Ahl Al-Bait Jurnal

**Al-Tuffiyyat in Arabic Poetry – Development and History**

Al-Tuffiyyat refers to the poems that elegized Al-Hussain (peace be upon him), his companions, and his family, describing the suffering endured by his household and women after his martyrdom in the tragic Battle of Karbala, from its occurrence to the present day.

There is no doubt that these poems have gone through stages of development over time. How were these early poems structured? Were they fragments, short pieces, or full-fledged odes? What were their themes and general artistic and thematic characteristics? How did they evolve and develop throughout the ages, reaching their complete structural form?

This study aims to answer these questions by tracing the historical and artistic development of Al-Tuffiyyat poetry. It examines its early form as scattered fragments and short pieces before its gradual integration into poems praising or elegizing Ahl al-Bayt, as seen in Al-Kumayt’s **Hāshimiyyāt** and Di‘bil al-Khuzā‘ī’s **Tā’iyyah**. Later, with Al-Sharif Al-Radi, Al-Tuffiyyat gained independence as a distinct poetic form, with its structural features becoming more defined. Finally, it found its place in Arabic poetry across different eras, maintaining its expressive depth and evolving through various historical stages up to the modern age.

**To Identify the Difficulties in Teaching Measurement and Evaluation from the Students' Perspective, This Study Was Conducted**

The research population consisted of fourth-year students in the Department of Quranic Sciences and Islamic Education at the College of Sharia, Ahl Al-Bayt University, for the academic year 2008-2009. The research sample included (50) male and female students. The researchers conducted an exploratory study by distributing an open-ended questionnaire to a randomly selected group of students, asking them to identify the difficulties encountered in teaching the Measurement and Evaluation course. The final questionnaire comprised (44) items distributed across six domains.

Using statistical methods, the study yielded several findings. The lack of students’ awareness of the objectives of teaching Measurement and Evaluation ranked first in the objectives domain. In the instructors’ domain, the lack of positive interaction between instructors and students ranked first. Regarding teaching methods, the primary difficulty was the lack of resources available to implement modern teaching methodologies. In the course content domain, the excessive use of mathematical and statistical terms and formulas was the most significant challenge.

Based on the study results, the researchers recommended that instructors be informed about the objectives of teaching Measurement and Evaluation and that they acquire a solid understanding of the educational and psychological principles underlying effective teaching methodologies.

**Summary**

Allah honored the Arabic language by revealing His miraculous book, **the Holy Qur’an**, in it, affirming its greatness and its ability to encompass its words and meanings. This language was chosen due to its eloquence, broad derivational capacity, and flexibility in adaptation and evolution, making it the bearer of the final divine message and a medium for an eternal sacred doctrine.

Arabic became closely linked to Islam and spread with its expansion. It was also tied to the history of the Arab nation, experiencing both its strengths and weaknesses. However, it has faced accusations of rigidity and an inability to keep pace with scientific and civilizational advancements. Yet, history has proven that Arabic is a dynamic language, fully capable of generating scientific terminology and assimilating modern developments.

This study seeks to answer a critical question: **Is Arabic a civilizational language capable of producing scientific terminology, or is it lacking in this regard?** Accusing Arabic of deficiency is both concerning and serious, demanding that its advocates—especially intellectuals—rise to defend its vitality and prove its ability to adapt to contemporary needs, just as it did during its golden ages.

**The Electoral Law Amendment in Iraq: Motives, Implications, and Dimensions**

Elections attract significant attention as they are the means through which power is transferred and democracy is renewed. It is not surprising, then, that the law governing elections also draws considerable attention from both concerned authorities and ordinary citizens. This is particularly relevant in a country like Iraq, where democracy has been absent for a long time, leaving behind a heavy legacy of exclusionary and authoritarian social traits that view power as a prize, making its transfer through legitimate channels unappealing to those in power. This explains the difficulty in creating an electoral law and the intense debates that extended across ten rounds within the Iraqi parliament, ultimately resulting in the amended version of the legislative elections law, with the open list system and electoral districts being its most notable features and the main reasons for its delay.

