Journal of Al-Farahidis Arts

Date: 10/15/2023 This essay explores the theme of Islamophobia presented in Ayad Akhtar's "Disgraced" through a Foucauldian concept of power. Using Michel Foucault's theories of power, discourse and surveillance, the paper discusses Islamophobia's depiction in the play and its impact on the characters and storyline. It also examines various power relations, cultural hegemony, and societal structures that cause the marginalization of Muslims in metropolises of the play. By taking a Foucauldian lens, the study illuminates the ways in which Islamophobia is both discursively constructed and reproduced while also revealing the entwined power dynamics involved in this process. The analysis outlines the narrative response of the characters being surveilled, troubles aspects of the institution itself, and concludes with a practical analysis of how Islamophobic tropes are framed and reinforced through the act of surveillance in contemporary society. Through a Foucauldian lens, this study seeks to provide a more nuanced perspective of the play vis-à-vis the complex ways in which Islamophobia manifests and invites wider discursive considerations of discrimination, power and identity.

The poetic experience in the balance of modern criticism is the complete psychological or universal image that the poet depicts when he thinks about something in a way that reflects his deep feelings and emotions, and in it the poet returns to self-conviction and artistic sincerity not just to his skill in formulating the statement to tamper with the facts; rather, to nourish his poeticism.
The elements of the poetic experience are manifested in the book "Malaga Notables" through the use of language in an innovative and unconventional way, thought, conscience, and artistic image, as the emotion that ignites the soul announcing the birth of an emotional experience is a reason for the use of thought in order to express it and depict it in words, this depiction task is difficult and arduous.
As for the structure of the research, it consists of two requirements, the first includes: expressing and conveying the emotion, and the second requirement: the intellectual element and thoughts, a conclusion, and a list of the most important sources and references that it relied on.

This research attempts to shed light on the parallelism of the nominal sentence and its restrictions in Sunan Ibn Majah. The structural parallelism is an important mechanism for the coherence, connection and harmony of the text, in addition to its overlap with the repetition that meets it in several places, which gave it an influential dimension on the recipient by asking about the reason for this intended structural repetition in the text. The parallelism is an incomplete repetition; hence the study came to investigate the parallelism of the nominal sentence and the study started from the concept of parallelism in language and terminology, arriving at addressing types of patterns of parallelism of nominal sentences as well as the parallelism of the restrictions of the nominal sentence to demonstrate the importance of structural parallelism in constructing the text and its coherence.

Linguistic security is a vital concept that is becoming increasingly important in light of the cultural and social transformations taking place in the Arab world. The Arabic language is not just a means of communication, but rather a part of the cultural and national identity of Arabs, and is closely linked to the civilizational and religious heritage of the Arab nation. However, the Arabic language faces multiple challenges that threaten its status and use in daily life and scientific disciplines.
The research paper discusses the concept of linguistic security in the Arab world and its importance in light of technological and cultural developments. The Arabic language faces major challenges in maintaining its status due to globalization, the spread of colloquial dialects, and the increasing influence of foreign languages, especially English and French.

This research deals with the phenomenon of explaining the Quranic readings in Arabic dialects according to Ibn Nashwan (d: 649 AH) in his explanation of the book Al-Unwan. The nature of the research required dividing it into two sections:
The First Section: Introduction to Ibn Nashwan and Ibn Khalaf Al-Ansari and their books.
The Second Section: Explaining the Arabic dialects according to Ibn Nashwan in his explanation of the book Al-Unwan.
The researcher found that Arabic dialects are closely linked to Quranic readings, as the readings are what preserved for us many Arabic dialects that would have disappeared and been lost without them.

