional droop control suffers from problems in the
accuracy of load distribution, line impedance mismatch, and slow dynamic response, as a result,
parameter values must be carefully chosen. To address these issues, many techniques have been used,
one of which is the optimization techniques. This paper reviews five different optimization techniques
based on metaheuristic optimization algorithms applied to microgrids that address some of the
drawbacks of droop control by optimizing droop control parameters for optimal flexible microgrid
(MG) operation. These techniques include Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Genetic Algorithm
(GA), Grey Wolf Optimization (GWO), Grasshopper Optimization Algorithm (GOA), and Salp Swarm
Algorithm (SSA).

photocatalysis is a promising process for decomposing organic pollutants in wastewater. Choosing an
appropriate photocatalyst that is effective under visible light is essential for environmental applications. In this study,
graphite carbon nitride(g-C3N4) synthesized by the thermal calcination process, characterization by various
characterization analysis techniques such as Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM), X-ray diffraction
(XRD), UV–vis diffuse reflection spectroscopy (DRS), and photoluminescence (PL) spectrum, the DRS analysis shows
the boundaries of absorbing light by g-C3N4 to be lies in the visible light region with aband gap of (2.7ev). Methylene
blue (MB) and Rhodamine B (Rh.B) degradation activity in an aqueous solution was investigated over a constructed
visible-light-driven g-C3N4 photocatalyst. Within 120 min visible light irradiation under condition of PH of 6.7, dyes
concentration of 30 ppm, and photocatalyst dose of 0.1 g/l, under constant temperature and pressure was (80.3%) and
(81.6%) for MB and Rh.B dyes, respectively. The photocatalytic degradation activity’s kinetic reaction of pseudo-firstorder has been studied. Also, the mechanism has been investigated in this study

As a result of the high advantages of corrugated steel webs, their use has advanced over
the conventional plate in recent times. The corrugated web girder has a distinctive geometrical form
that enhances the shear buckling behavior of the girder. have a bending and shear behavior different
from a conventional plate girder and a higher moment of inertia (I) (secondary axis) than ordinary
webs; therefore, corrugated webs provide stiff deflection and rotational motion to the skin in a
structure. Corrugated steel webs function similarly to the "accordion effect," especially in the context
of bridges. When a bridge is subjected to the weight of vehicles or external forces from the
environment, the corrugated steel web can undergo deformation resembling that of an accordion, with
expansion and contraction occurring along its corrugated pattern. This behavior is due to the inherent
flexibility of the corrugated steel, which allows it to absorb and distribute applied loads more
effectively. Although studies are underway to address various aspects such as different loadings or
different sections related to their use in civil engineering applications, particularly in bridges.
This paper dealt with various aspects of studying corrugated steel webs, including ways to combine
them with reinforced concrete to create a composite structure with high resistance and hardness.
Severalstudies have also been addressed to develop the efficiency of CSW and improve their behavior,
especially to resist shear buckling and improve the behavior of bridges under loads in general, which
helps engineers improve the design of bridges to suit developments

Geopolymer concrete is still a new construction material in Iraq and needs tremendous research to get more
information about the production techniques. This research showcases the characteristics of geopolymer paste produced
by treating low-calcium fly ash (FA) and ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBFS) with alkaline solution as activa
tor. Using GGBFS and FA is not just for sustainable construction, but also for decreasing CO2 emissions from Portland
cement usage. The impact of GGBFS and FA on the resistance to compression of geopolymer samples was assessed. T
he solution of alkaline activator utilized consists of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) at concentrations of (8-10) M along with
sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) with two types of curing (oven at 60°c and Laboratory curing). A test was conducted to mea
sure the compressive strength after seven, twenty-eight and ninety days. For geopolymer concrete made with fly ash an
d GGBFS 8M (Laboratory curing), and GGBFS 10M (Laboratory curing and oven at 60°C) the compressive strength
was (15.43, 24.20, 43.76 and 43.05) MPa respectively for seven days, (20.15, 27, 52.06 and 46.36) MPa for twenty-eigh
t days respectively and (20.9,29,54.19and 47.01) for ninety days respectively.The ratios of compressive strength at 7 da
ys to 28 days were approximately 76.57%, 89.62%, 84.05%, and 92.86% for geopolymer concrete made with fly ash a
nd GGBFS 8M (Laboratory curing), and GGBFS 10M (Laboratory curing and oven at 60°C) the compressive strength.
Based on both practical application and strength points of view its clearly that the geopolymer mixture of GGBFS (10
M) at laboratory curing is the most suitable mixture to be used in southern of Iraq especially at summer season