Despite the legal and political debates surrounding the amended Iraqi electoral law, it has not fully explored the depth of its implications or its potential effects on both the present and future political landscape. Thus, there is a need to uncover these implications and examine the future political consequences of the amended Iraqi electoral law.

The study addresses this issue across four main sections:

**Section 1:** The Motives for Amending the Electoral Law in Light of Previous Electoral Laws.

**Section 2:** The Scope of the Political Debate Regarding the Electoral Law Amendment.

**Section 3:** Key Interpretations in the New Electoral Law.

**Section 4:** The Impact of the Electoral Law Amendment on the Future of the Political Process in Iraq.

There is no doubt that the Holy Qur'an, since its revelation to the final Messenger, Muhammad (peace be upon him), has had a profound impact on its listeners, especially on writers, including poets. It remains a rich source for those who wish to draw inspiration from its verses. The concepts of the Qur'an have also influenced followers of other religions, in addition to Muslims.

As for Palestinian poets in the present era, some have also been influenced by the valuable meanings of the Qur'an and its stories, drawing inspiration in their struggle against the Zionist enemy through "Quranic intertextuality," which is a subject worthy of study and attention, alongside literary, historical, and mythical intertextuality.

This study focuses on the poetry of Palestinian freedom fighter poet **Samih Al-Qasim**, who is considered one of the pioneers of resistance literature. The study relies on a descriptive-analytical approach in order to explore how the poet engaged with the phenomenon of "Quranic intertextuality" in his poems.

The state's right to impose taxes on profits earned within its territory is a sovereign right that cannot be waived in favor of another state except by an agreement between the two states. One of the issues raised by the agreement on the withdrawal of foreign troops from Iraq is the regulation of Iraq's right to impose taxes on foreign troops and their contractors.

This research will be dedicated to studying the tax treatment of foreign troops and their contractors in light of this agreement. The research will be divided into two sections: the first section will address the concept of tax sovereignty in security agreements, while the second section will focus on tax sovereignty in the agreement on the withdrawal of foreign troops from Iraq.

The credit policy is one of the important policies adopted by banks after studying and analyzing various internal factors, including (owned capital and deposits), due to their importance in carrying out various lending and investment activities. Their increase has a positive effect on the bank if invested and utilized correctly and successfully, based on expert studies and analysis using financial and banking metrics to ensure a sound credit process without exposing the bank to various risks. Among these metrics are the return rates resulting from investing these two financial resources and their role in achieving a successful credit policy. The research concluded an important finding:

The performance efficiency of Al-Rajhi Investment Bank compared to the Jordanian Kuwaiti Bank.

Based on this, the research recommended giving significant attention to these two factors and activating them without undermining the importance of other factors affecting this policy. It also emphasized conducting necessary studies for them based on globally recognized financial and banking standards, in light of the reputation of these two banks locally and internationally and their alignment with banking developments.

This research addresses the topic of "Rejection in Al-Jawahiri's Poetry: Its Forms and Manifestations" through study and analysis. It is divided into two main sections, preceded by an introduction and followed by a conclusion. The introduction defines the concept of rejection in both linguistic and terminological terms. The first section examines the most prominent forms of rejection in Al-Jawahiri's poetry, namely political rejection and social rejection. The second section focuses on the key manifestations of rejection in his poetry, categorized into three themes: anger and revolutionary mood, satire, and alienation. The research concludes by presenting the key findings derived from the study.

This study addresses the role of the Public Prosecution before the civil judiciary in ensuring the application of justice and the proper implementation of laws. The research highlights that the representation of the Public Prosecution before the civil judge helps guide the ruling towards a fair application of legal provisions, as well as strengthening the independence and integrity of the judgment. The study also discusses the balance between individual rights to litigate and the social function of the judiciary, aiming to achieve justice without exploiting the judicial system for personal gains or prolonging the duration of cases.

The research also presents the dual role of the Public Prosecution in civil cases: the first as a principal party in the lawsuit, where it has the right to file or defend the case, and the second as an intervening party, where its role is limited to providing legal opinion to the court without being an adversary. The study points out the legal contradictions between these two roles, especially regarding the Public Prosecution's right to appeal a judgment in each case. In conclusion, the research clarifies the importance of the Public Prosecution's role in achieving social and economic justice by ensuring the correct application of the law in civil cases.

