Journal of Al-Farahidis Arts

Anyone who follows the lives of the Abbasid Caliphs will find that most of them have a high culture in literature, poetry and history. This confirms that they practiced writing and composing poetry, in addition to being rulers who separated poets and evaluated their poetry. Through experience, they developed an intuition to differentiate between good poetry and the best.
We previously submitted research to the Al-Farahidi Literature Magazine, which is published by the College of Arts, Tikrit University, entitled (Harun al-Rashid between the talent of poetry and the authority of government). Through the research, it became clear that Rashid's two sons (Al-Amin and Al-Ma'mun) were also poets, and they had their own collection of poems. I found it to complete what I had started with their father.
Muhammad al-Amin, despite his lack of balance and the bad management that marred his life, and his lack of balance in managing the helm of government until the matter led him to lose his authority and consequently his life. This is a strange picture from history.
After reading his collection of poems, I realized that he had a high level of culture in literature and poetry, as witnessed by writers and historians. He was considered one of the best orators and writers. However, he indulged a lot in entertainment and bringing young boys closer, and he was reluctant to have sex with women, which made the reader examine a lot to make sure of the accuracy of the news that reached us. We know that he entered into a dispute with his brother Muhammad al-Ma'mun, son of Harun al-Rashid, which led to his murder.
History is written by the victor, and all kinds of offensive accusations are pinned on the defeated. In order to justify the reasons for the brother killing his brother, making political reasons come second.

This study is based on explaining the types of meanings of words, including the meaning of implication, its rules, meanings, and what is related to it in an applied model of the conclusion of Surat Al-Baqarah, because language is a very cohesive structure that strengthens each other without one linguistic level being separated from another level; and the nature of the organization in the formation of language requires that the organization be composed of the implication of sounds for other sounds, then the implication of syllables, then the implication of structural units, then the implication of grammatical structures, and each of these aspects consists of a specific, harmonious, complete system, no part of which conflicts with another part based on two methodological foundations, which are: form and function, but rather the levels of linguistic analysis are characterized by a tight implication system that is not articulated among itself.

This paper focuses on translation quality of target language scientific texts and investigates the translation errors committed by fives translators as they render Arabic scientific texts into English. It also shows the main translation problems behind these errors and how they affect the target texts. Translation analysis of these errors reveals the levels of translation students and to what extent they can reformulate scientific texts accurately. This paper hypothesizes that translation students know enough about the translation process and how the scientific texts must be translated appropriately to convey clear and natural meaning in the target language. Liao's (2010) framework is used to assess and analyze translation errors and classify them into three categories. To achieve the aims of this study, three Arabic scientific texts are distributed to five translation students from the Department of Translation/College of Arts/University of Tikrit/ Four Year to render them into English and analyze them according to the adopted framework.

This research deals with the study and investigation of a manuscript entitled "A Useful Rule and Comprehensive Benefit from the Amalis of the Fadil Muhammad al-Isfarayini", which dates back to the scholar Issa bin Muhammad bin Ubaidullah al-Iji (d. 953 AH). The research aims to highlight the scientific and literary value of this manuscript, which contains a collection of dictations (scientific councils) delivered by the virtuous Muhammad al-Isfarayini.
The importance of the research lies in the fact that it reveals an aspect of the scientific and literary heritage that has not been published before, and presents al-Isfarayini's methodology in teaching Islamic and literary sciences. It also sheds light on the role played by scholars in preserving and transmitting knowledge across generations.
The researcher investigated the manuscript and analyzed its content, providing a comprehensive explanation of the terms and ideas contained therein. Some difficult texts were also translated to facilitate their understanding for the contemporary reader.