The study has selected some English and Arabic Instagram posts by many bloggers and social media influencers that have an effect on young female adults. The goal is to examine how the influencers above use visual discourse on Instagram to create their identities and spread reality via images and words. Using various purposive selection techniques, the researcher selected a sample of six Instagram posts from various influencers for analysis. The methodology and data analysis use the visual grammar of Kress and Van Leeuwen (2021) and the multimodal discourse analysis of Machin and Mayr (2023). The study indicates that there are two main themes. The first theme, traditional versus global, deals with how women form traditional or contemporary identities based on their body image and wardrobe choices. For example, some young English girls wear bikinis to express their cultural identity, whereas women establish their traditional Arabic identity via the Hijab or Shayla. Both sexes wear attire from the West to project an image of modernity. The second theme revolves around self-promotion, facilitated by keynote speakers, fitness instructors, cosmetic artists, and chatty individuals in Instagram celebrities' written and visual discourse. The results demonstrate that social media has utilized a great logarithm of international destinations to promote those posts that have influenced those young females especially after Meta breakage in October 2021 and construct their personalities as fun intellect fit beings traveling, studying and searching for new places and ideas.

The subject of the state in contemporary political and legal literature is one of the challenges and obstacles facing researchers, despite the existence of many books and writings that have researched this subject, or revolved around it, as the definition of the state alone is a subject of controversy in various political and legal approaches, but the great transformation in this field in which our Arab thinker Abdul Rahman Ibn Khaldun excelled, as he was able to address the subject of the concept of the state in a simpler way, through which he contributed with merit and a generous contribution to the establishment of the foundations of the study of the state, as Ibn Khaldun was a man distinguished by clarity, simplicity and realism in his opinions and intellectual tools adopted in analyzing the phenomena of society and studying history, and through his own experiences within the framework of his tribe and Arab society, he set out to study the state with its social, political and economic phenomena, and put forward a detailed analysis of the emergence, development and decline of the state.

The Reconstruction Council was a mirror that reflected the political, social and economic reality of Iraq during the last decade of the monarchy. Although the Council was, in its general framework, an advanced step according to a scale composed in its general framework of the danger of advanced positions of place and time, many phenomena of the reality of Iraqi backwardness were reflected in its work, policy and the nature of its organizational and executive structure. This in turn led to the creation of a type of corruption in the performance of these projects that the Reconstruction Council sought to establish, including, but not limited to, the Reconstruction Council’s policy of separating irrigation and dams, which increased the natural differences. The only new irrigation projects that were established here were the lands and tribal sheikhs, without having a rapid effect in improving social welfare in the general community.

Syriac sources are considered a rich material in terms of the content and structure they contain, and accordingly the books composed have topped the list in terms of the historical value they have provided to Muslim historians, as well as to researchers at the contemporary level. Although the general framework of these works is the religious character, as well as their exaggeration in describing historical events, they cannot be without benefit, and this is what we have clearly noticed in their discussion of Islamic history, specifically the Umayyad and Abbasid, and this is what will be the focus of our discussion during the coming pages.

The artistic productions of Mesopotamia produced a number of characters that the Mesopotamian artist was interested in representing in various topics, according to the artistic characteristics and features they carry. In general, religious, political and literary thought had a great impact on the depiction of these characters.
In this regard, the character of the \"naked hero\" \"Lakhmu\", the subject of the research, took its role in artistic representation, and for long periods of time starting from the Uruk era (4000-3100 BC) and the dawn of the dynasties era (2800 BC) and continued in the subsequent historical eras with great diversity in the scenes represented in it. Its representation came in various artistic productions, especially cylindrical seals and pottery tablets. What reinforces the concepts and ideas associated with this character are the cuneiform texts. One of the important reasons for studying and analyzing the character of the \"hero\" \"Lakhmu\" is a scene of an unstudied cylindrical seal preserved in the Iraqi Museum. The scene is rare, especially since it represents the main topic, and we find in it a new reading and view of this character. This basis was addressed in three axes.

The study of Islamic figures is one of the important studies to highlight the most accurate historical details of a certain time, and it is also one of the studies that provide lessons and sermons to the reader, with what it provides of biographies and positions that raise the spirits, especially since the subject of our research is the personality of one of the companions, may God be pleased with them, represented by the personality of Safwan bin Al-Muattal Al-Dhakwani, nicknamed Abu Amr, who was born in Medina, and he is one of the companions who accompanied the Messenger of God, may God bless him and grant him peace, and witnessed many battles with him.
He was known for his honesty and courage, and because of his courage, the Messenger of God, may God bless him and grant him peace, made him the rearguard of the army, collecting what fell from the fighters and returning it to them. He had many battles after the Messenger of God, may God bless him and grant him peace, in the island during the reign of Omar bin Al-Khattab, may God be pleased with him, then he joined the armies of conquest in Armenia and continued to fight there until he was martyred in Samosata, may God have mercy on him and be pleased with him.