Nanofluids have gained attention in recent years as a practical solution for enhancing thermal
system performance. However, conjoint enhancement methods, such as fins and baffles, have shown further
improvement in overall efficiency of systems. This paper explores the advancements of heat characteristics of a circular
heat exchanger pipe with conical geometry baffles employing three nanofluid types, namely oxide (Al2O3), metallic
(Fe), and carbon (Gr) based water. The baffled pipe was examined for varying nanofluid concentrations, represented by
the volume fraction of nanoparticles in water (0.5%, 1%, and 1.5%) and exposed to a constant surface heat flux in
turbulent flow conditions. The impact of various Reynolds numbers (Re), ranging from 5000 to 25000, on the thermal
characteristics of the baffled heat exchanger pipe is studied. The numerical findings showed that employing nanofluids
as an alternative working fluid to water has improved thermal properties considerably. Moreover, nanoparticles have
increased the Nu of nanofluids compared to the usage of water. Significant improvements in the heat transfer coefficient
were observed for all three nanofluids at a Reynolds number (Re) of 25000 and a nanoparticle concentration of 1.5%,
compared to water. The Al2O3 -water nanofluid showed the most notable enhancement, with a 4.5% increase in the heat
transfer coefficient. This improvement is due to the superior thermal conductivity of Al2O3 nanoparticles and their
ability to induce localized turbulence within the fluid. Meanwhile, the Fe-water nanofluid demonstrated a 3.1%
enhancement due to its metallic properties promoting better thermal energy transfer than the base fluid. Lastly, the Grwater nanofluid achieved a 1.4% increase, which, while lower than the other two, still indicates that carbon-based
nanoparticles can provide a measurable boost in thermal performance under turbulent conditions

The aim of this study was building a finite volume approach for numerically solving one-dimensional
shallow water equations, which applies to flat and non-flat terrain. The devised approach exhibits simplicity and
accuracy throughout the time integration process. The proposed methodology used a widely recognized HartenLax-Leer (HLL) solver for flux calculation. The suggested finite volume technique is a well-balanced,
conservative, non-oscillatory approach ideal for computing the flow depth in various flow regimes of shallow water
equations. The developed finite volume model dealt with the steady state of still water in a lake at rest. In addition,
the model was validated by applying it to several benchmark tests. The results showed a high concurrence with
analytical solutions based on the statistical tests. For the subcritical condition, the standard deviation was 5.73E-03,
the root mean square error was 5.84E-03, and the coefficient of determination was 0.9994. For the supercritical
condition, the standard deviation was 3.3E-02, the root mean square error was 3.334E-02, and the coefficient of
determination was 0.998.Furthermore, the suggested model effectively simulatesthe Hishkaro River's flow during
the flood season.

Slabless staircases represent a modern architectural innovation that eliminates traditional
solid stair treads. They employ a series of open or partially supported steps, often reinforced by central
support structures or narrow risers. The principal concern with this type of staircase is its flexural
strength, which is restricted by the constraints of the steel reinforcement specified in the design
criteria. This work investigates the enhancement of RC slabless staircases through the application of
unique configurations. The examination of the staircase includes the impact of both standard and highstrength concrete when reinforced with a unique type of steel rebar. Seven models were meticulously
developed using the ABAQUS tool and validated against experimental data from the literature. The
main characteristics examined were compressive strength and the arrangement of steel reinforcement.
The findings indicated a notable enhancement in the ultimate flexural strength of a slabless reinforced
concrete staircase utilizing both conventional and high-strength concrete. The reconfiguration of steel
bars into a triangular formation in slabless staircases led to a significant enhancement in the final loadbearing capacity, exhibiting varying percentages of improvement: a 25.2% increase in cracking load
when compared to traditional models, with ultimate load improvements of 4.8% to 18%, depending
on the configuration. The increase of the compressice strength could enhance the ultimate load
carrying capacity with ratio reaching to 109%. The deflection increased by 7.8% with altered steel bar
configurations, while ductility diminished; however, energy absorption significantly increased by
many times as compressive strength rose from 50 to 70 MPa.

Building design is a key aspect of attaining thermally effective buildings and noticeably
contributes to decarbonizing the environment in hot locations. In this paper, the effect of window-towall ratio (WWR) and thermal insulation thickness on the building energy has been studied
numerically through a validated room model by EnergyPlus. Five WWRs (from 10% to 50% with a
10% increment) are examined under each study location. Later, the influence of various thermal
insulation thicknesses (1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 cm) is investigated at the best WWR in each location
considering the maximum mean temperature reduction and time lag. The study findings indicated that
the best WWR for Al Amarah city is 20%, against 30% and 40% for Baghdad and Erbil cities,
respectively. However, the indoor mean temperature increased slightly as the WWR increased in each
city, influenced by the effect of the opaque elements. As for the effect of thermal insulation thickness,
it could be stated that 3 cm is the best thickness for all locations at the best WWR, achieving maximum
mean temperature reduction and time lag by 1.55 ºC and 3:33 h, 2.01 ºC and 4:03 h, 2.45 ºC and 5:57
h in Al Amarah, Baghdad and Erbil, respectively.