Speech act of compliments are remarkable in people’s everyday communication. They are used to praise, congratulate, thank people and to respond to their remarks. The singing competition involves four jury members. Different functions of compliment responses of the jury persons towards some participants cannot be understood easily or recognized out of the social content where the utterance occurs in. However, this study is set to answer the following questions: what are the forms of compliments, speech acts? What are the politeness strategies found within singing competitions namely American Got Talent show regarding compliment and compliment response? what are the variational pragmatic functions behind using compliment and compliment response. The study utilizes a mixed method of qualitative and quantitative analysis to analyze the data of seven singing competitors where each one receives four compliment responses from the jury members except one who receives only three (the total data analysed is 27 utterances) within the American competition show Americas Got Talent. The current study adopted an eclectic model involving Holmes (1988) for the forms of compliments, Searle (1976) for speech act, Brown and Levinson (1987) for politeness theory, and Leech (1983) and Ruhi (2006) classifications of functions of compliment and compliment responses. It is found that litotes, expressive speech act, positive politeness and praising are extensively employed within the analysis. It is concluded that expressive speech act is the most used in the various methods of compliment because this type is the most relied upon when expressing opinions and feelings towards the singing competitors.

The research deals with the concept of \"coherence\" that works on the boundaries of the text, as it goes beyond the compatibility of the parts to include achieving balance and harmony between all the elements of the text, which enhances its effectiveness and smoothness, and contributes to its coherence and harmony. As for the rhetorical aspect, it is one of the most prominent aesthetic phenomena in it, and is clearly evident in the Qur\'anic expression as one of the aspects of linguistic miracle, which reflects a high level of eloquence and fluency.
The research aims to shed light on coherence as a major element in achieving balance in Qur\'anic and literary texts, and the problem of the research is an attempt to prove that coherence enhances the strength and attractiveness of the texts; as it dealt with the origin of the term and its relationship to rhetoric and its aesthetics, in addition to the existence of other terms that lead to the concept of coherence, but differ from it in terms of not including other connotations of coherence, according to the descriptive approach.
The research came with an introduction and three demands; The first section dealt with the term “compatibility” and its origins in terms of language and terminology. The second section included a study of terms close to compatibility. The third section included the aesthetics of compatibility and its effect on textual coherence. The study concluded with the most important results we reached.

The Syrian republican system emerged by canceling the free choice of the political system, which forced the political system to lose legitimacy from within, which weakened its regional and international role, and which led the country into a harmful war, so the regime tried to draft a constitution for the country in 2012. Syria today is the most important burning area due to internal differences and external interference, which all go back to one reason, which is the regime’s lack of legitimacy before its people. The authority’s approach with the one based on force has relied on force as an approach to controlling its people for decades, which has increased the complexity of the relationship between the people and the ruler. The Syrian crisis is one of the most complex crises in the Arab region, and it is also the bloodiest. Accordingly, there is an abundance of what has been written about it, but many of them are motivated by the interests of intellectual association, whether with the existing regime or with the opposition. Therefore, the origin of the problem in Syria was the legitimacy crisis, which requires research into the Syrian republican system and the legitimacy crisis, which is divided into three sections: the first section is the formation of the Syrian political system, while the second section delves into Syria and the legitimacy crisis, and the third section is Syria as an international and regional arena, in addition to the introduction and conclusion.

The modernization experience in Brazil refers to the economic and social transformations that the country has undergone, especially in the second half of the twentieth century. The modernization process in Brazil began after World War II when the government moved towards rapid industrialization through strategies aimed at reducing dependence on agriculture, on which Brazil had traditionally depended.

The state of insecurity and instability that Lebanon has suffered from for a long time, in addition to the deterioration of living conditions associated with Lebanese immigration, as behind it lie a number of motives, some of which are political, some of which are economic and sectarian, which forced a portion of the youth to immigrate, especially the economic factor is one of the most prominent reasons that prompted them to leave their countries and leave their families, in addition to a number of social circumstances that accompanied immigration, including: searching for job opportunities in those countries and trying to receive education there, and a number of them trying to seize the experience of the first immigrants who preceded them and join their ranks.
Despite the success of some immigrants and their ability to gain experience and earn money, then their independence and choosing the trade that suits their mentalities, the other part of them lived through difficult economic conditions that left their effects on their general conditions, and the speed of their integration into the societies to which they immigrated and the mastery of a large number of them of a number of languages helped them obtain citizenship from the country to which they immigrated, or through marriage to a foreigner, as they obtained important positions and jobs and advanced scientific centers.