Pakistan supported the issues of the Arab East, especially when it came to confronting the Zionist entity and its goals aimed at imposing its influence on the neighboring Arab countries, as a result of its sense of belonging to the Palestinian cause in particular and to the Islamic countries in general. When the June 1967 war broke out, the Arab countries were unable to confront the preemptive Zionist move, which caused the three Arab countries, Egypt, Syria and Jordan, to lose parts of their lands. Its position was fundamentally and clearly supportive of the Arab cause, based on Islamic unity against the Zionist targeting. This role crystallized, especially with the Jordanian front. Pakistani pilots played a prominent role in shooting down many Israeli targets, and this support continued until after the June 1967 war.
Pakistan was present with its supportive positions for the issues of the Arab East, especially when it came to confronting the Zionist entity and its goals aimed at imposing its hegemony on the neighboring Arab countries. This support stems from its sense of belonging to the Palestinian cause in particular and to the Islamic countries in general. When the June 1967 war broke out without the countries being prepared, Arabic: To confront the preemptive Zionist move that caused a great loss to the three Arab countries Egypt, Syria and Jordan of parts of their lands, their position was supportive and backed the Arab cause in a fundamental and clear manner based on Islamic unity against the Zionist targeting.
The research was divided into an introduction, three chapters and a conclusion. The first axis dealt with the geographical location of Jordan, the second axis dealt with the geographical location of Pakistan, and the third axis dealt with Pakistan's position on the June 1967 setback.

This summary deals with an important period in the history of Iran between 1960 and 1979, which witnessed a period of political activity by intellectuals and modernizers, as this group played a decisive role in political and social change.
During this period, Iran was under the rule of Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, who was pushing to modernize the country in a secular and authoritarian manner. However, these policies provoked opposition from various forces, including intellectuals who saw social, economic and political contradictions in the regime.

This study aims to respond to some studies that claim that the Arabs took a negative stance towards the Crusader invasion of the Arab countries during the Crusades and limit the role of resistance to the Turks and Kurds. Some studies even attribute treason and inaction to the Arabs in order to glorify certain ethnic groups. This is the height of injustice and slander against the Arabs because it overlooked the great role played by the Arabs in resistance and jihad, which was witnessed by contemporary Islamic historical sources of that period. If the Arabs had withdrawn from the political scene, they did not withdraw from the jihad scene, even if the leadership was non-Arab, especially since they represent the vast majority in the regions that were afflicted by the Crusader invasion. The study was divided into four sections. The first section dealt with the position of jurists and scholars in resisting the Crusades. The second section dealt with the role of writers and poets in resisting the Crusades. The third section dealt with the role of women and children in resisting the Crusades. The fourth section dealt with the role of Bedouins in resisting the Crusades.

Islamic historical studies have formed a great position among Muslims because of the nation's bright history that placed it in the ranks of nations, and the Islamic West witnessed in the first century AH the beginning of the Islamic conquests, which were the starting point for the Islamic armies towards the East and the West.
The fronts of Morocco and Andalusia were countries far from the center of the Caliphate, whether in Medina, Kufa or Damascus, and the conquest of those areas required determination from the conquering fighters, and that conquest led to obtaining large returns that contributed to finding financial resources for the conquering fighters and the Arab Islamic state, and among the data of the Islamic conquests after the spread of Islam was obtaining material gains that were spent to sustain the construction of a great base for the Arab Islamic state, and Muslims gained large sums of money during the campaigns of the Islamic conquest of Morocco and Andalusia, which had a great impact in encouraging the fighters to rush in addition to the supreme goal of spreading Islam, and from here the importance of the topic (Expenses of the Islamic conquests, Morocco and Andalusia as a model) emerged, and the study included the financial foundations and terms, revenues and expenditures Finance during the Rashidun Caliphate and the Umayyad Caliphate during the campaigns to conquer Morocco and Andalusia.