The configuration of the steel reinforcement is investigated in this work in connection to
the flexural behavior of reinforced concrete beams(RC beams).Employing unique steel reinforcement
configurations allowed for the investigation of the influence that the shape of the steel has on the
parameters of the concrete beam, such as the cracking load, ultimate load, load-deflection curve ,
ductility, and energy absorption. Seven beams were manufactured in all, and they were divided in
to two groups: those that supported the concrete beams with curved steel bars, and those that used
triangular steel reinforcement. Several bars of curved and triangle reinforcement were employed, with
two, three, and five bars being utilized.The flexural behavior of reinforced concrete beams was found
to be affected by the presence of curved and triangular steel reinforcement, according to research.
The curved steel reinforcement not only increased the flexural strength but also significantly enhanced
the ultimate load-bearing capacity. Additionally , the cracking strength was marginally increased as
a result of the reinforcement. On the other hand, the cracking strength was significantly lower and
the final flexural strength was significantly higher for steel bars that were organized in a triangle .
In contrast to the triangular form, which showed a decrease in the cracking load of 4.2%-7.1% and
an increase in the ultimate load of 7.8%-8.15%, the cracking load increased from 5.7% to 8%, and
the ultimate load climbed from11.4% to 32%.Both of these changes were accomplished by increasing
the ultimate load.The ductility of the steel as well as its capacity to absorb energy were both enhanced
by the modification of its configuration.

Quantum dot cellular automata is one of the new nanotechnologies in computing systems having
more potential for increasing speed, reducing the size and reducing power consumption in comparison with the
current technology based on transistors. In this paper, we propose a novel reversible SISO shift register based
on an optimized reversible D flip flop scheme in which the sequence of the flip flops is utilized to improve
the evaluation criteria. The simulation results show that in comparison with previous works, the proposed
reversible SISO shift circuits has been improved in terms of cell number, delay and area. In this design, the
number of cells equals to 89, the area equals to 0.08 square micrometers, the delay is negligible, the number
of inverter gates equals to three and the number of majority gates is eight

The cathodic protection (CP) is widely used in the oil and gas industry to prevent (or reduce)
corrosion of structures and metal pipelines. To guarantee a more effective CP system, an applicable design for
the under-protected structures is required. The potential decay on steel structure surface, due to being away
from the power source, can cause a considerable local protection deficiency of parts of the structure due to the
enhanced corrosion attack. In the present work, the local cathodic protection of carbon steel pipe in different
concentrations (0.01 N,0,05 N, 0.1N) of NaCl solution were investigated and discussed. Quantitative values of
the effect of potential decay on the protection efficiency and on the immersed current were reported under diff
erent operating conditions such as anode to cathode area ratio, anode to cathode distance. The use high ratio o
f graphite to CS structure at 1.2 , gave high protection percentage (at a concentration 0.01 N and h= 100 mm)
reaching up to 96% for CS1 while the CS2 showed a lower protection rate of about 88%, and the CS3 th
at was farther from the energy source had a
lower protection rate of 82%, as it was noted that the corrosion rate is increase with increasing salt concentrati
on and decrease with increasing area ratio

The demand on the electricity is changed daily based on the needs of consumers. In this instance,
the power generation and power demand will not be matching, resulting in, fluctuating frequency in power
grid. To solve this problem, a load frequency control (LFC) is created. A proportional integral dravite control
(PID) is wildly utilized to design the LFC due to a simpler design. However, it is an unable to address the
high oscillation case in frequency response because of its fixed parameters. In this research, the optimal
PID-FLC control is designed using the sine cosine algorithm (SCA). A two-area power system network is
proposed based on a MATLAB environment in order to evaluate this suggested method. Then, an integral
time absolute error (ITAE) index is applied to calculate the transiting time of frequency response when the
unpredictable load is change dramatically. The outcomes prove that the LFC system based on PID-SCA
technique reduces the overshoot and minimize the steady state error at simple and complex disturbances. As
results, it achieves an acceptable ITAE index about 6.8 seconds when it is compared with the conventional
PID-FLC which reaches to 17.4 second under the complex load-change.