The study aimed to track the positions of the British press, with its different political and intellectual ideologies, regarding the occupation of the city of Tikrit during the British campaign against Iraq in 1914, due to the great importance of the British press as a primary source of historical studies. Based on the above, the British press and the depth of its influence on British public opinion, with its diverse intellectual trends and different affiliations, and what it monitored of developments regarding the occupation of the city of Tikrit, November 1917, formed a basis for moving forward in this modest research.
The study reached the following results:
1. The British newspapers paid clear attention to the occupation of the city of "Tikrit" and its suburbs during the period (November 2-30), as the "conservative" newspapers devoted articles to supporting the British campaign on the city, considering it an important step towards Mosul on the one hand, and to strengthening its influence in the region on the other hand.
2. The newspapers with a "liberal trend" took a somewhat more critical position towards the attack on the city, but they continued to support the increasing British presence there.
3. The editors of the "liberal" newspapers were divided, as some of them considered the British influence an exploitation of power, in addition to some of them expressing their concerns about the moral justifications and consequences of imperial expansion and the possibility of a rift in British-European relations, while others saw benefits to the penetration and consolidation of influence in Iraq in spreading the ideals of free trade, democratic reforms, modernization, and development in those countries.
4. The positions of the newspapers with a "socialist trend" were characterized by British penetration into Mesopotamia by criticizing or "opposing" the expansionist trend from a leftist perspective, while economic newspapers supported economic commercial interests in Mesopotamia as new markets for British products.
5. The position of the "radical" newspapers was characterized by limited influence on foreign policy. The prevailing British press at that time witnessed extensive and focused coverage of British colonial expansion in Mesopotamia and the region, which helped build popular support for these policies.
6. It seems clear that British newspapers shed light on the occupation of Tikrit on all levels (economic, political, and social), an interest that increased with the continuous progress towards the city of Mosul, rich in oil resources, to take a major historical turn with the occupation of the city and the defeat of the Turks entrenched in Tikrit, especially with the escalation of international competition over Iraq, a competition that turned into a "conflict" and then into a "clash" in World War I, in which Iraq and its lands were one of its main arenas.

This study aims to investigate (Iraqi-Jordanian relations 1951-1954) as it complemented many previous studies on this subject that were initiated by a group of researchers to understand this relationship between the two countries in detail.
This study gains its importance from the importance of this region of the Arab world in terms of the strategic location enjoyed by the two countries, and that the ruling family in both countries trace its roots back to the Hashemite branch, and what Jordan enjoys of being on the first line of confrontation with the Zionist entity, which prompted the two countries to try to get closer to each other in order to confront this entity.
The research consisted of an introduction, three chapters and a conclusion. The first chapter dealt with (Iraqi-Jordanian relations 1947-1950) as the focus was on clarifying the Brotherhood and Alliance Treaty between the two countries in 1947 and the role of Iraq and Jordan in the Arab war with the Zionist entity in 1948, and Iraq's position on King Abdullah's proposals to achieve the Iraqi-Jordanian union in 1950. The second chapter dealt with (relations The Iraqi-Jordanian relations 1951-1952) as the study focused on Iraq’s position on the annexation of the West Bank to the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan and the assassination of King Abdullah and Iraq’s position on it, and the attempts of the Iraqi-Jordanian union 1951-1952. The third study dealt with (Iraqi-Jordanian relations 1952-1954) as the study focused on clarifying the Zionist attacks on Jordanian lands in 1953-1954 and Iraq’s position on it and the Muhammad Fadhel Al-Jamali project 1954 and Jordan’s position on it. As for the conclusion, it included the most important conclusions reached by the study.