The Aouzou Strip is located on the common border between northern Chad and southern Libya, and is 1,050 km long. The Aouzou Strip was, in its entirety, a border dispute area between Libya and Chad. It is believed that this strip contains uranium, oil and gold. Libya returned it to its ownership because it believed that the strip historically belonged to Arab lands. Under an agreement between Italy and France, France ceded the strip to Italy to become part of Libya's borders.
Libya occupied the Aouzou Strip in 1973 and considered it part of its territory, exploiting the tension in French-Chadian relations, as well as the internal conflict in Chad between armed factions. This conflict attracted the attention of regional and international powers abroad, as many countries sought to provide assistance to either Chad or Libya according to the interests of each country.
The conflict revealed the extent of the role played by each country in Chad, as the American and French roles were decisive in achieving a presence on the African continent in a way that guarantees their interests and limits Soviet expansion and the ambitions of small countries in the region.
As for the Arab countries, their positions varied as responses Actions towards Libya such as Iraq, Egypt and Sudan, the Iraqi position was based on a reaction to the position of Libyan President Muammar Gaddafi supporting Iran in the Iran-Iraq war, while Egypt was against the position taken by the Libyan president on the Camp David Agreement between Egypt and the Zionist entity.
Nigeria played a role in supporting Chad by providing financial assistance and held a conference for Chadian national reconciliation, but its efforts did not last long, as a dispute broke out between them and Chad over Lake Chad in order to explore for oil.
The Soviet Union supported Libya with weapons and experts, and thus the support of other countries continued to achieve interests at the expense of the Libyan-Chadian conflict, which did not end until a decision by the International Court of Justice on April 13, 1994 to rule on the return of the Aouzou Strip to Chad.

The Darfur issue is considered one of the most important issues that the African continent in general and Sudan in particular have suffered from, as it has taken up an important place on the international side. The region is also witnessing constant tension and conflict, and the roots of that conflict go back to a long time ago. In addition, the conflicts in the region are considered among the most mysterious conflicts in the entire history of Sudan, and were the result of economic, social and political factors and reasons for the region.

The 2017 Gulf-Qatari crisis was one of the most important regional crises in the Middle East and globally, given that these countries possess huge quantities of oil and natural gas, which prompted some Western countries, as well as the State of Kuwait, to make great efforts and regional and global consensus to resolve the crisis. //
When the Gulf-Qatari crisis began in June 2017, the State of Kuwait, represented by its President Sheikh Sabah Al-Ahmad, worked to end the Gulf-Qatari dispute due to the weakness of the Arab political and diplomatic position in general and the Gulf in particular in regional Arab and global events. We note that Kuwait called for several meetings between these parties in order to resolve the ongoing dispute, as Kuwaiti efforts had a clear impact in uniting the Gulf, which is a clearer position than the regional and international position seeking to resolve the crisis through peaceful means. Kuwait wanted from these efforts to preserve the unity of the Gulf ranks as well as the security stability that must remain stable in the Arabian Gulf region.

The Showa Financial Crisis of 1927 in Japan is one of the most significant economic crises that greatly affected the country’s financial system. The crisis began after a series of economic and political events, including the collapse of several Japanese banks, and the escalation of financial panic among citizens who rushed to withdraw their deposits. This exacerbated the economic crisis and increased pressure on the financial system, prompting the Japanese government to take extraordinary measures such as temporarily closing banks and suspending financial obligations. Despite these efforts, the crisis led to the bankruptcy of many banks and companies, increased unemployment and inflation, and affected confidence in Japanese financial institutions. It prompted the government to make radical reforms to the financial system, including strengthening supervision of banks and reducing their number through mergers. These reforms aimed to restore financial stability, but they also highlighted the significant challenges Japan faced at that time in dealing with large-scale financial crises. The crisis stands out as an important case study for understanding how political, economic, and social factors affect the stability of the financial system, and it also provides lessons on the importance of rapid and effective government intervention in preventing financial crises from worsening.