The last century witnessed the emergence of many national figures who played a significant role in social and political life during that period. Among these national figures was the Mujahid Sheikh Muhammad Hassan Abu Al-Muhassn (1876–1926), who is considered one of the greatest fighters of Karbala in the early 20th century.

It is known that Abu Al-Muhassn reached the height of his greatness during the time of Sheikh Muhammad Taqi Al-Shirazi (1256–1338 AH), earning the title of "Hero of the 1920 Revolution" and "Its Brilliant Poet" due to his political acumen, foresight, and skill in dealing with the revolutionaries on one hand and standing against the occupying forces on the other.

Sheikh Abu Al-Muhassn was not a backward feudal landowner isolated in his wealth and possessions. Instead, he was ambitious, intelligent, cultured, and aware of the political situation of his time. He became a passionate nationalist through his participation in the Great 1920 Revolution in defense of the beloved homeland. He was one of the main planners of the revolution and contributed with national poems, political participation, and several fiery speeches expressing the revolutionaries’ perspective and their hope for a bright future in which the Arab region would unite to form the Greater Arab State. He said:

**"When will an Arab unity be formed?
Iraq is not my only homeland."**

He also declared:

**"My country is the land of my people, all of it is my homeland."**

Moreover, he was one of the advocates for Iraq to become an Arab state ruled by an Arab king from the descendants of Sharif Hussein. It is no surprise that he became the representative of the Al-Shirazi reference during the revolution, which represented the center of religious leadership that supported and called for the revolution.

Abu Al-Muhassn had a close relationship with the leaders of the 1920 revolution and the scholars who led the resistance against the British. He contributed to the founding of political parties, represented the scholars in national councils, and earned their trust and respect.

The success of organizations depends on their ability to keep up with the continuous changes in the environment, especially with the advancements in science and technology. Today, technology is not just a tool for organizations, but an essential part of the strategic process, which includes using modern methods in production to increase productivity. Due to its important role in driving the development process, it is crucial to study the relationship between technological factors, such as the degree of work change and work difficulty, and organizational performance variables, including profitability, market share, social responsibility, customer satisfaction, and productivity.
This topic was chosen for a study aimed at clarifying the relationship between technology and organizational performance. The research includes four sections: the first discusses the research methodology, the second focuses on the theoretical framework based on scientific references, the third describes the research variables and hypothesis selection, and the fourth provides conclusions and recommendations.

This research is a serious attempt to investigate the plant terminology in Nahj al-Balagha and to explore the contexts in which these terms appear, carrying various semantic connotations. The methodology followed in this study is the inductive descriptive approach, through which we examined the term "plant" mentioned in Nahj al-Balagha, then clarified its lexical meaning based on major classical and modern Arabic dictionaries. We also observed its usage either literally or figuratively, indicating and explaining its meaning in the context in which it appears.

Decades have passed since the use of cluster munitions in armed conflicts, resulting in a humanitarian tragedy no less severe than that caused by weapons of mass destruction, such as chemical weapons, for example. These munitions have left a large number of victims, with civilians being their primary indirect target, creating an inhuman image that cannot be denied or ignored in reality.

Periodic reports prepared by international governmental and non-governmental organizations have indicated the scale of the excessive and indiscriminate damage caused by cluster munitions, prompting broad international action and sparking debates within diplomatic circles regarding the legitimacy of using such a weapon. After several years of meetings and conferences, a general consensus was reached that this weapon was illegitimate, based on the principles of international humanitarian law. An official announcement was made to adopt a new international treaty that comprehensively bans cluster munitions forever, marking a significant development in international humanitarian law, especially in the field of disarmament related to conventional weapons.

Several questions arise when analyzing any international treaty, especially one regulating the prohibition of a weapon. These include: Was the treaty well-drafted to avoid any clauses that could be interpreted in a way that allows for violations? Has it overcome the flaws found in previous treaties that banned conventional weapons? What makes it unique? Specifically, how does it address compliance with the treaty's provisions and the resolution of disputes that may arise during its application? Does it represent a new generation that builds on the Ottawa Treaty banning landmines, incorporating principles of international humanitarian law and disarmament law? Will it pave the way for banning other conventional weapons if proven effective, or will it fail due to the non-signature of major producing countries of this weapon?