This research sheds light on the direct political and economic impacts of the Gaza war on the lives of the people of the Gaza Strip and on all Palestinians, who are already suffering from the long-term effects of the ongoing blockade and the current military escalation and the resulting total destruction of all aspects of life. Not to mention the state of conflict that the Palestinian political field is experiencing between two main currents in the Palestinian political arena: a national current in its dimensions, ideas, and political and intellectual program, represented by the Fatah movement and the rest of the PLO factions; An Islamic movement in its intellectual and ideological dimensions, and its political program, represented by the Hamas movement, and behind it the Islamic Jihad movement.
Ten months have passed since the beginning of the war in Gaza, a war whose economic and political bill was and still is widely exorbitant, as it has inflicted complete destruction on the sector, which is suffering under the burden of endless suffering. The shock that Palestinian economic activity was exposed to in the wake of the October 7 war was very severe as a result of the comprehensive destruction of all sectors in Gaza, the destruction of capital, forced displacement, and Israel's control over tax revenues and restrictions imposed on the movement of people and goods in the West Bank, which led to difficulty in the movement of people and goods between the various governorates.
This study aimed to shed light on the economic and political repercussions of the "October 7" war on all Palestinians. Its objectives are:
1. Monitoring the most important problems that hinder any economic or political progress at the level of the Palestinian arena.
2. Identifying the constraints (internal and external) that affected the economic and political conditions in Palestine.
To achieve these goals, the researcher used the social survey method to study the phenomenon qualitatively, by analyzing the phenomenon and revealing the relationships between its various dimensions by taking a random sample. The study tools were represented by using the interview guide, and this research followed the descriptive analytical method.
Regarding the study questions, the study questions were identified in the following research question: What are the economic and political repercussions of the (October 7) war on all Palestinians? The following two questions branch out from it:
1. What are the most important problems that hinder any economic or political progress at the level of the Palestinian arena?
2. What are the constraints (internal and external) that affected the economic and political conditions in Palestine?

Iraq has occupied an important position in American policy and in shaping the balances of the Middle East region, due to its strategic position and economic wealth, which made it an important axis of the United States of America's policy, with motives that reflect the American administration's external expansionist dimension in targeting Iraq, stealing its resources and usurping its will, then reshaping its geopolitical entity, by destroying its geographical, historical and national unity and excluding its strategic and moral weight from the Arab region, and working to deepen the American military deployment and increase military bases under the pretext of Iraq's possession of weapons of mass destruction, and it took this as a way to intervene and provide a safe cover for (Israel) for the long term.
The American vision shifted as a strategic demand towards absolute hegemony and in an unprecedented unilateral manner, it launched a war on Iraq and overthrew its political regime on April 9, 2003, and dismantled the institutions of the Iraqi state and left them exposed to looting and destruction, and then announced its official occupation.

Anyone who contemplates the biography of the Prophet (ﷺ) finds it to be a generous spring and a rich source for all types of human greatness. How could it not be so, when God chose him over the children of Adam and sealed with him His prophets and messengers? He (ﷺ) was a good example and a model to be emulated in everything. His morals were an example for the individual and the group. The near and the distant, the enemy before the friend, bore witness to his trustworthiness and honesty, as came in the Almighty’s saying: “And a witness from among her people bore witness” The fact that the witness was from among her people made the testimony more eloquent and the evidence stronger, for the value of these testimonies is evident in establishing proof of what some fanatics fabricate against Islam of falsehood and against the Prophet of God (ﷺ) of hatred, idle talk and sin.