The period following the Arab Spring revolutions witnessed events in 2011 and changes in Arab countries that cast a shadow on relations between the countries of the region, most notably relations between Egypt and Turkey, due to the historical and geopolitical importance of the two countries, and their international and regional influence. These studies address the history of Egyptian-Turkish relations and the most important periods of rapprochement and divergence between the two countries, the most important changes that occurred in relations between the two countries after the Justice and Development Party came to power, the extent of change in relations between the two countries during the period between January 25, 2011 and June 30, 2013 and their causes, then analyzing the reasons for the shift in Egyptian-Turkish relations after June 30, 2013 until 2023 and its impact on Egyptian national security.

Many battles fought by Muslim Arabs emerged in Islamic history, which carried the banner of Islam high and contributed to enriching our history with achievements and honorable deeds in defending and defending Muslim lands. The Battle of Al-Qadisiyah, which took place in the year 15. AH, is considered one of the major and decisive battles in history and the Islamic conquests on the Iraq front. Against the Persian Empire led by Rustam, which ended with the victory of the Muslims under the leadership of Commander Saad bin Abi Waqqas. This battle ended with a decisive victory for the Muslims, and Mihran, the Persian commander, was killed in it, who was killed by a Christian boy from the Taghlib tribe, and the Persians also lost large numbers of dead. So much so that their corpses formed waves waving from their heads and limbs. Thus, the balance of battle returned to indicate that the future had become in favor of the Muslims, and that they must continue to pressure the Persians in order to resolve the battles on the Iraq front once and for all in favor of the Muslims.

Water resources management is a complex environmental, economic and social challenge in many societies, and requires comprehensive measures to ensure the sustainability of resources and meet the needs of the population. Community participation is one of the effective tools to achieve this goal, as the local community participates in decision-making processes and the implementation of policies and programs related to water management. Therefore, this study aimed to discover the extent of the application of the concept of community participation in water resources management in the city of Benghazi. To achieve its purposes, it adopted the case study approach, and concluded with a number of results, the most important of which is that the current reality of community participation in water resources management in the city of Benghazi reflects the lack of application of this concept, and recommended the necessity of adhering to the application of this concept to achieve the economic, social and environmental goals related to water resources management.

Cognitive load is one of the problems that threaten the educational system in schools and universities. It occurs due to the use of traditional educational methods that continuously pump information into the student. The student's role is that of a recipient and listener of the information presented during a single lecture, and not giving him a time opportunity to pay attention to it, encode it, process it, and store it in working memory, then long-term memory. Cognitive load occurs as a result of a failure in mental processes. In order for the memory to store information, it must encode the information well and in an organized manner, then process it, and then store it. The stage of encoding information is the most important stage, as well-encoded and organized information is easy to remember, which leads to reducing cognitive load.
There are certain symptoms that appear on students who suffer from cognitive load, such as mental closure, low efficiency, and inability to retain and understand information. The student cannot process the information because understanding occurs when all the information elements (related to the material) are processed simultaneously in the working memory. If the study material contains many elements that cannot be processed simultaneously in the working memory, the study material becomes difficult to understand. The cognitive load is represented by a large load on the working memory, and is represented by an internal load and an external load. The external load is considered the added and unnecessary difficulty. The importance of the cognitive load appears through activating and developing the retrieval process, which is linked to improving academic achievement and retaining scientific information and concepts among students, as retrieval is a function of working memory, and means retrieving information from long-term memory when needed, and is affected by the way in which the retrieval planning process is carried out, and methods of organizing information such as: developing models of how elements and parts are linked, and building conceptual plans for the educational material. Hence, educators and teachers should not overdo the handling of information and data in order to educate the student about the different subjects and curricula, as increasing the cognitive load is one of the things that may hinder the student's understanding process in general.

The aim of the research is to collect the hadiths related to hearts in Sahih Al-Bukhari. I first graduated the hadiths, then studied them and explained the strange hadiths in them, relying on the most important explanations that dealt with this topic.