To answer these questions, the research will address them sequentially, starting with an examination of the ban and the key mechanisms for implementing the treaty, followed by a discussion on the mechanisms that will strengthen the treaty. A comparison will also be made with other international treaties related to the prohibition or limitation of conventional and non-conventional weapons, particularly the 1980 UN Convention and the 1997 Landmine Ban Treaty. The main objective of the research is to assess whether this treaty will remain a mere humanitarian memorandum that countries can withdraw from, as seen with the 1980 Conventional Weapons Convention and its Protocol II, or whether it will represent the next step after the 1997 Landmine Treaty and lead to the establishment of a new global disarmament model.

If it is true that newspapers are the messengers of the city to the new generation, and if it is true that newspapers are the best manifestation of intellectual movements, then it is only fitting for Najaf to present us with valuable newspapers. However, some external factors have hindered the advancement of Najafi newspapers, including a lack of experience in content creation and limited financial resources.

The press in Najaf has played a significant media role in establishing religious and humanitarian principles, reinforcing the call for the liberation of peoples and the restoration of their rights. It was rich with profound articles and brilliant research, reflecting the vibrancy of Najafi thought, creativity, and authentic talent.

One of the fundamental tasks of the press is to educate people about justice and spread it within society, so that people feel secure in their lives. Najafi journalism contributed to modernizing the mind, developing education, enhancing Arab culture, refining many journalistic talents, and deepening communication between Najaf and the outside world. Pioneers of Najafi journalism, such as Al-Shahristani, Al-Khaleeley, Al-Jawahiri, and Yusuf Rajeeb, played a major role in shaping a journalistic movement whose influence extended over a wide period in the history of Iraqi journalism. This press also opened windows to the sources of Arab and Islamic culture through its writers' contributions to the newspapers of Najaf, and it conveyed the images of human contribution by a select group of Najafi intellectuals whose names are still remembered in the history of Arabic literature and culture.

This is a study titled **"Wahida Ibn Zuraik Al-Baghdadi: A Study in Structural Construction and Poetic Language."**

The study is divided into two sections. The first section focuses on the structural construction of the poem and contains two subsections. In the first subsection, we discuss the theme of the poem and the poet's sincerity. In the second subsection, we analyze the poetic language of the poem, which we divided into three levels. The first level examines the phonetic level, the second level focuses on the lexical level, and the third level discusses the syntactical level.

This research was conducted to achieve two objectives. The first was to shed light on a poetic figure from the distinguished characters of Karbala at the time, known for their contributions to poetry and literature, a figure that has not received the attention from researchers and academics that corresponds to their status. The second objective was to examine the body of work of this figure, represented by their elegiac and birth poems, which effectively achieved their intended purpose. The research worked on an objective comparison between them to expand the term "Al-Tufiyat" to include both elegiac and birth poetry, which had previously been limited to elegy.

The research was structured based on the subject matter into an introduction, two sections, followed by a conclusion that highlighted the key points derived from the study.

The introduction focused on introducing the poet and their literary status. The first section was dedicated to studying and analyzing the elegiac "Al-Tufiyat," consisting of three poems, with thematic discussions including (heroism, tragedy, and the voice of the self). The second section was dedicated to studying and analyzing the birth "Al-Tufiyat," consisting of two poems, with thematic discussions including (heroism, the radiance of birth, and the voice of the self).

This research highlights the motivations for political participation in the 2010 Iraqi parliamentary elections, targeting a sample of students from Al-Mustansiriya University. It discusses the reasons that drive individuals to participate in elections, which vary between personal motivations and others linked to the prevailing social and political circumstances. The research consists of two parts: the first addresses the theoretical framework of political participation motivations, while the second focuses on the field aspect through a study conducted on a sample of students. The main aim of the research is to understand the factors that encourage political participation and how these motivations influence the political positions of university youth.