The city of Granada is one of the cities that has a great importance in the history of Andalusia, due to its historical importance, and its geographical location and diverse terrain helped in the prosperity of the civilizational aspects.
The people of Granada were able to exploit the mountains in the economic and urban aspects, and all of this contributes to achieving the well-being of society.
Historians are aware of the importance of the wealth found in the mountains, and how Muslims dealt with the high areas and exploited them in many aspects of public life, thus defying their difficulty and ruggedness.
The research dealt with the name of the city of Granada, its location and climate, the number of mountains surrounding it, the springs and sources that formed the rivers, as well as the presence of various minerals and livestock, in addition to its role in the defensive aspect.

Water is the lifeblood of Egypt, as it relies heavily on it in various aspects of life, especially in the economic sector. The Ethiopian Renaissance Dam represents a serious threat to Egyptian water security due to its many and varied serious repercussions. In this study, we explained the expected negative repercussions of the Ethiopian Renaissance Dam on Egyptian water security, and we also reviewed a number of solutions that could mitigate the severity of the problem.

Since the beginning of 2011, Egypt has witnessed demonstrations and protests known as the January 25 Revolution, which lasted for weeks demanding the departure of former Egyptian President Mohamed Hosni Mubarak, which was actually achieved in February 2011.
Egypt was then exposed to political instability, elections were held, and changes occurred in the constitution as a result of the change in the ruling parties and the ideologies they believed in.
The military institution was considered the compass of the captain of politics in Egypt, as it took over the leadership until the announcement of the election results in January 2012.
The results showed the victory of the Muslim Brotherhood Party, led by Morsi, who became President of the Republic of Egypt between June 30, 2012 and July 3, 2013, and left as a result of the military institution’s coup against him. Then Egypt went through a transitional phase and elections were held that helped President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi win as President of the Republic of Egypt in 2014.

The Al-Aqsa Flood operation launched by the resistance movement on October 7, 2023, which targeted (Israeli) military bases and against (Israeli) settlements in the Gaza Strip, proved to be an earthquake for (Israel) and international parties, as the operation greatly affected the geopolitical and geostrategic scene in the Middle East, and all parties will be affected, especially the countries concerned with the Palestinian issue, and its repercussions will extend to the structure of international and regional relations. The research deals with the geopolitical conflicts in the Middle East since 2009: the Arab-Israeli conflict as a case study, by focusing on Operation Flood of Al-Aqsa on October 7, 2023, and the beginning of its impact on international politics, as well as its repercussions on the Middle East region. In the second axis, the Arab repercussions of Operation Flood of Al-Aqsa were studied, which led to the transformation in the Middle East into the emergence of players on the regional scene in what is known as armed groups supported by Iran, which stirred up the geopolitical dynamics, which expanded their operations and intensified their attacks against (Israel).

Praise be to Allah who made the Holy Quran the spring of our hearts, the light of our chests, and our guide and leader to the gardens of bliss.
The importance of the research topic is related to the greatness of the Holy Quran and its legislations, as it is the word of Allah Almighty revealed to His noble Messenger Muhammad, may God bless him and grant him peace, and it was transmitted by the imams of readings until the copies of the Quran were written and readings became a science studied in recitation councils.
The emergence of these two sheikhs was preceded by an intellectual renaissance in various branches of science, most notably the science of readings, and that was during the era of the Caliphate (316-422 AH / 928-1031 AD), and the caliphs were interested in advancing the wheel of science by bringing in the best scholars of the East to be side by side with the scholars of Andalusia to develop the science of readings, so Caliph Al-Hakam Al-Mustansir (350-366 AH / 961-976 AD) summoned Imam Abu Al-Hasan Ali bin Bishr Al-Antaki, who entered Andalusia in the year (352 AH / 963 AD) to establish the first school specialized in the sciences of the Holy Quran and lay the foundation stone in He established the science of readings in Andalusia and continued to give until he passed away in the year (377 AH / 987 AD).
Imam Makki bin Abi Talib was born in Kairouan (354-437 AH / 965-1046 AD) and then traveled since his youth to seek knowledge between Egypt, Kairouan and Mecca until he settled in Andalusia and its capital Cordoba in the year (393 AH / 1003 AD) and continued to chair scientific councils in various types of knowledge, most notably the science of readings, interpretation, jurisprudence and the Arabic language. He also wrote books, as he wrote more than eighty books in various branches of knowledge that he mastered, and they will be mentioned in their appropriate place. He continued to give scientifically until he passed away, may God have mercy on him.
As for the Imam and scholar Abu Amr al-Dani (371-444 AH / 981-1052 AD), he was born in Cordoba and began his scientific journey when he was 14 years old, moving between Andalusia, Kairouan, Egypt and Mecca. He continued his pursuit of knowledge for thirty years until he mastered the sciences and sat for teaching and classification in Denia, one of the cities of Andalusia. He taught in these councils the sciences that he mastered, which are the science of readings, the Arabic language, the Noble Prophetic Hadith and other sciences. He wrote more than one hundred and twenty books and continued to give this scientific giving until God Almighty took him, may God have mercy on him.

The research aims to identify the efficiency of secondary education services and their distribution in the district of (Kotha) for the academic year (2022/2023), through a number of educational indicators and planning standards, including (student / school) (student / section), (student / teacher), and the quantitative analytical method was adopted in analyzing the data and the descriptive and inductive approach in presenting the geographical phenomenon studied, and the research reached the most important conclusions (the inefficiency of secondary education services) in the research area in the district of (Kotha) according to the educational indicators, the approved local planning standards and the weakness or absence of planning in distributing secondary education services between rural and urban areas in the research area. Among the most prominent proposals is to reconsider the spatial distribution of middle and secondary schools in the district, especially in rural areas and districts that do not contain schools, and to establish schools for girls in the countryside of the district to encourage families to enroll females in these schools because customs and traditions in the countryside have an impact on their non-enrollment in boys' or mixed schools, in addition to improving the quality of education by enhancing the training of teachers for various educational stages. And to focus on building human capacities through training with the aim of acquiring the skills and capabilities necessary to participate in the development process, as well as giving priority to education and its institutions in adequate funding for the requirements of comprehensive reform in all its activities, developing and implementing a training and educational strategy capable of responding to the requirements of the labor market, through which it works to improve the quality of human resources, provided that it includes effective participation in building the Iraqi economy in all its sectors.

The current research aims to identify (the art of communication among educational counselors). The research sample consisted of (400) male and female counselors who were selected randomly by stratified method. To achieve the research objectives, the researcher constructed a scale (the art of communication) based on the theory of Herbert Mead (1894-1931). The researcher verified the psychometric properties of the scale by extracting apparent validity, construct validity, and factor validity. The researcher also extracted stability by two methods: retesting, so the stability coefficient in this method reached (0.82) and Cronbach's alpha reached (0.80). The scale in its final form consisted of (24) paragraphs, using the t-test for a single sample, Pearson's correlation coefficient, analysis of variance and percentage, and the Z-test. Using the statistical package (SPSS), the following results were reached:
1. Educational counselors have the art of communication.
2. There is no effect of the gender variable (male, female) on the art of communication among educational counselors. The research came up with a set of recommendations and proposals.

Quality of life is positively linked to the satisfaction and fulfillment of psychological and social needs within the family, and depends on the individual's personal judgment based on criteria selected based on his cognitive aspects, and this determines the degree of his feeling of branch and fun, happiness and reassurance and his acceptance of life with vitality, and from the positive traits of the personality that help increase feelings of acceptance and a sense of security and reassurance, and build a positive orientation towards the future.
Cancer is a public health problem, and being diagnosed with cancer is a shocking event that changes the world of the infected person with the resulting negative changes that affect his life and the life of the family at all levels, especially the psychological and social level; This may lead to the patient feeling chaos, fear, anxiety, depression, self-rejection and deterioration of the psychological state, and perceived social support is considered one of the most important factors that play an important role in improving the psychological and emotional health of the individual, which achieves psychological stability and satisfaction with life.